分子生物学英文课件：chapter1 Structure

Research History of Molecular Biology
In 1869, F.Miescher: nuclein In 1928, Fred Griffith: transformation In 1944, Avery and his colleges: DNA —— genetic material In 1953, Watson and Crick: DNA double helical model In 1957, Kornberg: DNA polymerase Ⅰ In 1958, Crick: the central dogma In 1961, Jacob and Monod : operon theory In 1966,Nirenberg、Ochoa and Khorana: the genetic codon In 1970, Temin and Baltimore: reverse transcriptase
➢Ribonucleic acid, RNA:
present in cytoplasm and nucleus; involved in expression of genetic information.
Section I
Chemical composition and primary structure of nucleic
1928 by Fred Griffith
In 1967-1970, R.Yuan and H.O.Smith: Restriction endonuclease In 1975-1977, Sanger、Maxam and Gilbert: DNA sequencing In 1990s, automatic DNA sequencing In 1981, Cech: rRNA self splicing－ribozyme In 1981, the first transgenic mice In 1985, Mullis: PCR In 1990, HGP launched In 1990, ADA deficiency gene therapy In 1996, “Dolly” sheep In 1998, AndrewZ.Fire and Craig C.Mello : RNAi (2006 Nobel prize) In 2001, Publishing of the draft version of the Human Genome
acid
Nucleotides are basic component units of nucleic acid
Base nucleotide Pentose
phosphate
(RNA) (DNA)
I. Chemical composition of nucleotides
Purine Base
Transgenic plant
Transgenic Mouse,1982
Achievements of gene engineering
克隆羊“多莉”
Nucleus transferring cloning
克隆羊“多莉”的研究者 伊恩·维尔穆特（Wilmut）
Biochip
Human Genome Project
HN
NH2
N
N
N
N H
腺嘌呤
(adenine, A)
N
H2N
N 鸟嘌呤
N H
(guanine, G)
NH 2
N3 4 5 2 16 N
嘧啶 (pyrimidine, Py)
O
N
O
N
H
胞嘧啶 (cytosine, C)
O
HN
HN
CH3
O
N
H
尿嘧啶 (uracil, U)
O
N
H
胸腺嘧啶 (thyminene, G Cytosine, C
Present in both DNA and RNA
pyrimidine Thymine, T(Only in DNA)
Uracil, U (Only in RNA)
N1 6 5
N
7
2
3
N
4
8 9
N
嘌呤 H
(purine, Pu) O
The Central Dogma
Transcription Translation
Replication DNA
RNA
Protein
Reverse transcription
DNA and protein
Chapter 1 structure and
function of nucleic acid
some substance from the heat-killed S cells had been picked up by some of the R cells, changing them into virulent S type cells. Griffith coined the term "transformation" to describe this process.
Nucleic acids are biological information macromolecules
Classification:
➢Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA:
present in nucleus and mitochondria; store and carry genetic information.
Molecular Biology
Contents of molecular biology
➢ Nucleic acid and nucleotides ➢ Gene expression
♣ Synthesis of DNA (replication) ♣ Synthesis of RNA (transcription) ♣ Synthesis of protein (translation) ➢ Regulation of gene expression ➢ Genetic engineering ➢ Signal transduction
酮 式 烯 醇 式 互 变 异 构