美国文学史笔记英文版(按时间顺序)
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）History And Anthology of American Literature (V olumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6. 船长约翰?史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学史英语汇总
• John Cotton: (the Patriarch of New England) Characteristic of Puritans: Concerned more with authority than with democracy
• Roger Williams: • A Key into the Language of America;
• North, New England, Puritan Writers： William Bradford: first governor of Plymouth Plantation. 《普利茅斯垦殖记》（Of Plymouth Plantation） simplicity, earnestness, direct reporting, readable, moving. John Winthrop: first governor of Boston. The History of New England, candid simplicity, honesty
Puritanism’s influence on American literature
• Purpose: pragmatic • Contents: practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. • Form: diary, autobiography, sermon, letter • Style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery, simplicity of diction.
美国文学史英文版
Colonial Period (1620-1750)
Literature of the period dominated by the Puritans and their religious influence
emphasis is on faith in one’s daily life
Wiliam Bradford (journal) Anne Bradstreet (poetry) Jonathan Edwards (sermon) Mary Rowlandson (captivity narrative) Phillis Wheatley (poetry) Olaudah Equiano (slave narrative)
Enormous displacement of Native-American civilizations
French—St Lawrence River Swedes—Delaware River Dutch—Hudson River German and Scots-Irish—New York and Pennsylvania Spanish—Florida Africans (mostly slaves) were throughout the colonies
Colonial Period
(1620-1750)
Newly arrived colonists create villages and towns and establish new governments while protesting the old ways in Europe
Did not consider themselves “Americans” until mid18C
最全美国文学史笔记英文版(按时间顺序)
New England Poets
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨 利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗 1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poems 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事--诗集：An April Day 四月的一天;A Psalm of Life 生命礼赞/Paul Revere‟s Ride 保罗· 里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish 迈尔 斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery 奴役篇---反蓄奴组 诗 Twice-told Tales; Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔: The Scarlet Letter 红 字 ;The House of the Seven Gables 有 七 个 尖 角 阁 的 房 子 ;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇;The Marble Faun 玉石雕像; “Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister‟s Black Veil”; “ The Birthmark”,”Rappaccini‟s Daughter”; “The Maypole of Merry Mount” Typee 泰比 ;Omoo 奥穆 ;Mardi 玛地 ;Redburn 雷得本 ;White Jacket 白外 衣 ;Pierre 皮 尔 埃 ; Moby Dick;The Confidence Man; Billy Budd; Clarel( long poem) Leaves of Grass 草叶集 :Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌 ;I Hear America Singing 我 听 见 美 洲 在 歌 唱 ;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom‟d;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉 和罢工问题;Song of Myself 自我之歌 “My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close”; “Because I could not stop for death”;” Wild Nights-Wild Nights” Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集; The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym(one full-length novel); Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales “MS.Found in a Bottle”; “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”; “The Fall of the House of Usher”/”The Cask of Amontillado”/ “Ligeia”/ “The Purloined Letter”/”Black Cat”/ “The Imp of the Perverse”/”The Gold Bug”/ ◆ ”The Philosophy of Composition”/”The Poetic Principle”,”Annabel Lee”/”The Raven”/”To Helen” Part 4. The age of Realism(1865-1914) Little Women 小妇人; Little Men 小绅士; Good Wives 好妻子; Jo‟s Boys 乔的孩 子 The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;Their Wedding Journey 他们 的蜜月之旅; A Modern Instance 现代婚姻; A Chance Acquaintance; A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客; Criticism and Fiction; A World of Chance; Annie Kilburn;
美国文学史整理
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品, 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》―A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony‖《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》―A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country‖《弗吉尼亚通史》―General History of Virginia‖2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》―The History of Plymouth Plantation‖3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》―The History of New England‖4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England.《开启美国语言的钥匙》‖A Key into the Language of America‖或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or ― A Help to the Language of the Nativ es in That Part of America Called New England ‖5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》‖The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America‖二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记5
History And Anthology of American Literature（5）PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学Ⅰ. Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-19721.埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。
他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot.2.庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture.3.《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage toSextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae”or “Masks”;1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ;1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s“Divina Commedia”in three sections, butrepresenting a comedy human, not divine, dealingwith the wreck of civilizations by reason of theinfidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancientworld, the Renaissance, and the modern period.4.二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对美国军队进行强烈的谴责。
美国文学文化常识略记(英汉对应)
四、Walt Whitman惠特曼 创造了自由诗体（Free verse）
The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》
三、William Faulkner威廉福克纳
Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
The sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》
The light in August《八月之光》
As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》
二、William Carlos Williams威廉姆斯
Pterson 《佩特森》
Red Wheelbarrow《红色手推车》
The Widow's Lament in Spring Time《寡妇的春怨》
三、T.S.Eliot
The Waste Land《荒原》标志现代主义
The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock《普洛夫洛克的情歌》
自然主义
四、Stephen Crane斯蒂文 克瑞恩（第一位美国自然主义者）
Maggie:A Girl of Streets《梅吉街头女郎》
The Red Badage of Courage《红色应用勋章》
五、Frank Norris弗兰克诺里斯
The Epic of the Wheat:The Octopus,The Pit,The Wolf《小麦三部曲》
【笔记】美国文学简史笔记常耀信
【关键字】笔记A Concise History of American LiteratureWhat is literature?Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can bepassed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2.Influence(1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious andthoughtful) influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chieflyinstrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctlyAmerican.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric isplain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the directinfluence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American PhilosophicalSociety.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case)from heaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melvillethus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?●An approach from ancient Greek: Plato● A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)●Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodnessof human beings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experienceand contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romanticauthors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended toedify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with AmericanRomanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticismwas both imitative and independent.III.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the DutchDynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of internationalrecognition with the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, ThePrairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs.democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history ofthe United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring andpushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Taleseffectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce westerntradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, “Nature” by EmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea thathuman can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw offshackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new anddistinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy whereopportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moralnecessity for rising to spiritual height.3.It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.V.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the“oversoul”.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man,and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine inhimself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emersonmeans by “the infinitude of man”.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and thathe makes the world by making himself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America whichwas to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influenceVI.Henry David Thoreau1.life2.works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and wasvehemently outspoken on the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative,healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)“Simplicity…simplify!”(7)He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’sodd-fellow society”.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men. Section 3 Late RomanticismI.