英语语言学 语用学共103页
英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
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What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
英语语言学 6 语用学
because the speakers understand each other’s illocutionary acts: ▪ (1) Making a request of his wife to go and answer the phone. ▪ (2) A refusal to comply with the request; issuing a request of her husband to answer the phone instead. ▪ (3) Accepting the wife’s refusal and accepting her request, meaning “all right, I’ll answer it.”
▪ 言语行为一词源于哲学家J. L. Austin(1962)的著作，现
在用来指一种理论，该理论分析话语在人际交往中与说 话者和听话人的行为之间的关系。它旨在回答 “我们在 使用语言时究竟在做什么？”这个问题。
Two types of utterances
▪ Constatives (叙述话语) ---- statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable;
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
▪ Pragmatics vs. Semantics 语用学与语义学
▪ Context 语境
▪ Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 句子意义和话语意义
语用学ppt课件
.
Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature
Horn scales (何恩等级理论)
Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle（1984）
---R- principle(Speaker based): the minimization of linguistic form （上限原则，推导下限含义）
.
John has three children. (a) +> John has at least three children. (b) +> John has at most three children.
meaning what is said what is implicated
conventionally conversationally
generalized particularized
Huang Yan. Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign
Language Teaching And Research. 2009.
.
➢ P there for q --- He is Chinese; +>>therefore he know how to use
chopsticks
Conventional implicature: attached to particular lexical items or linguistic constructions
语用学课件整理稿（英文）
语用学课件整理稿（英文）What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context [Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge [knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other) shared by the speaker and the hearer.]It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new. Its origins lie in philosophy of language and the American philosophical school of pragmatism. As a discipline within language science, its roots lie in the work of (Herbert) Paul Grice on conversational implicature and the cooperative principle, and on the work of Stephen Levinson, Penelope Brown and Geoff Leech on politeness. Pragmatics is a subdiscipline of linguistics developed from different linguistics, philosophical and sociological traditions that studies the relationship between natural language expressions and their uses in specific situations. The term pragmatics comes from Morris? (1938) general theory of signs: in this semiotic model (semioti cs), pragmatics refers to the relationship of the sign to the sign user. The distinction between pragmatics and semantics, both of which investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning, is even less clear-cut. While semantics is concerned with the literal and contextually non-variable meaning of linguistic expressions or with the contextually non-variable side of the truth conditions of propositions or sentences, pragmatics dealswith the function of linguistic utterances and the propositions that are expressed by them, depending upon their use in specific situations (pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicated by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and social world).Distinction between pragmatics and semantics1. same:linguistic studies of meaning2. differenceSemantics is concerned with the literal and contextually non-variable meaning of linguistic expressions or with the contextually non-variable side of the truth conditions of propositions or sentencespragmatics deals with the function of linguistic utterances and the propositions that are expressed by them, depending upon their use in specific situations.Sentence meaning v. utterance meaningIf we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation, then we treat it as a sentence. Sentence means a unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect to content, grammatical structure, and intonation.If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance. Utterance means a string of sounds or written symbols produced by a speaker between two pauses. An utterance can consist of a single word or several sentences.Meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized.Meaning of an utterance is concrete, and contextualized.