新概念英语第四册Lesson14~16原文及翻译
新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记
Finding fossil man 发现化⽯石⼈人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especiallyflint, because this is easier to shapethan other kinds.They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rottedaway. Stone does not decay, and so thetools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappearedwithout trace. 读到flint 打⽕火⽯石anthropomorphic ⼈人格化拟1anthropo ⼈人类的让步⼀一⼀一trace backdate back read of read abouta trace of ⼀一些resound u叙述 Polynesian adj.波利利尼⻄西亚(中太平洋之⼀一群岛)的 Indonesia n. 印度尼⻄西亚 我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年年前近东发⽣生的事情，那⾥里里的⼈人最早学会了了写字。
新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记
The modern city 现代城市 In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. ⼀一理理的代⼈人造的⽣生存⽅方式隺加规模 I 平庸的⼀一倒夺巨⼤大的⼤大厦南满拥塞without any idea of 完全忽视without giving any consideration to 在⼯工业⽣生活的组织中，⼯工⼚厂对⼯工⼈人的⽣生理理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了了。
汇总新概念英语第四册课文原文
20 年 月 日A4打印 / 可编辑此翻译文本仅供参考请以法文原文为准(此翻译文本仅供参考，请以法文原文为准) 几内亚共和国出入境管理条例第一章入境签证第1条：一次或多次入出境签证须签在有效护照或旅行证上，并在申请表上注明交通工具、入境地点、事由及逗留时间。
——入境签证有效期3个月，此为使用签证最长期限，过期作废。
——逗留期自入境之日起不得超过3个月。
——入境地点指外国人入境的官方口岸。
第2条：入境签证发证机关：在几内亚，国家安全部和国家安全总局长；在国外，请示国家安全部意见后，由几内亚使领馆签发。
第3条：在国外仅签发一次入出境签证。
抵几后，根据申请者意愿，可签发多次往返签证。
第4条：申请入境签证须提供：入境事由、旅费证明、往返机票、两张身份照片及印花税费。
第二章过境签证第5条：在下述情况下可发给过境签证：——从陆路穿越国境——从空、海、陆中转——交通工具发生故障第6条：未有签证的外国人可在官方指定口岸滞留，费用由运载方负担。
第7条：过境签证持有者须在规定时间和地点进出国境，滞留期自抵境之日起不得超过五天。
第8条：申请过境签证须提供：有效护照或旅行证、过境申请、两张身份照片及印花税费。
因运输工具故障而被迫滞留，口岸警察局可签发过境签证。
第三章免签证第9条：过境飞机和船舶的机组和乘组人员凭乘务证可入境。
第10条：与几内亚有免签证协议的国家公民可持护照入境滞留，每次不得超过三个月。
持有国籍证的几内亚邻国公民，可在边境区域内免护照和签证自由进出。
第11条：下述外国人免签证：——在几内亚港口泊转的船员不离船；——乘飞机过境人员不出中转区。
第12条：禁止对公共秩序构成威胁或被驱逐的外国人入境。
第四章对空海运载人员的规定第13条：空海运载人员只能接受符合入几条件和有返程保证的外籍旅客。
否则，他必须承担非法入境旅客在几逗留期间的生活费用和返程旅费。
非法入境旅客刑期届满后才得返程。
第五章临时居留第14条：外国人在几内亚逗留5-90天，视为临时居留。
新概念英语第四册
Lesson1We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.Lesson2Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.Lesson3Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, thiswas not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alpsmust have been very hard indeed.Lesson4In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.Lesson5The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strongfascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) linkwith our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals heloved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.Lesson6People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill- mannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.Lesson7I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concreteexamples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.Lesson8Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room.It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but thispractice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother workseconomic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.Lesson9Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will elapse forthe return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying ac- cording to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo .A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.Lesson10In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a few original, creative men in our political life—if only to create some enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Between mid-night and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of our time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.Lesson11Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes--and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!Lesson12What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surface details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censorship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, banal, childish ?Lesson13Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and research endowments can make up for the change in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a population which has no interest in learning and knows no studies beyond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camshafts.Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend tolive in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and theonly fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost which hangs over some of the colleges.Lesson14Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it- so at least it seems to me----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And it, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.Lesson15When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.Lesson16The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits.The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.Lesson17The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it.In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding.Lesson18Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positiveadvantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.Lesson19A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '. The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formerly took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.Lesson20In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow。
新概念第四册课文及翻译(中英)
Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.参考译文我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。
新概念英语第四册Lesson14_16原文及翻译
新概念英语第四册Lesson14~16原文及翻译新概念英语第四册Lesson14原文及翻译The Butterfly Effect蝴蝶效应Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.JAMES GLEICK, ChaosNew words and expressions 生词和短语forecastn. 预报speculativeadj. 推测的blizzardn. 暴风雪deterioratev. 变坏multiplyv. 增加cascadev. 瀑布似地落下turbulentadj. 狂暴的dust devil小尘暴，尘旋风squalln. 暴风eddyn. 旋涡gridn. 坐标方格sensorn. 传感器humidityn. 温度meteorologistn. 气象学家Princetonn. 普林斯顿(美国城市名) New Jerseyn. 新泽西(美国州名)fluctuationn. 起伏，波动deviationn. 偏差参考译文世界上的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。
新概念英语第四册第十四课课文
