《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文 Ch2 PPT课件

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch2

Elements of Social Theory

Theories are systematic sets of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life. A paradigm offers a way of looking, a theory aims at explaining what we see. In social research, observation refers to seeing, hearing, and—less commonly— touching.
Question

Which of the following do theories seek to provide? A. personal experience B. discovery C. correlations D. logical explanations
Answer: D

Theories seek to provide logical explanations.
Answer: A

Symbolic interactionism can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life.
Women’s Ways of Knowing
5 perspectives on knowing that challenge the view of inquiry as straightforward: 1. Silence: Some women feel isolated from knowledge, their lives are largely determined by external authorities.

《社会研究方法》(课堂PPT)

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A Book 一本书
▪ All of these are the same book, but it looks different
when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。
▪ Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果
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Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
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Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
Question
▪ In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality?

社会研究方法艾尔巴比课件实验法

（四）实验法的基本原理

实验研究是为了建立变量间因果关系，通常研究者预先提出一种因果关系的尝试性假设，明确被引入的自变量和测量的因变量是什么，然后通过实验操作来进行检验。实验法的逻辑依据是差异法。假设变量间具有因果关系是实验法的逻辑起点。实验过程中必须保证自变量是实验过程的唯一干预因子。一般来说，如果我们无法对一个研究课题中的自变量进行干预，那么，此课题就不适于运用实验法来研究。
注意：1、实验者自觉或不自觉地只注意那些与假设一致的现象，研究结论不全面或不真实； 2、自觉或不自觉地诱导或暗示实验对象，使实验结果产生偏向； 3、实验对象可能因为自己市实验对象自觉不自觉的改变行为； 4、实验对象在知道实验目的和内容后，心理生理发生微妙变化偏离实际情况；例如：在某项教学教法的应用实验，有的学生无意了解主持实验者是有名望学者。还了解到实验目的意图。可能有意按实验者意愿做出反应，影响准确性和客观性。
3 因此实验法适用于假设检验
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举例：
Eg：
放映有关黑人对社会发展做贡献的纪录片（变量操作）
测出实验对象对黑人偏见的程度
Text in here
Text in here
再测实验对象的偏见程度
实验研究的一般过程：问题→假设→变量操纵→比较→揭示因果关系
二、古典实验（实验的主要组成部分）
准备阶段
实施阶段
（六）实验的三项基本工作内容
在上述的各步骤中，有三项内容与其它方法差别较大。也可以说它们是具体实施一次实验的三项基本工作内容。
1
2
3
变量的选择和分类
变量的控制
变量的测量
挑选有关研究课题之因素
分析因素之关系

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比

How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 Personal Inquiry 个人研究 Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Chapter Outline
Looking for Reality 寻求真实 The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到，未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果关系牵涉到概率问题
Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
might be called the science of finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文ppt Ch4

Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
1.
2. 3.
A statistical correlation between the two variables. The cause takes place before the effect. There is no third variable that can explain away the observed correlation as spurious.
Purpose of Exploratory Studies
Satisfy researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding. Test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Develop methods to be employed in a subsequent study.
Question
Social researchers tend to choose___________ as their units of analysis. A. social interactions B. social artifacts C. groups D. individuals
How to Design a Research Project
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Decide whom or what to study. Collect empirical data. Process the data. Analyze the data. Report your findings.

社会研究方法双语教学课件

1. Purposes of Literature Review
– To avoid redundant research and try to make new
B. Sampling survey (抽样调查)

Careful probability sampling provides a group of respondents whose characteristics may be taken to reflect those of the larger population, and carefully constructed standardized questionnaires provide data in the same form from all respondents.
Prediction(预测)

For example, the goal of regression analysis is find out the relationship between two or more variables.
2. Types of research methods

Procedures of social research
Preparatory stage(准备阶段) Data collection stage (收集资料阶段) Analysis stage (分析阶段) Summary stage (总结阶段)

Chapter 2 research design

For example, a trend study that showed that Candidates A and B each had exactly half of the voters on September first and on October first as well could indicate that none of the electorate had changed voting plans, that all of the voters had changed their intentions, or something between. A panel study would eliminate this confusion by showing what kinds of voters switched from A to B and what kinds switched from B to A, as well as other facts.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文ppt Ch5

Answer: E
Gender, religious affiliation, political party affiliation and birthplace are examples of nominal measures.
Kaplan’s Classes
Things Scientists Measure Direct observables - things that can be observed simply and directly. Indirect observables - things that require more subtle observations. Constructs - based observed.
Question
Which of the following are examples of nominal measures? A. gender B. religious affiliation C. political party affiliation D. birthplace E. all of these choices
If several different indicators all represent the same concept, all of them will behave the same way the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed. If women are more compassionate, we should be able to observe that using a reasonable measure of compassion. If women are more compassionate only on some indicators, we should see if the indicators represent different dimensions of compassion.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch13

Concept Mapping NhomakorabeaPutting concepts in a graphical format.
An Example of Concept Mapping
Using a Spreadsheet for Qualitative Analysis
Quick Quiz
1. Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as______________________. A. feminist research B. quantitative analysis C. qualitative analysis D. none of these choices
Answer: C

Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as qualitative analysis.
2. Which of the following are different ways a researcher may look for patterns in a particular research topic? A. frequencies B. magnitudes C. structures D. all of these choices
Case Oriented Analysis

Analysis that aims to understand a particular case or several cases by looking at the details of each.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文ppt Ch10

Answer: A

Naturalism is an old tradition in qualitative research based on the assumption that an objective social reality exists and can be observed and reported accurately.