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.Summary●Language meaning can be analyzed at several levels.●Semantics concentrates o n the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge, whilepragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account our knowledge about the physical and social world.●The focus of pragmatics analysis is on the meaning of speakers? utterances rather thanon the meaning of words or sentences.Utterances need not consist of complete sentences. Each utterance is a unique physical event created at a particular point in time for a particular communicative purpose.What does pragmatics mainly include?The lack of a clear consensus appears in the way that no two published accounts list the same categories of pragmatics in quite the same order. But among the things you should know about are:DeixisSpeech actsPresupposition and entailmentCooperation and implicatureRelevancePoliteness principleDeixisDeixis:The way in which the reference of certain elements ina sentence is determined in relation to a specific speaker and addressee and a specific time and place of utterance.Deictic expressions（指示结构）include such lexemes as:Personal or possessive pronouns （所有格代名词）(I/you/mine/yours),Demonstrative pronouns (this/that),(Spatial/temporal) adverbs (here/there/now),Other pro-forms（替代词）(so/do),Personal or possessive adjectives (my/your),Demonstrative adjectives（指示形容词）(this/that) ,Articles (the).Pro-forms:（替代词）forms which can serve as replacements for different elements in a sentence.A: I hope you can come.B: I hope so.A: Mary is in London.B: John is there too.We invited Mary and John to eat with us because we liked them.A: I like coffee.B: We do too.Two kinds of usages of deixisGestural usage（手势型的用法）: with the help of gestures, with some physical indication of the referent (e.g. direction of gaze), completely context-dependent.He is not the president. He is. He?s the secretary.Symbolic usage（象征型的用法）: with the help of contexts (Gestures are not necessary.We should know the time, space, participants, etc. The communicators are not necessarily present.)This city is highly congested.Non-deictic usages of deixisEndophoric reference（文内照应）: the entity（实体）the deixis refers to exists in the sentence/ passage, the purpose of the use of deixis is for cohesion（粘连）. Mostly third person (single, plural) is used for endophoric reference.e.g.: Peter studies Japanese. He wishes to go to Japan some day.We were led into a big room. Here, it was said, Ford produced his first car.Exophoric reference（文外照应）: the entity the deixis refers to does not exist, and the referential meaning can be judged from the context. Mostly first and second person (single, plural) is used for exophoric reference.e.g.: He?s not the president. He is. He?s the secretary.You can come with me if you like.Some deixis belongs neither to endophoric reference nor to exophoric reference, it doesn?t exist in a context or discourse（文篇）, for example “we”, “you” which do not refer to specific persons; “here”, “there” used in some set expressions, e.g. “Here we are”,”There wego”.gestural usageexophoric referenceDeixis symbolic usageendophoric reference: cohensionCategories of Deixis2.3.1 Person DeixisDeixis depending on the identity of speakers, addressees, and others.1） The basic grammatical distinctions are the categories of first, second and third person ——speaker inclusion, addressee inclusion, speaker and addressee inclusion. [Some pronominal systems exhibit as many as fifteen basic pronouns (ignoring honorific alternates) by superimposing distinctions based on plurality, gender and so on.]2） The first and second person pronouns are usually used in exophoric reference; the third person pronouns (single and plural) are usually used in endophoric reference.e.g. You can come with me if you like.You can never tell what sex some teenagers are nowadays.John came in and he lit a fire.3） Third is quite unlike first and second person, in that it does not correspond to any specific participant-role in the speech event.4）Vocatives（呼语）can be divided into calls, or summonses（呼唤语）and addresses （称呼语）. The