第十讲 否定结构
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否定结构
一、部分否定
(一)英语中的所谓部分否定,是指代词或者副词如 all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, com pletely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使 用。部分否定的翻译比较简单,常常翻译为“并非所有,并 不是都。如:all…not(不全是,不都是),both…not(并 非两个都,不是两者都),every…not(不是每个都), not always(不总是,不一定),not often(不经常), not altogether(不全是),not necessarily(未必)等。
All that glitters is not gold. 并非所有发光的都是金子。 Both the windows are not open. 两扇窗户并不都是开着的。 Everybody does not believe the rumor. 并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。 The responsibility is not altogether mine. 责任并不全在于我身上。
(二)需要注意的是, “all…not”“every…not”等结构属于传统用 法。现代英语中,也会把否定词放在整个句 子的最前面,而采用“Not all…”和 “Not every…”这种表达形式。这种用法在 语法和逻辑上也能讲得通。 Not all metals are good conductors. 并非所有的金属都是良导体。 Not everyone accepts his proposal. 并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。
二、全部否定 在英语中,构成全部否定的单词和词组主要有以下 这些:never,no,not,none,nobody, nothing,nowhere,neither,nor,not at all。 He is no professor. 他根本不是教授。 None of my friends smoke.我的朋友都不抽烟。 Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today. 我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。
九、具有否定意义的一些结构 1.too…to(太……不能) He's too much of a coward to do that. 2.more A than B(与其 B不如A)或more than+ 含有can 的从句(不能) He is more brave than wise. My gratitude for your help is more than I can express. 3.比较级+than+不定式(不至于做) You should know better than to play football in the classroom. He was wiser than to have done such a thing.
五、具有否定意义的名词 neglect,failure,refusal,absence(不在,缺 少),shortage(不足),reluctance(不情愿), ignorance(没有注意到),loss(没有), exclusion(排除,即不包括),lack,negation (否认),Greek to(对…一无所知)等。 We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions. 在不具备这些条件的情况下,我 们不能完成这项工作。 English literature is Greek to her. 她对英语文学一无所知。 Bass was also in ignorance of his whereabouts. 贝斯也不知他的下落。
七、具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语 past(超过),above(超出,高于),without(没有), beyond(超出),instead of(而不是),in vain(无效,没 有),in the dark(一点也不知道),at a loss(不知所措), but for(要不是),in spite of(不管),at fault(出错), against(不同意),before(还没有…就),below(不 到…),beside(与…无关),but/except(除…之外), from(阻止,使…不做某事),off(离开,中断),under (在…之下,不足),within(不超出),beneath(不如, 不足),beneath one’s notice(不值得理睬),out of(不 在…里面,不在…状态),out of the question(不可能), in the dark about(对…不知)等。 That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 那个懒惰的小孩不预习就去上课。 Mr. Smith was above criticism. 史密斯先生是无可指责的。 Her beauty is beyond compare. 她的美丽是无以伦比的。
十、形式否定但意义肯定 常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有:not…until (直到……才),cannot…too(越……越好),cannot but do…(不得不,只有),no… but(只有…才), nothing but(只有,只不过),no/nothing more than (仅仅),no sooner…than(刚一……就), no/none other than(不是别的人或物而正是), none the less(依然,仍然),not but that(虽然), make nothing of (对……等闲视之),for nothing(徒然, 免费),not only…but also(不仅……而且), not…long before(很快就),more often than not(常常, 往往)等。 You can’t be too careful in doing experiments. 你做实验要特别小心。 There is no material but will deform more or less under t he action of forces. 各种材料在力的作用下,多少都会有些变形。 It is no more than a beginning. 这仅仅是个开端。
三、双重否定 双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词。双重否定句表 示的意思是肯定的,通常比肯定句的语气要重。翻译成汉语 的时候,可以直接用汉语对应的双重否定来翻译,也可以直 接翻译为汉语的肯定句。 Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man. 现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。(用汉语的双重否定翻译) 现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译) You will never succeed unless you work hard. 如果你不努力,就决不能成功。(用汉语的双重否定翻译) 只要你努力,你就会成功。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译) There is nothing unusual there. 那里的一切都很正常。
八、具有否定意义的其他词组及固定搭配: anything but/by no means/in no case/ on no account/under no circumstances(决 不),instead of(而不),rather than(而不是), other than(不同于,除……外),aside from(除 了……以外),least of all(最不), let alone/to say nothing of/still less/not to mention (更不用说)等。 The little bridge is anything but safe. The truth is quite other than what you think. He can't run a hundred yards, still less a mile.