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil onwhich his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had inmind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point ofviewII.Herman Melville1.life2.works(1)Typee(2)Omio(3)Mardi(4)Redburn(5)White Jacket(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre(8)Billy Budd3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of“Everlasting Nay” (negative attitude towards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disasterand death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts overthe comforting 19c idea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity throughemploying the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commentedupon and praised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description ofwhat goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI.Walt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic Vistas(5)Passage to India(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment,idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits,Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):●equality of things and beings●divinity of everything●immanence of God●democracy●evolution of cosmos●multiplicity of nature●self-reliant spirit●death, beauty of death●expansion of America●brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)●pursuit of love and happiness4.style: “free verse”(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some evenwrong(10)sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast itin a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to hisgreat influence.II.Emily Dickenson1.life2.works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2)Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4)Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights – Wild Nights3.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility4.style(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, itsexpansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation bybreaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedomin form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the innerlife of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitmandoesn’t have.Edgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesIII.Themes1.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poemsshould not be of moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V.Style – traditional, but not easy to readVI.Reputation: “the jingle man” (Emerson)VII.His influencesChapter 3 The Age of RealismI.Background: From Romanticism to Realism1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period(1)industrialism vs. agrarian(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility2.1880’s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism3.the closing of American frontierII.Characteristics1.truthful description of life2.typical character under typical circumstance3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists.”4.open-ending:Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations ofcharacters in an environment of sordidness and depravityIII.Three Giants in Realistic Period1.William Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”(1)Realistic principlesa.Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of motive”.b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American life”.c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells’s fictionalrepresentation.d.Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes acentral concern with “motives” and psychological conflicts.e.He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids suchthemes as illicit love.f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something“desultory, unfinished, imperfect”.g.Characters should have solidity of specification and be real.h.Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people” wasbest suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with currenthumanitarian ideals.j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detachedscientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification.(2)Worksa.The Rise of Silas Laphamb. A Chance Acquaintancec. A Modern Instance(3)Features of His Worksa.Optimistic toneb.Moral development/ethicscking of psychological depth2.Henry James(1)Life(2)Literary career: three stagesa.1865~1882: international theme●The American●Daisy Miller●The Portrait of a Ladyb.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays●Daisy Miller (play)c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then backto international theme●The Turn of the Screw●When Maisie Knew●The Ambassadors●The Wings of the Dove●The Golden Bowl(3)Aesthetic ideasa.The aim of novel: represent lifemon, even ugly side of lifec.Social function of artd.Avoiding omniscient point of view(4)Point of viewa.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb.Psychological realismc.Highly-refined language(5)Style –“stylist”nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb.V ocabulary: largec.Construction: complicated, intricate3.Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI.Appearance1.uneven development in economy in America2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII.What is “Local Colour”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)●Garland, Harte – the west●Eggleston – Indiana●Mrs Stowe●Jewett – Maine●Chopin – LouisianaIII.Mark Twain – Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages”(3)Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)parison of the three “giants” of American Realism1.ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2.TechniqueHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismChapter 4 American NaturalismI.Background1.Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”2.Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”3.French Naturalism: ZoraII.Features1.environment and heredity2.scientific accuracy and a lot of details3.general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyIII.significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.IV.Theodore Dreiser1.life2.works(1)Sister Carrie(2)The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3)Jennie Gerhardt(4)American Tragedy(5)The Genius3.point of view(1)He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest. He learned to regard manas merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in whichonly the “fittest”, the m ost ruthless, survive.(2)Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle inwhich man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind ofsocial forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no po werwhatever to assert his will.(3)No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internalchemisms and by the forces of social pressure.4.Sister Carrie(1)Plot(2)Analysis5.Style(1)Without good structure(2)Deficient characterization(3)Lack in imagination(4)Journalistic method(5)Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI.IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature.The nicknames for this period:(1)Roaring 20s – comfort(2)Dollar Decade – rich(3)Jazz Age – Jazz musicII.Backgrounda)First World War –“a war to end all wars”(1)Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions.Highly-consuming society.(2)Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.b)wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)1.Freud’s theoryIII.Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1)Participants(2)Expatriates(3)Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookersTwo areas:(1)Failure of communication of Americans(2)Failure of the American societyImagismI. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”II. Development: three stages1.1908~1909: London, Hulme2.1912~1914: England -> America, Pound3.1914~1917: Amy LowellIII. W hat is an “image”?An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object be fore the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.IV. Principles1.Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;2.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.V. Significance1.It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life ofthe new century.2.It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but formodern poetry as a whole.3.The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their firstlessons in the poetic art.4.It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and Americanpoetry.VI. Ezra Pound1.life2.literary career3.works(1)Cathay(2)Cantos(3)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4.point of view(1)Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiterand the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and becamethe prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dumpthe old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.(2)To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothingbut “intangible bondage”.(3)Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strengthand wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.(4)He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, sufferingfrom spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the mostpart of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which couldhelp to save the West.5.style: very difficult to readPound’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult insome sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of thelong poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they haveconquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.6.ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.7.The Cantos –“the intellectual diary since 1915”Features:(1)Language: intricate and obscure(2)Theme: complex subject matters(3)Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rulesVII. T. S. Eliot1.life2.works(1)poems●The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock●The Waste Land (epic)●Hollow Man●Ash Wednesday●Four Quarters(2)Plays●Murder in the Cathedral●Sweeney Agonistes●The Cocktail Party●The Confidential Clerk(3)Critical essays●The Sacred Wood●Essays on Style and Order●Elizabethan Essays●The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticisms●After Strange Gods3.point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.(3)The method to use is to compare the past and the present.4.Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5.The Waste Land: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidVIII. Robert Frost1.life2.point of view(1)All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through po etry. “a momentarystay against confusion”.(2)He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty.(3)Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century, he didn’t believe that man couldfind harmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usuallyamid natural forces, which couldn’t be understood. He regarded work as“significant toil”.3.works – poemsthe first: A Boy’s Willcollections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire4.style/features of his poems(1)Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosenfrom daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.(2)He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty ofisolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes someabnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.(3)Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modernpoets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote ina pastured tradition.IX. e. e. cummings“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” –individualism, “painter poet”Novels in the 1920sI. F. Scott Fitzgerald1.life – participant in 1920s2.works(1)This Side of Paradise(2)Flappers and Philosophers(3)The Beautiful and the Damned(4)The Great Gatsby(5)Tender is the Night(6)All the Sad Young Man(7)The Last Tycoon3.point of view(1)He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called“American Dream” is false in nature.(2)He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects ofmoney on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth alteredpeople’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money broughtonly tragedy and remorse.(3)His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4.His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.。