distinction is precisely that between gestural and symbolic usages.Summonses are naturally untterance-initial, addresses are parenthetical and can occur in the sorts of locations that parentheticals can occupy.E.g Hey you, you just scratched my car with your Frisbee. (calls)The truth is, Madam, nothing is as good as nowadays. (addresses)4) It is common in many languages for mother to say to father, in the presence of little Billiesomething like “Can Billie have an ice-cream, Daddy?” taking the view, for the purpose of vocative selection, of the audience. These distinctions make it important that we do notconfuse the categories of addressee and hearer.5) In many languages, there are two first person “plural” pronouns corresponding to“we-inclusive-of addressee” （包括谈话对方）and “we-exclusive-of addressee”. （不包括谈话对方）E.g. Let us know the time of your arrival. (exclude the addressee)Let?s go to the cinema. (include the addre ssee)您安心养病吧！我们过几天再来看您。
新版简明英语语言学Chapter6pragmatics语用学
新版简明英语语言学Chapter6pragmatics语用学Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学知识点：1.*Definition: pragmatics; context2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory4.Searle’s classification of speech acts5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle考核目标：识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle一、定义1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。
语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。
(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。
)2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。
(完整版)语用学
语用学概论（1）丈夫：我去办公室啦。
（2）妻子：老公，今天是星期天。
（1）父亲：今天哪儿也不想去。
（2）女儿：老爸，今天是星期天。
（1）下午踢球去吗？（2）晚上还有考试。
（昨天把腿拉伤了。
）（1）小王：怎么样？（2）小李：资料都拿走了。
（1）老师：现在几点了？（2）学生：路上自行车没气啦。
第一讲什么是语用学一、语用学的起源❑“语用学”术语的提出1938年美国哲学家莫里斯在著作《符号理论基础》（Foundation of the theory of signs）中首次使用了“语用学”这一术语（Pragmatics）。
这个术语是莫里斯参照pragmatism（实用主义）和pragmaticism（实效主义）创造出来的。
符号学（semiotics）包括：句法学（syntax）、语义学（semantics）、语用学（pragmatics）三分。
句法学（Syntactics or syntax）研究“符号之间的形式关系”；语义学（semantics）研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”；语用学（Pragmatics ）研究“符号和使用者的关系”（Morris,1938）《符号、语言和行动》（1946 ）语用学是符号学的一个部分，它研究符号的来源、应用及其在行为中出现时所产生的作用或效果。
⏹语用学与符号学⏹语用学与语言哲学自20世纪30年代末开始，皮尔斯、莫里斯和卡纳普等把语用学作为符号学的一部分，其研究仅限于哲学，这可算是语用学发展的第一个阶段。
从20世纪50年代初到60年代末，以希勒尔、奥斯汀、塞尔和格赖斯等为代表的语言哲学家对言语行为和会话含意理论的探索，使语用学有了突破性的进展，他们的研究成果基本上奠定了语用学的理论基础，这可算是语用学发展的第二个阶段，此时的语言学研究仍限于哲学范围内。
正式因为哲学家对语言的探讨，为70年代语用学成为语言学的一门独立学科准备了条件。
70年代以后，特别是1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学学刊》以后，语用学作为语言学的一门新兴学科才得到确认。
语言学概论——语用学
第五章语用学第一节语用和语用学一语用语用就是语言运用，是指交际双方在一定的语境中话语表达和话语理解的活动。
只是掌握一种语言的语音、语汇和语法等基本知识和基本规则，并不等于就能很好地运用语言。
要使言语交际达到理想的效果，要求交际者能根据特定的语境进行准确、得体的表达。
鲁迅的《立论》中，老师向请教立论方法的学生讲述了这样一件事：‚一家人家生了一个男孩，合家高兴透顶了。
满月的时候，抱出来给客人看，大概自然是想得一点好兆头。
‚一个说：‘这孩子将来要发财的。
’他于是得到一番感谢。
‚一个说：‘这孩子将来要做官的。
’他于是收回几句恭维。
‚一个说：‘这孩子将来要死的。
’他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛打。
‚说要死的必然，说富贵的许谎。
但说谎的得到好报，说必然的遭毒打。
你……‛‚我愿意既不谎人，也不遭打，那么，老师，我得怎么说呢?‛‚那么，你得说：‘啊呀！这孩子呵！您瞧！多么……阿唷！哈哈！Hehe！he，hehehehe！’‛言语交际不仅要求说话人对话语进行恰当的表达，还要求听话人对说话人的话语进行准确理解，唐代诗人杜甫的“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”中，“臭”字到底是什么意思？。
二语用学与相关学科语用学（pragmatics）研究在不同语境话语意义的恰当表达和准确理解，寻找并确立使话语意义得以恰当表达和准确理解基本规则和基本规律。
语用学源于哲学家对语言的探索。
语用学的概念首先是美国哲学家莫里斯（Charles Morris）提出。
他在1938念出版的《符号理论基础》一书中，提出符号学包括三个部分：句法学、语义学和语用学。
1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学杂志》（Journal of Pragmatics）之后，语用学才真正作为语言学的一门新兴分支学科而得到确认。
我国从20世纪70年代末引进语用学的理论，将西方的语用学理论方法和汉语的实际结合起来，将语用学和修辞学结合起来，对语言交际现象及其规律进行了广泛深入的研究。
英语语言学学习
❖ (2)Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of
communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily
produced symbols.
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The design/defining features of human language
Arbitrariness
Productivity/Creativity Duality
Displacement Cultural transmission
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❖ Examination
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Reference Books
❖ 戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教 育出版社。
❖ 胡壮麟，(2001)，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。 ❖ 刘润清，(1995)，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社。 ❖ Fromkin,V. & R. Rodman, (1998), An Introduction to Language the
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What is language?