新概念英语第四册第十四课课文Lesson 14: A noble gangsterIf you walk down the main street of a small town in the United States and ask a passer-by to name America"s most famous gangsters, the reply will almost certainly be "Al Capone". Al Capone became notorious during prohibition (the period from 1919 to 1933, when the sale of alcohol was illegal in the US). He made a fortune by selling illegal liquor and, although he was responsible for many killings, he was never convicted of anything more serious than tax evasion. His income from crime was so great that he could have retired at the age of thirty, but he chose to carry on because he enjoyed being a gangster. There are, however, some people who regard Capone as a public benefactor. In his home city of Chicago, for example, he was seen by many as a modern-day Robin Hood, who generously gave money to the poor. Every year, he arranged for thousands of baskets of food and bottles of milk to be distributed to needy families at Christmas time. He also built soup kitchens and opened a home for homeless children. Capone had a genuine affection for his home city and did much to make life more pleasant for its inhabitants. There is a story that illustrates Capone"s curious personality. One day, he visited a shop and,pulling out a pistol, threatened to kill the owner. The man fell to his knees and begged for mercy. Capone put away the gun and said, "I don"t mean any harm. I"m only fooling."It is difficult to say whether Capone was a good or a bad man. He was both revered and feared, and his name still lives on today.。
新概念英语第四册：惯用语 Lesson14-15
新概念英语第四册：惯用语 Lesson14-15【篇一】Lesson14rain n. 雨 v. 降雨;下雨as right as rain 身体恢复如初例句：Ann has got over the flu. She's as right as rain now.安的流感好了，她现在身体恢复如初。
temperature n. 1.温度;气温;发烧get (have) a temperature 发烧(have a fever)例句：You have got a temperature, and staying in bed is the only sensible thing to do. 你发烧了，卧床休息是明智的选择。
【篇二】Lesson 15book n. 书，本子;簿 v. 登记入册准备指控book up(票)订完了(all the tickets)A:Is there a seat available for tomorrow morning?A:明天早晨的班机还有座位吗?B:I'm sorry. All the morning flights have been booked up.B:很抱歉，所有早晨班机的机票都已经订完了。
【篇三】A:I'd like to make two reservations on flight 651 for June 8th.A:我想订两张6月8日651航班的机票。
B:l'm sorry. we are booked up on the 8th.B:裉抱歉，8日的机票已经全部订完了。
【篇四】A:I think I'll take my mother to that French restaurant on Main Street for her birthday. A:我想带我妈去梅茵大街的法国餐馆庆祝生日。
B:I hope it's not any time soon. They are usually booked up weeks in advance.B:我希望你妈的生日不在近期，它们总是提前很多星期就被订光了。
新概念英语第四册课文及翻译
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课堂笔记 New words and expressions ⽣词短语 recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述/ ' rei'kaunt/ 再数⼀次 record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第⼀个⾳节带重⾳，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 describe depict： a little emotional narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。
portray：描述 saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.⼈类学家 anthrop：⼈ philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对⼈有爱⼼的⼈） anthropology :⼈类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology ⽣物学geography 地理学 ecology ⽣态学 remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远 ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先 an- 在前⾯ forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.＝leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your trace＝i follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife flint /flint/ n.燧⽯ flinting hearted fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化⽯cobble 鹅卵⽯ Notes on the text 课⽂注释 read of 读到 谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east ⾮限定性从句，表原因 oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不⽤⽐较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后⾯的表语结构就要⽤to do sth,⽽不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的⼈ fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先⽣ migration ：移民１）migrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族 if they had any: 即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千⽅百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号 but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－⾃由 so－⾃由 tool:⼩⼯具 instrument:实验器械 equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造 may also have:表推测 peel:果⽪ leather:⽪⾰ hide:兽⽪ cowhide:⽜⽪ without (any) trace:⽆影⽆踪。
新概念英语第四册课文版
Lesson1We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East， where people first learned to write。
But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas——legends handed down from one generation of story—tellers to another。
These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago， but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2，000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas， if they had any，are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first ’modern men' came from。
(完整版)新概念英语第四册(中英对译)
$课文1 发现化石人1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。
2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。
3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another.他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。
4. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,这些传说是有用的，因为他们告诉我们很久以前生活在这里的移民的一些事情。
5. but none could write down what they did.但是没有人能写下来。
6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，7. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
新概念英语第四册第14课-The Butterfly Effect
新概念英语第四册第14课:The Butterfly EffectLesson 14 The Butterfly Effect蝴蝶效应 First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.世界上最好的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。
The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see. 原因是蝴蝶效应。
对于小片的恶劣天气 -- 对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。
新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记
Royal espionage 王室谍报活动 Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. There had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighboring regions.There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit forprolonged battle: and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. ⼀一间谍活动中世纪的咏游歌⼿手⾦金金琴⺠民歌___魔术杂技的⾯面⼊入向那⾥里里-n 得-i 持久的微不不⾜足道需供⽽而应⾯面对尤击⼀一n⼩小规模战⽃斗Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes -- and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage! 阿尔弗雷雷德⼤大帝曾亲⾃自充当间谍。
新概念英语第四册Lesson10~14原文及翻译
新概念系列教材历来被公认为是适合大多数中学生课外学习的资料之一。
下面小编就和大家分享新概念英语第四册Lesson10~14原文及翻译，希望有了这些内容，可以为大家学习新概念英语提供帮助!新概念英语第四册Lesson10原文及翻译Silicon valley硅谷What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We're got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.' And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market. India-bornN.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989New words and expressions 生词和短语siliconn. 硅integratedadj. 综合的circuitn. 线路，电路Californian. 加利福尼亚(美国州名) workstationn. 工作站chipn. 芯片，集成电路片，集成块newslettern. 时事通讯Macintoshn. 苹果机，一种个人电脑penalizev. 处罚，惩罚customizev. 按顾客具体需要制造spawnv. 引起，酿成thrivev. 兴旺，繁荣anarchyn. 无政府状态，混乱orientaln. 东方人constitutev. 构成droven. 群innovatorn. 发明者forgev. 发展memory-chipn. 内存条AT & T美国电话电报公司 (American Telephone and Telegraph)Kansasn. 堪萨斯(美国州名)Missourin. 密苏里(美国州名)参考译文技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson16