A report on social life that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation.
Ethnomethodology

An approach to the study of social life that focuses on the discovery of implicit, usually unspoken assumptions and agreements.
Question

When you use field research, you’re confronted with: A. decisions about the role you’ll play as an observer B. your relations with the people you’re observing C. both a and b D. none of these choices
Reactivity

The problem that the subjects of social research may react to the fact of being studied, thus altering their behavior from what it would have been normally.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch17

▪ Usually a good source, although still subject to error.
▪ Verify (crosscheck) data wherever possible.
▪ Web citations, like other bibliographic references, should be complete—allowing the reader to locate and review the materials cited.
Evaluating a Web Source
▪ Who/what is the author of the web ▪ Is the site advocating a particular view? ▪ Does the site give accurate and complete
references? ▪ Are the data up-to-date?
Answer: A
▪ A search engine is a computer program designed to locate where specific terms appear on websites throughout the World Wide Web.
Official Data
Quick Quiz
1. Most original research is seen as an __________ of what has previously been learned about. A. cause B. replacement C. extension D. none of these choices
Answer: D

社会研究方法PPT课件

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（三）、文献研究
它是一种与其他几种方式在策略、思路、材料等方面都不同的研究方式。
其最大特征：不接触研究对象，主要利用第二手资料进行研究。被用于帮助研究者去探讨那些既不会引起研究对象的任何反应，又是其他方式在时空上无法达到的社会现象和问题。
文献研究可分为：内容分析二次分析现存统计资料分析
其对观察的概括通常是以“调查结果显示，不同文化程度的人，其生育意愿不同；文化程度高的人，希望生育孩子的数量少”这样的形式表述。
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定性研究
以实地研究的方法，深入到某个村或镇，采纳非结构式观察和访谈等方式，详细记录他所得到的回答和访问对象的各种特征。
通过对访问资料的综合、比较、归纳和分析，可概括出人们的生育意愿类型（即哪类人愿多或少生育及生育多少，哪类人愿生男或女）及其与之相关的各种因素（影响因素）。从而形成对具体现象的个体描述，即定性研究。
与研究领域相比，研究主题显得比较具体一些；与研究问题相比，研究主题则显得抽象一些。如：
选定研究领域也即选定将要研究的问题所在的分支学科和专门领域，其基本的目的是明确自己将要研究的问题属于社会学的何种分支学科范围，哪一专门领域部分，其基本的依据是研究者自身的知识基础、研究兴趣和专业特长等。
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研究主题（research subject ）
是指一项研究所涉及的对象范畴或问题领域。确定研究主题是联结选定研究领域和明确研究问题间的桥梁和中介，起着承上启下的作用。
社会研究方法
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社会研究方法ppt课件

社会研究方法
21.01.2020
社会调查研究方法
1
课程安排
第一章导论第二章选题与文献回顾第三章研究设计第四章测量与操作化第五章抽样第六章问卷法第七章访问法 (略) 第八章文献法(略) 第九章资料的审核与整理(略) 第十章资料分析(略) 第十一章研究报告的撰写
21.01.2020
社会调查研究方法
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一、社会研究的方法体系
（一）方法论
是指导研究的思想体系，其中包括基本的理论假定、研究原则、研究逻辑等。所解决的是 “如何看待和解释社会现象”。包括哲学方法论和学科方法论两个层次。
两种相互对立的方法论倾向：实证主义、人文主义
21.01.2020
3、研究的问题是科学的，而非判断的
社会研究者不应该去探讨某一现象“是否应该如此” 的问题，而只应该去探讨某一现象“状况如何”，或者“为什么如此”的问题。。（女人比男人更愿意从事家务劳动）
21.01.2020
社会调查研究方法
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假如有一个团队研究某地春节有关问题，请问以下问题中，你觉得是社会研究的有哪些？为什么？
春节习俗红包往来（人际关系）春节亲属圈春节经济活动春节的意义是什么？春节人们是否应该拜祭祖先？
21.01.2020
社会调查研究方法
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三、社会研究中的困难
1、人的特殊性
2、研究的干扰性
3、社会现象的复杂性
社会生活中人们的不同行为既会受到个人特定的生理因素、心理因素的影响和制约，还会受到他所生存的社会环境（包括社会制度、文化传统、家庭背景等）、他所具有的社会关系，以及他所形成的社会互动的影响和制约。