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❖ Language can mean ❖ what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) ❖ the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare’s language,
semantics?thestudyofmeaninginabstraction?语义学考察的是意义如何在语言中编码不仅研究字词作为词汇的意义还研究语言中仅研究字词作为词汇的意义还研究语言中词之上和词之下的其他成分的意义如语素和句子的意义
语用学——精选推荐
语⽤学语⽤学概述1、定义语⽤学，研究在不同语境中话语意义的恰当地表达和准确地理解，寻找并确⽴使话语意义得以恰当地表达和准确地理解的基本原则和准则。
（见教材14页）1）今天是星期天。
句⼦的字⾯意义：⼀个判断，说话⼈说话的当天是⼀个星期七天中的第⼀天。
话语的语境意义：①妻⼦对伏案⼯作的丈夫说此语，意思是建议他好好休息。
②妻⼦对答应星期天帮她作家务活的丈夫说此语，意思是提醒丈夫快去作家务。
③想去春游的⼉⼦对让他在家复习的妈妈说此语，意思是请求或建议他妈妈带她去玩或者同意他去玩。
这是外星⼈。
句⼦的字⾯意义：⼀个判断，说话⼈说近处的某⼈是来⾃地球之外的。
话语的语境意义：在2008年北京奥运会上美国游泳运动员菲尔普斯夺取了⼋枚⾦牌，打破了斯⽪茨36年前创造的个⼈获得七枚⾦牌的⼈类奇迹。
这是在蝶泳、蛙泳、仰泳、⾃由泳等各项⽐赛时电视评论员和赛后记者的评论。
意思是说：他是⼀个天赋异禀的运动员，创造了⼈类运动史上的奇迹。
3）妈妈，那是什么？句⼦的字⾯意义：说话⼈对妈妈的⼀个询问，询问妈妈附近或者远处的某事物是什么东西。
话语的语境意义：①⼉⼦⽤⼿指着⾯包店卖的⾯包，明知那是⾯包，却故意询问，此时她表达的意思是“妈妈，我想吃⾯包”或者“妈妈，我饿了”。
②⼉⼦在动物园⾥⽤⼿指着从未见过的长颈⿅说此语，就仅是⼀种询问，不可能是要表达“我想买长颈⿅”或“我想吃长颈⿅”。
4）你能载我去机场吗？句⼦的字⾯意义：说话⼈对对⽅的⼀种询问，询问对⽅是否具有⽤车送⾃⼰去机场的能⼒。
话语的语境意义：①说话⼈对邻居或亲友说此语，意思是向对⽅发出请求，请求对⽅⽤车送⾃⼰去机场。
②说话⼈对出租车司机说此语，就仅是⼀种询问，询问对⽅是否具有⽤车送⾃⼰去机场的能⼒。
5）（电话铃响）接电话者：喂，你好！哪⼀位？打电话者：你好！我是……。
电话会话的开端规律：先说话的总是接电话的⼀⽅。
这是⼀个由召唤（拨电话：发出电话铃声）和应答组成的相邻对。
是由⼈类会话结构规律决定的。
英语语言学 语用学 Pragmatics
The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning.
6.1.2 pragmatics and semantics
related but different linguistic studies of meaning both study meaning
Semantics treats meaning as an abstract, self contained, intrinsic system, a property attached to language itself, which is not influenced by context.
研究语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际 的
It is a discipline of studying meaning not in isolation, but in context.
Pragmatics： the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed
因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语 义学和语用学的根本区别所在。
如 It is cold in here 这个句子，对传统语义学 家来说，只是表达了“某一地点气温比较低” 这样的命题内容。而对语用学家来说，除了陈 述一个客观的气温情况外，说话人很可能是为 了请听话人做点什么，如关上窗户、打开暖气、 借件衣服御寒等。
英语语言学--语用学
Later, Austin realized that such distinction is not scientific, because all sentences can be used to do things. “saying is performing”. In some senses, constatives are also performatives. “ I state that I’m alone responsible.”
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Pragmatics includes the study of : （a）How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world. （b）How speakers use and understand speech acts b How （c）How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
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Performatives 施 为 句 —an utterance which performs an acts
eg. “Do you take this man/woman to be your lawful wedded husband/wife？” “I do ” is uttered in response to the priest’s question in the course of a marriage ceremony.