美国文学各时期
1.Early Colonial Literature. 1607-17002.The literature of Reason And Revolution(18th century) The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.3. American RomanticismFeatures:1)From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.3) The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.4) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers5)The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism6)It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.4. The literature of Realism (1865-1918)1. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.2.Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people” was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.3.They introduced industrial workers and farmers , ambitious businessmen and vagrants流浪者, prostitutes妓女and unheroic胆怯的soldiers as major characters in fiction .4.They approached the harsh realities and pressures in the post Civil War society either by a comprehensive picture of modern life , or by a psychological exploration of man's subconsciousness .5.Artistically ,naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language , lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure . Philosophically , the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hiddenfrom the eyes of the individual , or beyond this control . In a word , naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .5. The Modern Period of literature1.The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.2.the writer’s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.3.A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.4.They usually “screen himself” and speak ind irectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a “mask”, that is, a persona.On the Characteristics and Speciality of Literature in Each Stage美国文学各个时期特点文理学院11级英语二班陈佳雯02。
美国文学简史完全笔记
Chapter 3 The Age of Realism I. Background: From Romanticism to Realism 1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period （1）industrialism vs. agrarian （2）culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west （3）plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility 2.1880＊s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism 3.the closing of American frontier II. Characteristics 1.truthful description of life 2.typical character under typical circumstance 3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life ※Realistic writers are like scientists.§ 4.open-ending: Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves. 5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravity III. Three Giants in Realistic Period 1.William Dean Howells 每※Dean of American Realism§ （1）Realistic principles a. Realism is ※fidelity to experience and probability of motive§. b. The aim is ※talk of some ordinary traits of American life§. c. Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells＊s fictional representation. d. Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes a central concern with ※motives§ and psychological conflicts. e. He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids such themes as illicit love. f. Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something ※desultory, unfinished, imperfect§. g. Characters should have solidity of specification and be real. h. Interpreting sympathetically the ※common feelings of commonplace people§ was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America. i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with current humanitarian ideals. j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things. k. With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detached scientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification. （2）Works a. The Rise of Silas Lapham b. A Chance Acquaintance c. A Modern Instance （3）Features of His Works a. Optimistic tone b. Moral development/ethics c. Lacking of psychological depth 2.Henry James （1）Life （2）Literary career: three stages a. 1865~1882: international theme l The American l Daisy Miller l The Portrait of a Lady b. 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays l Daisy Miller （play） c. 1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme l The Turn of the Screw l When Maisie Knew l The Ambassadors l The Wings of the Dove l The Golden Bowl （3）Aesthetic ideas a. The aim of novel: represent life b. Common, even ugly side of life c. Social function of art d. Avoiding omniscient point of view （4）Point of view a. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness b. Psychological realism c. Highly-refined language （5）Style 每※stylist§ a. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurate b. Vocabulary: large c. Construction: complicated, intricate 3.Mark Twain （see next section） Local Colorism 1860s, 1870s~1890s I. Appearance 1.uneven development in economy in America 2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists 3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their works II. What is ※Local Colour§? Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world. Regional literature （similar, but larger in world） lGarland, Harte 每 the west lEggleston 每 Indiana lMrs Stowe lJewett 每 Maine lChopin 每 Louisiana III. Mark Twain 每 Mississippi 1.life 2.works （1）The Gilded Age （2）※the two advantages§ （3）Life on the Mississippi （4）A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur＊s Court （5）The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug 3.style （1）colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects （2）local colour （3）syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical （4）humour （5）tall tales （highly exaggerated） （6）social criticism （satire on the different ugly things in society） IV. Comparison of the three ※giants§ of American Realism 1.Theme Howells 每 middle class James 每 upper class Twain 每 lower class 2.Technique Howells 每 smiling/genteel realism James 每 psychological realism Twain 每 local colourism and colloquialism。
常耀信美国文学简史重点笔记
常耀信美国文学简史重点笔记美国文学Part One Colonial America(17世纪早期到18世纪末）Part Two The Literature of Romanticism(19世纪上半叶）The frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents.The United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.Romantics shared certain general characteristics: （选择题常考）moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859He was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.His “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America “Jonathan Old style”, satires of New York. His major works include: The Author’s Account of Himself The Legend of Sleepy HollowJames Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851The first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.The Pilot” th e best of his many sea romances.His frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach y et to an American epic”.The Last of The MohicansHenry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882In his prose romance “Outre-Mer”, he uses Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”. His greatest virtue is that he made po etry seem worth reading and worth writing. His works include:A Psalm of Life My Lost Youth Song of Hiawatha Voices of the Night William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878The stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.His most important later works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.Part Three New England Transcendentalism（2015年川师大真题）New England Transcendentalism isregarded as the summit of American Romanticism. What do you know about Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism is a literature, philosophical and artistic movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated from a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodox of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian church, developing their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows: First, the Transcendentalism placed emphasis on spirit, or the over soul, as the most important thing in the universe. Second, the Transcendentalism stressed the importance of the individual. Thirdly, the Transcendentalism offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or god. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Emerson in such essays asNature, and Self-Reliance and by Thoreau in his book Walden.Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882He was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement, and he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance. He admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas. His works include:Nature The American Scholar The Divinity School Address Self-RelianceMany of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems”appeared in 1847.In his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for the ir lack of form and polish. In recent years, however, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.His prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable.The American Scholar is called “our int ellectual Declaration of Independence”(选择题常考）Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862He was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.The superb novel Walden is written by Thoreau,and was published in 1854.it came out of his two-year experiment lived at Walden.Thoreau explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life.He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and rest six,so that people could devote more time to thought.Thoreau maintained that this was purpose ,not a program for society .and in his book ,he think ,self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all . From his experience in jail came his famous essay Civil Disobedience, which stated Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate h is conscience at the command of a government.Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864“The House of the Seven Gables”deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition. His works include:The Custom House The Blithedale Romance Mosses from an Old Manse The Marble Faun Young Goodman Brown The Scarlet LetterHawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American. To Hawthorne and Melville, however, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.（2014年川师大真题）What's symbolism? Please illustrate it with Nathaniel Hawthorne's works?In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. It enables writers to compress a very complex idea or sets of ideas into image or even one word. Hawthorne is a master of symbolism. The symbol can be found everywhere in his writing. His masterpieces The Scarlet Letter and Young Good Man Brown provided the most convincing proof.In the Scarlet Letter, A is the biggest symbol of all. As a key to the whole novel, the letter takes on different layers of symbolic meaning as the plot develops. At first, it is a token of shame"Adultery", then it has been changed into "Able", and finally it signifies "Angel". People come up with different interpretations and they don't know which one is definite. The Scarlet Letter A is ambiguous and the ambiguity is one of the prominent characteristics of Hawthorne's art.In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne masterfully uses symbolism in presenting the theme. For example, the names of protagonists carry strong symbolic meanings. Brown is an extremely common name, which stands for everyone. That means the problem that Brown met is a universal one. His wife is Faith, who should be the most faithful one to him. However, the fact proves that even she possess some evil secrets that he doesn't know.Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891Moby Dick, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century. Melville had the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming ,mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome ,sometimes merciless force （选择题常考）The fitting symbol for his the“gliding gre at demon of the seas of life,”the white whale .Ahab’s ship,the Requod ,was like a world in miniature ,with characters ranging from the observer and narrator Ishmael to the savage harpooners and the motley crew.Melville said this book had been“broiled in he ll-fire, referring to the turbulence of his own spirit from which the book sprang.Typee, became known as the “man who lived among cannibals”His works include:Omoo Mardi Billy Budd Moby DickBilly Budd a nd Moby Dick use a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil.Aha b’s ship was like a world in miniature with characters from all walks of life.Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892O ne of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem. The poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse. Most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However, a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. In his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth. His works include:Song of Myself I sit and Look Out Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! DrumsEmily Dickinson爱米丽·狄金森1830-1886She wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it. She and her sister remained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love affair, seems mainlyto have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate herself from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination.Emily, however, refused to revise her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in fact she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.Emily Dick inson’s poetry c omes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about some of the most important things in life. His works include:I taste a liquor never brewed Because I Could not Stop for Death A Bird Came Down the Walk-Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849He won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern Literary Messenger”. His first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.In Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers. His works include:The Fall of the House of Usher To Helen The RavenPart Four The Age of Realism（19世纪下半叶）In the Civil War 1861-1865，they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.Realism had originated in France as real isme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. William Dean Howells defined realism as “nothingmore and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.（选择题常考）He spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.The bu lk of Ameri ca’s literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. Yet the greatest of America’s realists, Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience. Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.(预测问答题）Naturalism, a new and harsher realism. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托1811-1896She was born into a respectable family that was to become famous, her father Lyman was a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by the father who ruled with the kind of wrathfulseverity that he imagined were the chief characteristics of the God he worshiped and feared. The boys were expected to become preachers, the girls to marry preachers. She is an anti-slavery writer. Her works include:Uncle Tom’s Cabin(问答题重点）Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the masterpiece of Harriet Beecher Stowe(an American realism novelist).The novel began serially in the National Era. When the novel did appear,however,it was an overnight success.It sold 350,000 copies during the first year,and since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world.The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the author’s sense of h er own suffering and oppression(as well as her determination to be free) in characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,the protagonists of the book’s two main plots.Uncle Tom’s Cabin traces the trials, sufferings and human dignity of Uncle Tom, an old black slave. The novel helped tremendously Americans know more about the cruelty and inhumanity of slavery and hurried on a great war.HowellsHis major works include: A Modern Instance and The Rise of Silas Lapham.He writes about the rising middle class and the way they lived.Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916H e received the major part of his education at home, his family’s travels in Europe were another source of education for Henry. The American with its “international” theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life. D aisy Miller, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his firstinternational fame. The Portrait of a Lady the finest example of James’s early work.Unli ke Howells James’s greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. He had been attacked for criticizing his native land and for the narrow emotional and social range of his characters. And he had been ridiculed for the obscure and costive style of his final period, a style that was able to express the subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption that the reader was as well educated, as exquisitely attuned, and in as little hurry as the author. He helps to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience.Local Colorism(预测问答题）Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.Mark Twain 马克·吐温1835-1910H is formal education ended soon after his father’s death in 1847, when he bec ame a printer’s apprentice. From 1853, hetraveled widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in the west, he met Horace Bixby, the captain of the boat, and turned to a career on the river. He left the Mississippi at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became, in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector in Nevada, a timber speculator and a journalist.W hile working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet. His works include: Jumping Frog Innocents Abroad The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHe pointed towards his uneasy acceptance of the values of nineteenth-century American society, he wrote three works expressing his acute pessimism. From that time until his death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved at times by outraged commentary on world affairs. His last years were saddened by personal bereavement.（2010年川师大真题）Give a brief description to the American realists of the later part of the 19th century?In the later part of the 19th century, famous American realists include: Mark Twain, Henry James, Jack London and Theodorn Dreiser.Mark Twain was the first literary giant in that he broke the narrow limits of local color and described the breadth of American as no one had ever done before. He was acclaimed as "the true father of our national literature". He first created the American boy in his book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It has always been regarded as one of the greatest books of western literature and western civilization. Hemingway described it as the book from which" all modern American literaturecomes." Other famous books of Mark Twain include: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi River and The Gilded Age.Henry James is considered as the founder of psychological realism. He stresses the "psychology" of human being and his realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. His novels describe the life of the upper class, and they are marked by highly refined language. His famous works include: Daisy Miller and The Portrait of a Lady.Jack London is one of the most articulate and militant spokesman of the working class at the turn of century. He is a leading figure of naturalism. His famous works include: Martin Eden, The call of the Wild and The Law of Life. The Call of the Wild is London's best-known story in which the protagonist is a sled-dog who under the pressure of the environment reverts to savagery.Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of American's literary naturalist. His famous work include Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy. Sister Carrie tells about a poor country girl who goes to Chicago to pursue the American dream. The novel shows Dresser's naturalistic view about life by illustrating the purposelessness of life. The dominant symbol of the novel is the rocking chair that is indicative of the uncertainty of life.O. Henry 欧·亨利H e wrote stories for different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories, the publishers of “Ainslee’s Magazing” invited him to come to New York.Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described.His works include:The Gift of the Magi A Municipal Report The Cop and the AnthemJack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916He grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival. His works include:The Call of the Wild The Son of the Wolf The Sea Wolf Martin Eden The Law of LifeThe most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945From his mother he seems to have absorbed a quality of compassionate wonder, from his father he seems to have inherited moral earnestness and the capacity to persist in the faceof failure, disappointment, and despair.Dreiser’s childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking.Sister Carrie, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G·W·Hurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons.H is best short fictions “Nigger Jeff” and “Butcher Rogaum’s Daughter””Trilogy of Desire”: “The Financier”; “The Titan”; “The Stoic”, Dreiser shifted from the pathos of helpless protagonists to the power of those unusual individuals who assume dominant roles in business and society.The identification of potency with money i s at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novel’s thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary. Part Five American Literature in the 1920sImagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to expressthese momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-1972He had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality. He was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot.Both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture. His works include：The Cantos In a Station of the Metro A VirginalThomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特1888-1965He won the Nobel Prize in 1948.His first book of poems “Prufrock and Other Observations”, which concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.The Waste Land, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization whichWorld War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements. His works include:The Hollow Men Ash-Wednesday Four Quartets The Love Song of J·Alfred Prufrock Robert Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特1874-1963 By the end of his life he had become a national bard; he won four Pulitzer Prizes; the United States Senate passed resolutions honoring his birthdays, and when he was eighty-seven he read his poetry at the inauguration of President JohnF·Kennedy. Frost had rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporanes,(选择题常考）choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new”. He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative, As a poet of nature he had obvious affinities with romantic writers. He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, but he had little faith in religious dogma or speculative thought. His poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.Carl Sandburg卡尔·桑德堡1878-1967He lived to enjoy enormous popular acclaim, by the end of his life he had become a familiar figure to national television audiences who listened to him read his poems, sing folk ballads and relate anecdotes about Lincoln.His works include:Chicago Poems Cornhuskers Flash Crimson Chicago Cool Tombs。
美国文学笔记整理完整版-专八人文知识
美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点)托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851 The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel）The Pioneer拓荒者（the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（主角：Natty Bumppo 纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2. 超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifesto Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862 Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Typee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the endof romanticism）(共和圣经Democratic Bible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892 Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash,主题love, nature, death, immortality; 语言plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒。
US History Notes Chapter 1 美国历史笔记(英文版)第一章
Chapter 1: The European arrived America (Aug 25)-The Columbian Voyages1. Intending to discover an oceanic passage to Asia, in 1492 ChristopherColumbus instead mistakenly discovered the Americas. –five yearsafter Columbus Portugal try to go India by the route around Africa. Slaves,goods for trades which were they for. 80000 miles away for the whole globaltrip.2. 1A1-1A3 pp. 1-6 –a group of Mexico, Tanios people found Native Mexicofirst. They saw many naked wild people on this land and drew some maps sentback. Amerigo Vespucci’s maps are very accurate. Map of Amerigo. Juan Gines de Sepulveda talked with Emperor Charles V in the debate. Description: They are organization, friendly, help in culture.-What differences does Sepulveda emphasize between Europeans(especially Spaniards) and the Indians? On what grounds does heassert the superiority of European culture?-How are his views of the Indians different from those of Sepulveda?What ideas did the two debaters share?3. The papal divide (1494) the treaty of Tordesillas, promulgated byPope Alexander VI, drew a line dividing all claims to land in theAmericas between Portugal and Spain . Until the arrival of the Spanishand Portuguese in the America.- Caribbean Experiments (Aug 27)•Columbus’s secon d voyage to the New World established the first Spanish Colony in the Americas (in present-day Santo Domingo)•Tainos were the first indigenous people to meet the Spaniards•Great Antilles in 1520In the west, Indians explored by Columbus, most of inhabitants, as shown in map is Tainos. Columbus’s knowledge that Marco Polo found 7400islands- Spanish Dominance•Within a single generation after the death of Columbus. Spain had conquered most of the New World•Spain as motivated by religion, nationalist pride, and dreams of personal enrichment•The Spanish Entrodos in North America- The Great Dying•Spanish contacts with the natives of the Caribbean, Central Mexico, and Peru in the early 16th Century triggered a biological epidemic of smallpox in which some 6 million•The Caribbean ExchangeImported animals from Europe (cattle, goats, pigs, etc.) devastated thefragile environment of the New WorldVarious plants (especially weeds) imported accidentally from EuropeCorn, potato, tomato, pepper, pineapple, chocolate ═ coffee, pig, cow,sheep- Silver Sugar and their Consequences•Silver and gold was found abundantly in the New World, especially in South America•Native labor was coerced into mining the metals for the Spanish•Sugar production grew at an alarming rate, due to the changing tastes of Europeans•African slaves were deemed the best labor to produce the sugar-Religious conflict during the era of reconnaissance •Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation•John Calvin’s Calvinism•Henry VIII and the Anglican Church•England challenges SpainEngland was the slowest European power to begin expansion to the New WorldThey were initially motivated by the need to expand fishing areas and find new sources of woodThey rift between England and Spain centered on religion (Catholic v.Protestant)England defeated the Spanish Armanda in 1588- The Westward Fever•The opportunities of the New World began to permeate all levels of English society in the 1580s•England’s first effort at colonization occurred in Ireland•England’s first at tempts at American colonization were weak and unprofitable•Roanoke 1585-1590- Anticipating North America•Early English settlers had vague ideas about the nature of the American natives, some true some false•Some saw Indians as savage predator- The Middle Passage (Aug 30)•Also known as the Atlantic Passage, transferred slaves to the New World in four to eight weeks on board sailing vessels•Conditions were incredibly bad and many Africans died during the forced journey.。
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅱ) 美国文学史及选读2 Part Ⅳ The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth ” in the depiction of ordinary ordinary life. life. life. ““现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William ,William Dean Dean Dean Howells(Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material ”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life ” as being being the the the more more more ““American American””, , insisting insisting insisting that that that American American American was was was truly truly truly a a a land land land of of of hope hope hope and and and of of of possibility possibility possibility that that that should should should be be reflected in its literature. 3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
英美文学史精品笔记