QHale Waihona Puke Baiduiz
1. They could hardly keep themselves alive, ______ look after a wife and children. A) or not B) and even not C) let alone D) as opposed to 2. He is ________ have done such a foolish thing. A) as experienced as to B) more experienced than to C) too experienced to D) only too experienced to 3. She was ________ diligent than he was, and they both failed the exam. A) no B) not C) no more D) not more
• 四、具有否定意义的动词或动词短语 • miss(错过,即没有碰到),deny(拒绝,即没有答应),lack(缺乏, 即不足),refuse(拒绝,即否认,没有答应),escape(逃避,即没 有被发现),resist(抵抗,即没有放弃),reject(拒绝,即没有答 应),decline(拒绝,即没有答应),doubt(怀疑,即不太确信), wonder(想知道,即不明白),fail(失败,即没有完成),exclude (排除,即没有接受,不包括),overlook(没有注意到),cease (终止,即没有坚持),neglect(没有注意到),defy(违抗,即不服 从),forbid(不许),give up(放弃,即没有坚持),refrain from (忍住不做),lose sight of(不管),keep up with(不落后于), save…from(免去,使…不),shut one’s eyes to(不看), to say nothing of(更不用说),not to mention(更不用说), protect /keep/prevent…from(不让),keep off(不接近), keep out(不让进入),turn a deaf ear to(不听,不顾), fall short of(不足),live up to(不辜负),dissuade…from /talk…out of(劝…不要),keep…dark(不把…说出去)等。 The error in calculation escaped the accountant. 会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。 Please keep the news dark. 请不要把这个消息说出去。
六、具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语 far from(远不,一点也不),free from(不受…影响), safe from(免于),short of(缺少,不足),ignorant of (不知道,没有注意到),independent of(不受…的支 配),impatient of(对…不耐烦),deficient(缺乏), devoid of(不具有,缺乏),alien to(不同),foreign to (不适合,与…无关),blind to(看不见), far and few between(很少),absent from(不在), different from(不同),reluctant to do(不愿意), less than(少于,不多于),dead to(对…没有反应), the last(最后的,即最不愿意,最不配,决不)等。 The newspaper accounts are far from being true. 报纸的报道远非事实。 Holidays are few and far between. 放假的时候并不多。 He is the last man she wants to meet. 她最不想见到的人就是他。
一、部分否定
(一)英语中的所谓部分否定,是指代词或者副词如 all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, com pletely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使 用。部分否定的翻译比较简单,常常翻译为“并非所有,并 不是都。如:all…not(不全是,不都是),both…not(并 非两个都,不是两者都),every…not(不是每个都), not always(不总是,不一定),not often(不经常), not altogether(不全是),not necessarily(未必)等。
All that glitters is not gold. 并非所有发光的都是金子。 Both the windows are not open. 两扇窗户并不都是开着的。 Everybody does not believe the rumor. 并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。 The responsibility is not altogether mine. 责任并不全在于我身上。
(二)需要注意的是, “all…not”“every…not”等结构属于传统用 法。现代英语中,也会把否定词放在整个句 子的最前面,而采用“Not all…”和 “Not every…”这种表达形式。这种用法在 语法和逻辑上也能讲得通。 Not all metals are good conductors. 并非所有的金属都是良导体。 Not everyone accepts his proposal. 并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。
二、全部否定 在英语中,构成全部否定的单词和词组主要有以下 这些:never,no,not,none,nobody, nothing,nowhere,neither,nor,not at all。 He is no professor. 他根本不是教授。 None of my friends smoke.我的朋友都不抽烟。 Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today. 我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。
九、具有否定意义的一些结构 1.too…to(太……不能) He's too much of a coward to do that. 2.more A than B(与其 B不如A)或more than+ 含有can 的从句(不能) He is more brave than wise. My gratitude for your help is more than I can express. 3.比较级+than+不定式(不至于做) You should know better than to play football in the classroom. He was wiser than to have done such a thing.