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson16【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the author's main argument about the modern city?In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea ofthe true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by theartificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrowstreets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, andthronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown【New words and expressions 生词和短语】physiological adj. 生理的maximum adj. 限度的consideration n. 考虑descendant n. 子孙，后代artificial n. 人工的impose v. 强加dimension n. 直径skyscraper n. 摩天大楼tenant n. 租户civilized adj. 文明的banal adj. 平庸luxury n. 豪华deprive v. 剥夺monstrous adj. 畸形的edifice n. 大厦toxic adj. 有毒的ceaselessly adv. 不停地throng v. 挤满，壅塞【课文注释】1.neglect疏忽，忽略。
新概念英语第四册课文word版
Lesson1We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of longago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.Lesson2Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.Lesson3Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alpsmust have been very hard indeed.Lesson4In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normalvision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that althoughshe could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.Lesson5The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) linkwith our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals heloved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to definethe exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.Lesson6People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem givesyou a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill- mannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.Lesson7I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that internationalsporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.Lesson8Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laundry, foodcan be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room.It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but thispractice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother workseconomic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.Lesson9Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying ac- cording to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal butto tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo .A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.Lesson10In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a few original, creative men in our political life—if only to create some enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them.Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Between mid-night and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of our time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.Lesson11Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes hadthe self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes--and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!Lesson12What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form oftruly grandiose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surface details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censorship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, banal, childish ?Lesson13Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and nobenefactions and research endowments can make up for the change in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a population which has no interest in learning and knows no studies beyond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camshafts.Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend tolive in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and the only fruit of thecombination of industry and the rarefied atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost which hangs over some of the colleges.Lesson14Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it- so at least it seems to me----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose theirindividual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And it, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.Lesson15When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him. The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens anaccount, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.Lesson16The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have tolower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.Lesson17The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it.In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, andif we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding.Lesson18Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific booksfrom libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.Lesson19A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '. The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world,he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formerly took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.Lesson20In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without。
新概念英语第四册Lesson14~16原文及翻译
【导语】新概念英语⽂章短⼩精悍，语句幽默诙谐，语法全⾯系统。
适合各个阶层的⼈群学习参考。
相信有了新概念英语，你也可以成为“⼤神”级别的⼈物！还在等什么？快来加⼊学习吧！⽆忧考⼩编与您⼀起学习进步！新概念英语第四册Lesson14原⽂及翻译 The Butterfly Effect 蝴蝶效应 Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy? Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless. The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see. The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03... The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe. JAMES GLEICK, Chaos New words and expressions ⽣词和短语 forecast n. 预报 speculative adj. 推测的 blizzard n. 暴风雪 deteriorate v. 变坏 multiply v. 增加 cascade v. 瀑布似地落下 turbulent adj. 狂暴的 dust devil ⼩尘暴，尘旋风 squall n. 暴风 eddy n. 旋涡 grid n. 坐标⽅格 sensor n. 传感器 humidity n. 温度 meteorologist n. ⽓象学家 Princeton n. 普林斯顿(美国城市名) New Jersey n. 新泽西(美国州名) fluctuation n. 起伏，波动 deviation n. 偏差 参考译⽂ 世界上的两三天以上的天⽓预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天⽓预报就没有了任何价值。
新概念英语第四册译文
译文：我们从书籍中可读到5，000年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。
但直到现在，世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。
他们保存历史的唯一方法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。
人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼亚人的祖先来在何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说即使有如今也失传了。
于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。
然而，幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较其他石头更容易成形。
他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。
石头是不会腐烂的。