英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature早期形容词文学包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reasonwisdom, moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest 抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士笔记一、 1、The Anglo-Saxon period496-1066这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan异教徒Christian基督徒2、代表作：The song of Beowulf贝奥武甫national epic民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵写作手法例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period1066-1350Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also acombination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、 Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400杰弗里;乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国文学之父2、the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unitconsisting of two rhymed押韵lines in limbicpentameter五步抑扬格AA BB CC DD EE3、代表作masterpiece：The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various partsof England, representatives of various walks of lifeand social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale ina peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views andcharacter这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格;小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthlyhappiness. He is anxious to see man freed fromsuperstitions迷信and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运他希望人们能从对迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来;4、Popular Ballads大众民谣：a story hold in 4-linestanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have beenpreserved by oral transmission书上歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式;代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯;帕西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allina-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、 The Renaissance16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman戏剧drama诗章cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classicalGreek and Romanarts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴;The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展;1、key word: humanism 人文主义：admire human beautyand human achievement2、代表人物1、Thomas More 托马斯;莫尔Utopia乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯;培根第一个散文家essayistOf Studies 论读书3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯;怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人Sonnet 十四行诗:form of poetry intricatelyrhymed间隔押韵in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙;斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗;马洛Blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式;6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆;莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷特,Othello奥赛罗,KingLear李尔王,The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白Sonnet十四行诗AB AB CD CD EF EF GG五、 The period of Revolution and Restoration17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟Prose 散文In 1649 Charles I was be headed.被送上断头台 Englandbecame a commonwealth under the leadership of OliverCromwell.克伦威尔这时期French Influence是特色1、文学特点the Puritans清教徒believed in simplicityof life、disapproved of the sonnets and the lovepoetry、breaking up of old ideas.清教徒崇尚简朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离;2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰;邓恩“metaphysical”poets玄学派诗人的代表人物Sonnet十四行诗他的song: AB AB CC DDDDeath be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’sextraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘②novelty of subject matter and point 新颖的题材和视角③novelty of its form新颖的形式2、John Milton约翰;弥尔顿 a great poet诗人poem诗歌blank verseDefense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人 horrid crew 堕落天使The poem Paradise Lost, consisting of TWELVE books, is marked for its intricate and contradictory composition. It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race——Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Paradise Regained复乐园3、John Bunyan 约翰;拜扬a great prose writer“give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned 旧体形式,medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、 The Age of Enlightenment18世纪启蒙运动Whigs and Tories 辉格党自由liberal和托利党保守conservativeAddison, Steele, Defoe, Swift,——most of the greatwriters of the age were, on occasion, the willingservants of the Whigs or Tories.prose 散文 sentimentalism 感伤文学 pre-romanticism早期浪漫主义 jack-of-all-trades全能手 radical激进1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, towrite prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌;The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动世纪上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式;The enlighteners repudiate the false religiousdoctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致;Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to beinsufficient , and therefore appealed to sentimentas a means of achieving happiness and socialjustice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足;因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段;2、18th century 文学的三个方面The reign of Classicism古典主义的盛行、revival ofromantic poetry浪漫主义的复兴、beginning of themodern novel现代主义的兴起3、代表人物：1、Denial Defoe 丹尼尔;笛福realistic novel现实主义小说他爸叫FoeNovel: Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan Wild乔纳森;威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔;弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding亨利;菲尔丁father of modernfiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫;安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson---no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教Fielding---direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarseto the point of vulgarity, full of animal spirits,tells the story of a vagabond life语音直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事; The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯的故事the best novel of him . joiner接骨师3、Jonathan Swift乔纳森;斯威夫特讽刺作家Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记novel反讽 Lilliput 小人国作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him.怒不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson塞缪尔;理查森Pamela帕美勒The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan理查德;B;谢尔丹School of Scandal造谣学校,喜剧comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s奥利弗;戈尔德史密斯散文作家essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师,小说novelThe Deserted Village荒村, 诗歌poems7、Joseph Addison艾迪生The Spectator and The Tatler are the first importantrecognitions by literature of the special interestsof women readers.4.Sentimentalism感伤主义 no belief没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued tostruggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed atthe same time the contradictions of bourgeois progressthat brought with it enslavement and ruin to thepeople.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏;代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯;格雷Elegy, Written in aCountry Churchyard墓园挽歌---the best known poem inthe English language七、 the Romantic Period1798-1832浪漫主义the time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads1798, ending with Walter Scott’sdeath1832.散文prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake威廉;布莱克诗人poet代表作The TigerRobert Burns罗伯特;彭斯苏格兰诗人poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by theIndustrial revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命;2、教育意义Educational: liberty, equality andfraternity自由,平等,博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication ofWilliam Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始4、lake poet 湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth威廉;华兹华斯poet-laureate桂冠诗人I Wandered Lonely as a CloudThe Prelude 序曲自传性诗歌AutobiographicalpoetryWith Coleridge, they jointly published the“Lyrical Ballads”,与S. T. Coleridge一起联合发表了“抒情民谣”作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦革命党人Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德;哈罗德游记cantos 诗章成名作：Don Juan唐璜poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem诗the first volume of poem首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯戏剧Ode to the West Wind西风颂poem诗西风颂的韵：ABA BCB CDC DED EETo A Sky-Lark致云雀4、John Keats济慈诗人The Eve of St. Agnes 圣啊格良斯之夜 poemOde to a Nightingale 致夜莺 poemBeauty is truth, truth beauty. 美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特;斯科特Historical novel王朝小说Ivanhoe艾凡赫He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简;奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma 爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and Sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人;7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯;兰伯essayist 散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periodsAddison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活, 并使其熟悉和令人愉快; Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定;八、Critical Realism批判现实主义,The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Humanism人文主义Chartism宪章运动1、意义：Chartism signified the first great politicalmovement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动;2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens狄更斯Hard Times 艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威客外传Oliver Twist雾都孤儿A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution Nicholas Nickleby , Master Humphrey’s Clock ,The Old Curiosity Shop,老古玩店Barnaby Rudge, American Notes,美国笔记A ChristmasCarol,圣诞颂歌 David Copperfield,大卫;科波菲尔德Household Words, Bleak House,荒凉山庄,Hard Times,艰难时刻Our Mutual Friend,我们共同的朋友特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people描述苦难和苦难的群众2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特;勃朗特女Shirley雪利Jane Eye简爱Emily Bronte艾米丽;勃朗特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mr. GaskellMary Barton, North and South玛丽巴顿,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray :Vanity Fair名利场----this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing moneyworship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描述了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp---a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望：人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段;特点：novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照;5、George Eliot乔治;艾略特女Adam Bede novel, The mill on the floss, Middlemarch. Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展;特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life.艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞;3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate:1、Alfred,Lord Tennyson唐纳森Break, Break, Break破,破,破Crossing the Bar过沙洲2、Robert Browning My L ast Duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealous 嫉妒Stingy小气;Home-Thoughts, from Abroad异国情思贡献：dramatic monologues戏剧独白dramatic lyrics戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19世纪到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism唯美主义“art for art’s sake”为艺术而艺术2、代表人物1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists ,Tess of theD’Urbervilles苔丝Jude the obscure裘德 novel特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧;2、Oscar Wilde“art for art’s sake”为艺术而艺术The picture of…………的画像3、George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、 Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s lover查泰来夫人的情人The Rainbow彩虹Sons and Lovers儿子与情人恋母情结3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物1、Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚;沃尔夫 Mrs. Dalloway, A Room of one’s OwnWoolf was much concerned with the position of woman.非常重视妇女的地位2、James Joyce :Ulysses伊利斯His masterpiece Ulysses was banned in both Britain and America on its first appearance in 1922.。