五、具有否定意义的名词 neglect,failure,refusal,absence(不在,缺 少),shortage(不足),reluctance(不情愿), ignorance(没有注意到),loss(没有), exclusion(排除,即不包括),lack,negation (否认),Greek to(对…一无所知)等。 We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions. 在不具备这些条件的情况下,我 们不能完成这项工作。 English literature is Greek to her. 她对英语文学一无所知。 Bass was also in ignorance of his whereabouts. 贝斯也不知他的下落。
七、具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语 past(超过),above(超出,高于),without(没有), beyond(超出),instead of(而不是),in vain(无效,没 有),in the dark(一点也不知道),at a loss(不知所措), but for(要不是),in spite of(不管),at fault(出错), against(不同意),before(还没有…就),below(不 到…),beside(与…无关),but/except(除…之外), from(阻止,使…不做某事),off(离开,中断),under (在…之下,不足),within(不超出),beneath(不如, 不足),beneath one’s notice(不值得理睬),out of(不 在…里面,不在…状态),out of the question(不可能), in the dark about(对…不知)等。 That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 那个懒惰的小孩不预习就去上课。 Mr. Smith was above criticism. 史密斯先生是无可指责的。 Her beauty is beyond compare. 她的美丽是无以伦比的。
十、形式否定但意义肯定 常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有:not…until (直到……才),cannot…too(越……越好),cannot but do…(不得不,只有),no… but(只有…才), nothing but(只有,只不过),no/nothing more than (仅仅),no sooner…than(刚一……就), no/none other than(不是别的人或物而正是), none the less(依然,仍然),not but that(虽然), make nothing of (对……等闲视之),for nothing(徒然, 免费),not only…but also(不仅……而且), not…long before(很快就),more often than not(常常, 往往)等。 You can’t be too careful in doing experiments. 你做实验要特别小心。 There is no material but will deform more or less under t he action of forces. 各种材料在力的作用下,多少都会有些变形。 It is no more than a beginning. 这仅仅是个开端。
三、双重否定 双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词。双重否定句表 示的意思是肯定的,通常比肯定句的语气要重。翻译成汉语 的时候,可以直接用汉语对应的双重否定来翻译,也可以直 接翻译为汉语的肯定句。 Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man. 现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。(用汉语的双重否定翻译) 现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译) You will never succeed unless you work hard. 如果你不努力,就决不能成功。(用汉语的双重否定翻译) 只要你努力,你就会成功。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译) There is nothing unusual there. 那里的一切都很正常。
八、具有否定意义的其他词组及固定搭配: anything but/by no means/in no case/ on no account/under no circumstances(决 不),instead of(而不),rather than(而不是), other than(不同于,除……外),aside from(除 了……以外),least of all(最不), let alone/to say nothing of/still less/not to mention (更不用说)等。 The little bridge is anything but safe. The truth is quite other than what you think. He can't run a hundred yards, still less a mile.
QHale Waihona Puke Baiduiz
1. They could hardly keep themselves alive, ______ look after a wife and children. A) or not B) and even not C) let alone D) as opposed to 2. He is ________ have done such a foolish thing. A) as experienced as to B) more experienced than to C) too experienced to D) only too experienced to 3. She was ________ diligent than he was, and they both failed the exam. A) no B) not C) no more D) not more
• 四、具有否定意义的动词或动词短语 • miss(错过,即没有碰到),deny(拒绝,即没有答应),lack(缺乏, 即不足),refuse(拒绝,即否认,没有答应),escape(逃避,即没 有被发现),resist(抵抗,即没有放弃),reject(拒绝,即没有答 应),decline(拒绝,即没有答应),doubt(怀疑,即不太确信), wonder(想知道,即不明白),fail(失败,即没有完成),exclude (排除,即没有接受,不包括),overlook(没有注意到),cease (终止,即没有坚持),neglect(没有注意到),defy(违抗,即不服 从),forbid(不许),give up(放弃,即没有坚持),refrain from (忍住不做),lose sight of(不管),keep up with(不落后于), save…from(免去,使…不),shut one’s eyes to(不看), to say nothing of(更不用说),not to mention(更不用说), protect /keep/prevent…from(不让),keep off(不接近), keep out(不让进入),turn a deaf ear to(不听,不顾), fall short of(不足),live up to(不辜负),dissuade…from /talk…out of(劝…不要),keep…dark(不把…说出去)等。 The error in calculation escaped the accountant. 会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。 Please keep the news dark. 请不要把这个消息说出去。
六、具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语 far from(远不,一点也不),free from(不受…影响), safe from(免于),short of(缺少,不足),ignorant of (不知道,没有注意到),independent of(不受…的支 配),impatient of(对…不耐烦),deficient(缺乏), devoid of(不具有,缺乏),alien to(不同),foreign to (不适合,与…无关),blind to(看不见), far and few between(很少),absent from(不在), different from(不同),reluctant to do(不愿意), less than(少于,不多于),dead to(对…没有反应), the last(最后的,即最不愿意,最不配,决不)等。 The newspaper accounts are far from being true. 报纸的报道远非事实。 Holidays are few and far between. 放假的时候并不多。 He is the last man she wants to meet. 她最不想见到的人就是他。