因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。
第二课译文：你可能会觉得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。
我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。
此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。
许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。
人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。
有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。
他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。
这就是说，在一个足球场上约600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。
蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫，它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。
据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。
新概念英语第四册课文word版
Lesson1We can read of thi ngs that happe ned 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first lear ned to write. But there are some parts of the world where eve n now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to reco unt it as sagas--lege nds han ded dow n from one generation of story-tellers to another. Theselege nds are useful because they can tell us somethi ng about migrati ons of people who lived long ago, but none could write dow n what they did. An thropologistswon dered where the remotean cestors of the Polyn esia n peoples now liv ing in the Pacific Isla nds came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indon esia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that eve n their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor lege nds to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fort un ately, however, an cie nt men made tools ofstone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape tha n other kin ds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have rema ined whe n eve n the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.Lesson2Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many in sects, and in sects in clude some of the greatest en emies of the huma n r ace. In sects would make itimpossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat in sects but all of them put together kill only a fracti on of the nu mber destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other in sect eaters, spiders n ever do the least harm to us or our bel ongin gs.Spiders are not in sects, as many people thi nk, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the differe neealmost at a gla nee for a spider always has eight legs and an in sect n ever more tha n six. How many spiders are en gaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of En gla nd, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is someth ing like 6,000,000 spiders of differe nt ki nds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killi ng in sects. It is impossible to make more tha n the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has bee n estimated that the weight of all the in sects destroyed by spiders in Brita in in one year would be greater tha n the total weight of all the huma n beings in the coun try.Lesson3 Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prizethey sought, especially if it had n ever bee n atta ined before. It is true that duri ng theirexplorati ons they ofte n faced difficulties and dan gers of the most perilous n ature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a sin gle aim, a solitary goal--the top!It is hard for us to realize no wadays how difficult it was for the pion eers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Cham onix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were gen erally dirty and flea-ridde n; the food simply local cheese accompa nied by bread oftentwelve mon ths old, all washed dow n with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners),sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. In variably the backgro und was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eati ng seve n-course dinners and sleep ingbetwee n fine linen sheets at home, the cha nge to the Alpsmust have bee n very hard in deed.Lesson4In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fin gers, and eve n see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleve n- year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with differe nt parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by herfather. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Sudde nly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and eve n described the way they were done up in bun dles.Vera's curious tale nt was brought to the no tice of ascientific research institute in the town ofUIya no vsk, n ear where she lives, and in April she was give n a series of tests by a special commissi on of the Mi nistry of Health of theRussia n Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a n ewspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours prin ted on it; and, in ano ther in sta nee,weari ng stock ings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outl ines and colours of a picture hidde n un der a carpet. Other experime nts showed that her kn ees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was bli ndfold; an d, i ndeed, except whe n bli ndfold she lacked the ability to perceive thi ngs with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fin gers this ability ceased the mome nt her hands were wet.Lesson5The gorilla is something of a paradox in the Africa n scene. One thi nks one knows him very well.For a hun dred years or more he has bee n killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike.He is the stereotyped mon ster of the horror films and the adve nture books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our an cestral past. Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever bee n take n of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however in trepid, has bee n able to keep the ani mal un der close and con sta nt observati on in the dark jun glesin which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American n aturalist,led two expediti ons in thenin etee n-twe nties, and now lies buried among the ani mals he loved so well. But eve n he was un able to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or in dicate the final exte nt of their intelligenee. All this and many other things remainalmost as much a mystery as they were whe n the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imag in ati on of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.Lesson6People are always talk ing about' the problem of youth '. If there is one —which I take leave to doubt--the n it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fun dame ntals and agree that the young are afterall human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one differe nee betwee n an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a sple ndid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have bee n very pleased to be regarded as somethi ng so in teresti ng as a problem.For one thi ng, being a problem gives you a certa in ide ntity, and that is one of the thi ngs the young are busily en gaged in seek ing.