美国文学期末复习笔记 (1)
美国文学笔记III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）American Transcendentalism(美国超验主义）（1830s- Civil War）Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance1. Appearance1836, ―Nature‖ by Emerson2. Features of Transcendentalism(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）(2). importance of individualism(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918)1. Three Giants in Realistic PeriodWilliam Dean Howells –―Dean of American Realism‖Henry JamesMark Twain2. Comparison:Theme:Howells –middle classJames –upper classTwain –lower classTechnique:Howells –smiling/genteel realismJames –psychological realismTwain –local colourism and colloquialismMark Twain (1835-1910):1. Summary:American writer, short story writer/Humorist2. Major works:The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》: All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece ―The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.‖——Ernest Hemingway3. Style:(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects(2). local colour(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical(4). humour(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)4. ContributionOne of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.Henry James (1843-1916)1. Summary:An American and British novelist, literary criticFounder of psychological realismFirst of the modern psychological novelistInitiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication2. Major works:Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》3. His Point of view(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness(2).Psychological realism(3). Highly-refined language4. Style –“stylist”(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate(2).V ocabulary: large(3). Construction: complicated, intricateNaturalism（自然主义）1. Background:(1). Dar win’s theory: ―natural selection‖(2).Spenser’s idea: ―social Darwinism‖(3). French Naturalism: Zora2. Features(1). environment and heredity(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societySt ephen Crane (1881-1900)1. Summary:Novelist, poetPioneer in the naturalistic traditionPrecursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry2. Major Works:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)（美国现代主义）F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1. Summary:Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayistthe representative of the 1920sthe spokesman for the Jazz Ageone of the“lost generation”writers2. Major WorksThis Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:Narrative point of view – Nick CarrawayTheme: The decline of the American Dream3. His Point of view(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called ―American Dream‖ is false innature.(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on theemotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4. His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.William Faulkner (1897-1962)1. Sumary:An American novelist and poetInitiator of American Southern RenaissanceOne of the most influential modern novelists of 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature in 19492. Major Works:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.3. Major Themes of his Works(1). history and race(2). Deterioration(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal4. Faulkner's narrative technique(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment thechronological time.(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interior monologue（内心独白）：(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusionsErnest Hemingway (1899—1961)1. Summary:Novelist and short-story writerOne of the great American writers of the 20th centuryThe Spokesman of the ―Lost Generation‖Nobel Prize winner for literature in 19542. Major worksThe Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》3. Major Themes(1).The ―Nada‖(虚无) Concept(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）―Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.‖------The Old Man and the Sea(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.b.―Grace under pressure is their motto.c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.4. Artistic features(1) .The iceberg（冰山）techniqueThe dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(2). Language stylea. simple and naturalb.direct, clear and freshc. lean and economicald.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental wordse. simple sentencesf. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied thingsg.SymbolismEzra Pound (1885—1972)1. Summary:A leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement‖(意象主义运动）One of the most influential American poets and critic2. Major works:Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》Cantos /《诗章》3. Imagism (1909-1917)(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japaneseliterature ―haiku‖(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to expressthe these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3): Manifesto of Imagism:•Direct treatment•Economy of expression•New rhythmIn a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》: a quintessential（典型的）imagist textRobert Frost（1847-1963）1. Summary:the most popular American poetWon Pulitzer Prize four timesReceived honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universitiesRead ― The Gift Outright‖ at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 19612. Famous Poems:F ire and Ice《火与冰》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》Mending Wall《补墙》After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》3. Frost’s writing featureHis combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)Eugene O’Neil (1888-1953)1. Summary:America's greatest playwrightWon the Pulitzer Prize four timesWon Nobel Prize in 1936Founder of the American drama2. Major WorksBeyond the Horizon (1920) 《天边外》The Emperor Jones(1920) 《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》Desire under the Elms (1924) 《榆树下的欲望》美国文学笔记整理完整版18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism埃德加·爱伦·坡侦探小说之父Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism精神批Edgar Allan Poe 评，首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头1809-1849 Novelist小说家, poet, critic批评家good at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fictionPoetryThe Raven《乌鸦》To Helen《献给海伦》Short storiesHorror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Black Cat《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;American essayist,lecturer, poetThe Founder of Transcendentalism1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verseRalph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism个人主义.纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 虚构Nathaniel Hawthorne 象征主义大师American novelist and short story writer1804-1864 The Scarlet Letter红字Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.(1). Evil is at the core of human life 邪恶是人类生活的中心(2).whenever there is sin 罪恶, there is punishment 惩罚. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation 代代相传(3). Evil educates. 邪恶的教育(4). He has disgust in science科学. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (too proud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters聪明的特征are villains反派角色, dreadful可怕的and cold-blooded冷血的赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Main characters: Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narrator 叙述者Ahab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist 主要人物Moby DickTypee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the1819-1892 end of romanticism）共和圣经Democratic Bible 美国史诗American EpicAmerican poet, essayist散文家, journalist新闻工作者, and humanist人道主义学家The father of free verse（自由诗）Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas 民主的前景One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》3.Writing themes (almost everything):equality of things and beings 平等的事情和人divinity 神学of everythingImmanence（无所不在）of GodDemocracy 民主evolution of cosmos（宇宙的演化）multiplicity 多样性of natureself-reliant spirit 自力更生的精神death, beauty of deathexpansion of America 美国的扩张brotherhood 手足情谊and social solidarity（社会团结）(unity of nations in the world世界统一的国家) pursuit 追求of love and happiness4.S tyle: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern固定的韵律模式, the verse without a fixed beat 固定的节拍or regular rhyme scheme规律的格律.(1).Parallelism（排比）(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition重复of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, inthe middle or at the end)(3).the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖ (the first person narrator)(4).strong tendency to use oral English使用英语口语的强烈倾向(5).the habit of using snapshots 生活小照(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure语法结构(7).use of conventional image 传统的想象(8).vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(9). sentences – catalogue目录technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. Significance of Leaves of GrassLeaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:无论是在内容还是在形式上,是一个划时代的作品在美国文学→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism. 其民主内容标志着从浪漫主义到现实主义的转变→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.其生发的形式从旧的诗意的约定了打开新的思路对美国诗歌。
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason ★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: TomoChequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur★the 18th century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment★Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God★Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文★Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper★Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow★James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau★Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)★Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville★Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown★Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson★Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself★Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James★William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction★Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain★Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)★Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp★Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style★Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》★Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》★Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson★Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky★Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague★Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius★Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory★Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden★O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi★Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound★The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century★The second Renaissance: the 1920s★The three principles of the Imagist Poetry★熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首★Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams★T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative★William Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>★Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry★Hart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great Gatsby★Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