语用意义的词汇语用学解析-英语论文-语言学论文
语用意义的词汇语用学解析-英语论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——1. 引言语用意义的确定取决于特定的语用交际环境,表现为语境语用化现象。
在话语理解过程中词语可起到语用触发语(pragmatic triggers)的作用,能引导语用者进行以语用环境为基础的语义语用选择。
语义及其所指范围的缩小、扩大或延伸都需要寻找语用意义的最佳关联。
因此,语言交际是一个以语境为基础的语用认知问题,而不只是语义、词法或句法问题。
语用意义的获取和研究应是多角度、多层次和跨学科的,对语用意义进行词汇语用分析是可能和必要的。
词汇语用学和语用意义研究的相互补充更有利于语言学的发展完善。
笔者将以词汇语用学理论为基础,对语义语用凸显倾向和话语词项共现(co-occurrence)的词汇语用理据关联进行尝试性探索,以冀对语用意义的研究有新的启示。
2. 词汇语用学词汇语用学是在其学科自身发展过程中参照语用学和词汇学的目标、理论与方法进行词汇语用研究中衍生出来的分支学科。
它是语用学,但又不同于经典的语用学研究。
语用学理论的研究主要基于社会交往和认知角度的两条理论线索。
前者主要涵盖Austin 和Searle的言语行为理论,Grice 的会话含意理论,Leech 等的礼貌原则,Horn 的两原则,Levinson 的新格氏理论,Vers-chueren 的顺应论,Harbemas 的规范语用学等;而后者则主要包括Sperber Wilson 的关联理论和Kasher 的认知语用学理论(徐盛桓2007: 6)。
就现有的语用研究而言,词汇语用学研究尚未取得很成熟的成果或形成很完善的模式,且缺乏语际间的对比分析与词汇语用比较。
冉永平(2005: 343-350)认为,最新的语用学研究趋势和词汇语用的可探讨领域表明,词汇语用学的研究已具备充足的依据。
Blutner(1998: 115-162)把词汇语用学定义为试图系统解释语言应用中不确定性词义(under-specification of lexical items)的语用现象及其语用加工的研究。
整理版语用学
●语用学●汉语言文学专业选修课●李军华●第一章绪论●语用学，也叫语言实用学或语言使用学，是语言学中新开拓的一个领域。
语用学主要研究语言的具体运用及其规律，尤其注重在不同的语言交际环境中如何理解和运用语言。
●今天星期天●妻子对丈夫说搞科研的劝告●赖床的提醒●孩子对父母说●GF对BF说邀请●职员对老板说拒绝●我去上课●学生说这句话时是“我去听课”的意思●教师说这句话时是“我去讲课”的意思●话语意思●话语意图●“语用”或“语用学”译自英语的pragmatics一词。
在当今大量的语言学研究的论文、专著和资料中，“语用”已是一个极为常见的专门术语了。
但把pragmatics译为“语用学”只是对这个词的狭义理解，只是把pragmatics这个词置于语言研究这个特定的范围里所作的理解。
“pragma-”这个拉丁词根具有“做、行动”这一意思。
●从广义上说，pragmatics指的是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究。
如果作这种理解的话，或许该把pragmatics译为“行为学”更加恰当。
●人类有目的的行为涉及人的所信、目的、筹划和行为●Green(1989：3)举了一个例子来说明这一点：救生员朝一个在水中挣扎的游泳者投去一个排球。
救生员的这—行为无疑是有意识、有目的的行为；这一行为基于救生员的一个意图，即救人，和至少三个所信：●(1)他相信游泳者需要救助●(2)他相信游泳者知道朝他投去的排球是用来救他的●(3)他相信游泳者知道怎样利用排球比水轻这一物理属性●在这三个所信中，第一个是有关游泳者的愿望的，第二和第三个所信是关于游泳者的所信。
救生员能否达到救人的目的显然和他本人和被救助者的所信有关。
●人类的语言交际也是一种有目的的行为，人类怎样通过语言交际来达到自己的目的和救生员怎样来达到自己救人的目的有共同的地方。
●把pragmatics用来指对有目的的语言活动的研究，是对这一词语的窄义理解，把它译为“语用学”自然是很合适的了。
语言学教程语用学 PPT
shared knowledge have been identified, e、g、
knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what
has been said before, knowledge about the world in
afford to investigate the use of language and extralinguistic factors were not to be considered、
[ 《普通语言学教程》的尾句:The only true object of
study in linguistics is the language, considered in
establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the
expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of
semantics、
[《新编简明英语语言学教程》P84]
Pragmatics vs Semantics
consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics、
③What essentially distinguishes semantics and
pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the
context of language use is considered、 ④If it is not
《英语语用学》
• •
•
underdetermined, uncertain ---
Pragmatic analysis on “He went to town yesterday.”
• Depending on the different contexts:
• This sentence can be used by many people on many occasions for many purposes; it has meant many different things and performed many functions . • He: anybody, any male--- someone‟s brother or father, Churchill, Stalin, or Roosevelt, or 胡锦涛，etc. • town: any place big enough to be called town--London, Moscow or Washington, 汉口镇，武昌区，etc. • yesterday: any day in the past---August 22, 1778,
• Here, the meaning communicated through language are two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings.
The former is studied in semantics and the latter in pragmatics.
1. What is Pragmatics?
The Study of Contextual Meaning Differences between grammatical vs. pragmatic analysis? • First, grammatical studies look for grammatical rules while pragmatic studies look for pragmatic principles. • Second, In grammar studies, we end up with stable products while in pragmatics we always deal with dynamic processes. •