最全美国文学史笔记英文版
Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) Hector St.John de (1735-1813)克里夫古尔 Crevecour
James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费 尼莫尔·库珀 1789-1851
Part 3.New England Transcendentalism(1836-1855) Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔 多·爱默生 1803-1882
1
Edward Taylor(1642-1729)爱德华泰 勒 Roger Williams(1603-1683)罗杰威廉 斯 John Woolman(1720-1772) Thomas Paine(1737-1809)
Philip Freneau(1752-1832)
Charles Brockden Brown(1771-1810) Jonathan Edwards(1703-1758)爱德华 兹
Henry David Thoreau 亨利· 大卫· 梭 罗 1817-1862
Amos Bronson Alcott(1799-1888) Margaret Fuller(1810-1850) ： 《1843 年的湖光夏日》 （Summer on the Lakes in 1843） （1844）和《论 文学与艺术》 （Papers on Literature and Art） （1846） 。 《国内和海外记》 （At Home and Abroad） （1856）和《内外生活》 （Life Without and Life Within） （1859） William Cullen Bryant 威 廉 卡 伦 布 莱 恩 特 (1794-1878); Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗 费 罗 (1807-1882); James Russell Lowell 罗 威 尔 (1819-1891); Oliver Wendell Holmes 霍尔姆斯(1809-1894); John Greenleaf Whittier 惠蒂尔 (1807-1892)
美国文学简史笔记
简要介绍十九世纪以前——突出介绍清教文学及其代表人物，乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林十九世纪以后——①浪漫主义时期19世纪上半叶-在40年代达到高潮：欧文首创；艾德加·爱伦·坡丰富理论和技巧；霍桑寓教诲于故事中；詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀②第二次世界大战后：南方文学和犹太文学③五十年代后期到六十年代前期：黑人文学和垮掉派作家介绍——早期殖民时期到20世纪70年代的整个美国文学史殖民时期大致从17世纪初到18世纪末美国文学本身是从19世纪才开始英国清教徒建立北美殖民地宗教信仰非常重要执着于人的生活、思想及行为应分享上帝的荣光；接受命运、原罪、人完全堕落的教义相信只有通过有限的赎罪才能救赎卡尔文与自然界艰苦斗争坚韧、不屈不挠、乐观、时刻准备面对将会出现的不幸遇挫折、使命感教条主义的机会主义者因为通常幸福快走到尽头时就是迎来悲伤象征主义对于虔诚的清教徒来说，所感知的世界仅仅只是上帝的一个象征写作方式简洁风格是清新的、简单的、直接的；修饰手法是直白的、诚实的、也无不高贵约翰·史密斯《A Description of New England》威廉·布拉德福德五月花移民运动《Of Plymouth Plantation》约翰·温思普特安妮·布拉德斯特里特《Contemplations》沉思录《Upon the Burning of Our House》家居被焚之后爱德华·泰勒喜爱冥想的诗人《Huswifery》家务《Upon a spider Catching a Fly》蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想罗杰·威廉斯最著名异教徒之一《The Bloody of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience》血腥的迫害教义约翰·伍尔曼《Journal》日记托马斯·潘恩《The Rights of Man》人权论菲利普·弗瑞诺《The Wild Honey Suckle》野地里的忍冬查尔斯·布鲁克登·布朗《Wieland》威兰德乔纳森·爱德华兹代表美国的上层牧师《Personal Narrative》《Freedom of the Will》论意志自由《The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin》论原罪《The Nature of True Virtue》论真实德行的本原超验论本杰明·富兰克林代表美国的底层《Poor Richard’s Almanac》穷理查德历书《Autobiography》自传Periods of American Literature①Colonial Period（1650-1800）War of Independence②Romanticism Period（1800-1865）The Civil War③The Modernism（1914-1950）WWⅠ④Post-Modernism（1950-至今）WWⅡAmerican Puritanism——Doctrinaire opportunist/Realistic idealists From a doctrinal point of view, the Puritans were self-disciplined and abandoned all recreational activities. Their daily life was boring dull and monotonousFrom the perspective of opportunism, they treat things to achieve their goals as the highest pursuit, and do not pay attention to the process.American Dream——the persuit of idealFrom a historical point of view, the American dream symbolizes the early Puritans' expectations of the new world and new life in the American mainland, and also represents the good qualities of the Puritans' perseverance and diligenceIn a broad sense, the American dream is endowed with many different meanings: equality, freedom and democracy.美国的第一次文艺复兴发生在浪漫主义时期大题浪漫主义时期的清教主义是怎么体现的Imagination/emotional/subjective/rebellious in spirit/Rip van winkleTranscendentalism.①A literary and a philosophical movement are rising in 19th century New England, associated with a Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller and asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends empirical and scientific reality, and is knowable through institution.②Any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual over the empirical and material③The man features of new England transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:Emphasize on spirit, or the Oversoul;The importance of the individual;Nature is the symbolic spirit of God.Relationships among American Romanticism, American Transcendentalism & American PuritanismTranscendentalism is the summit ofromanticism·Time: after 1830·Milestone: Nature by Emerson.·Reason: not happy about thematerialistic-oriented life- Activities:·Transcendentalist Club,The Dial《日暑》Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)the reward of a thingis to have done it.--R.W.EmersonMajor works“Nature”《论自然》“The American Scholar”《美国学者》“The Divinity School Address”《神学院演说》“Self-Reliance”《论自助》“Over-soul”《论超灵》Other essays:·Representative Men代表性人物·English Traits英国人的特性.·The Conduct of Life论为人处世Emerson’s influence·Emerson’ s importance in the intellectual history of America lies in the fact that he embodied a new nation’ s desire and struggle to assert its own identity in its formative period.·His aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry.·He called for an independent culture，which represented the desire of the whole nation to develop a culture of its own.·During his lifetime he was considered one of the two or three best writers in America, and certainly the most influential among his contemporaries.·Thoreau，Whitman，Dickinson，Hawthorne, Melville, and Wallace Stevens and many others were indebted to him in varying degrees.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, sage writer and philosopher.He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay ,Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.Career·he was born in Concord in 1817·he was educated at Harvard and graduated in 1837·he lived for more than a year in Emerson S house to absorb Emerson's ideas.·he began a two-year residence at Walden Pond in July,4th, 1845·he was arrested for failure to pay a trifling sum in taxes.·he was only 45 when he diedWorks (Selected)·A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers,1849 (1st book)·Resistance to Civil Government / Civil·Disobedience / On the Duty of Civil Disobedience,1849<论公民之不服从·Walden; or, Life in the Woods, 1854. Excursions, 1863·The Maine Woods, 1864·Slavery in Massachusetts, 1854."nullifier of civilization"Masterpiece——Walden, another name,Life in the Woods·a collection of nature essays·a great Transcendentalist work .·a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be.·Full of ideas expressed to persuade·His neighbors out of their complacency·Walden——regard as a classic American book that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.·A reproduction of Thoreau's cabin with a statue of Thoreau.·Background information about WaldenThe book details Thoreau's sojourn in a cabin near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor RalphWaldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts.Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors, and returned their visits. Instead, he hoped to isolate himself from society in order to gain a more objective understanding of it.Nature-worshippingSimple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau 's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, which was one of the key. ideas of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home.·ThemesWalden emphasizes the importance of self-reliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcending the ”desperate" existence that, he argues, is the lot of most humans.·Writing style梭罗的文章具有散文诗的精炼和激情, 兼具政论文的雄辩，说理透彻，思想新颖深邃，不乏精辟隽永的警句。
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New England Poets
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨 利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗 1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poems 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事--诗集：An April Day 四月的一天;A Psalm of Life 生命礼赞/Paul Revere’s Ride 保罗· 里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish 迈尔 斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery 奴役篇---反蓄奴组 诗 Twice-told Tales; Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔: The Scarlet Letter 红 字 ;The House of the Seven Gables 有 七 个 尖 角 阁 的 房 子 ;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇;The Marble Faun 玉石雕像; “Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister’s Black Veil”; “ The Birthmark”,”Rappaccini’s Daughter”; “The Maypole of Merry Mount” Typee 泰比 ;Omoo 奥穆 ;Mardi 玛地 ;Redburn 雷得本 ;White Jacket 白外 衣 ;Pierre 皮 尔 埃 ; Moby Dick;The Confidence Man; Billy Budd; Clarel( long poem) Leaves of Grass 草叶集 :Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌 ;I Hear America Singing 我 听 见 美 洲 在 歌 唱 ;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉 和罢工问题;Song of Myself 自我之歌 “My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close”; “Because I could not stop for death”;” Wild Nights-Wild Nights” Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集; The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym(one full-length novel); Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales “MS.Found in a Bottle”; “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”; “The Fall of the House of Usher”/”The Cask of Amontillado”/ “Ligeia”/ “The Purloined Letter”/”Black Cat”/ “The Imp of the Perverse”/”The Gold Bug”/ ◆ ”The Philosophy of Composition”/”The Poetic Principle”,”Annabel Lee”/”The Raven”/”To Helen” Part 4. The age of Realism(1865-1914) Little Women 小妇人; Little Men 小绅士; Good Wives 好妻子; Jo’s Boys 乔的孩 子 The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;Their Wedding Journey 他们 的蜜月之旅; A Modern Instance 现代婚姻; A Chance Acquaintance; A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客; Criticism and Fiction; A World of Chance; Annie Kilburn;
Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) Hector St.John de (1735-1813)克里夫古尔 Crevecour