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitme nt to mean ambiti ons or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in viole nt an lovely con trast with us suburba n creatures. All that is in my mi nd whe n I meet ayoung pers on. He may be con ceited, ill-mann ered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protecti on to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.Lesson7I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill betwee n the n ati ons, and that ifonly the com mon peoples of the world could meet one ano ther at football or cricket, they would have no in cli nati on to meet on the battlefield. Eve n if one did n't know from con crete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instanee) that intern ati onal sport ing con tests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from generalprin ciples.Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning uni ess you do your utmost to win.On the village gree n, where you pick up sides andno feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the questi on of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative in st in cts are aroused. Anyone who has played eve n in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimicwarfare. But the significant thing is not thebehaviour of the players but the attitude of thespectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these absurd con tests, and seriously believe--at any rate for short periods--that runnin g, jump ing and kick ing a ball are tests of n ati onal virtue.Lesson8Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laun dry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaura nt, the works' can tee n, and the school dinin g-room.It is unu sual now for father to pursue his trade or other employme nt at home, and his childre n rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupati on, and in many tow ns they have a fairly wide choice of employme nt and so do girls. The young wage-ear ner ofte n earns good mon ey, and soon acquires a feeli ng of econo micindependence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the work ing mother is now a not unu sual factor in a child's home life, the nu mber of married wome n in employme nt hav ing more tha n doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older childre n draw ing substa ntial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the begi nning of the cen tury. Whe n mother workseconomic advantages accrue, but children lose somethi ng of great value if mother's employme nt preve nts her from being home to greet them whe n they retur n from school.Lesson9Not all sounds made by ani mals serve as Ianguage, and we have only to turn to that extraord inary discovery of echo-locati on in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.To get a full appreciati on of what this means we must tur n first to some rece nt huma n inven ti ons.Every one knows that if he shouts in the vic in ity of a wall or a mountain side, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstructi on the Ion ger time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuri ng the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-so unding apparatus, now in gen eral use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, vary ing ac- cord ing to the size and n ature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locat ing the sea bottom to locat ing a shoal of fish. With experie nee, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herri ng, cod, or other well-k nown fish, by the pattern of its echo .A few years ago it was found that certa in bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying in sects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the prin ciple of which is similar.Lesson10In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not un dersta nd them; the man ipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pige on holes can be found for them. We could do with a few orig in al, creative men in our political life —if only to create some en thusiasm, release some en ergy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the han dbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might thi nk the machi nes we worship make all the chief appo in tme nts, promoti ng the huma n beings who seem closest to them. Between mid-night and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begi n to ache, I ofte n have a ni ghtmare visi on of a future world in which there are billio ns of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius any where, not an orig inal mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. Thetwin ideals of our time, orga ni zati on and qua ntity, will have won for ever.Lesson11Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wan deri ng mi nstrels were welcomeeverywhere. They were not fighti ng men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had lear ned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuri ng.While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athe In ey, the king himself set out to pen etrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish in vaders. These had settled dow n for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-c on fide nee of conq uerors, and their security precauti ons were casual. They livedwell, on the proceeds of raids on n eighbouri ng regi ons. There they collected wome n as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athel ney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no Ion ger fit for prolon ged battle : and that theircommissariat had no orga ni zati on, but depe nded on irregular raids.So, faced with the Danish adva nee, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was con sta ntly on the move, draw ing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raid ing parties: hun ger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes--a nd with in a month the Danes had surre ndered. The episode could reas on ably serve as a unique epic of royal espi on age!Lesson12What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner empt in ess. This is compe nsated forby an outer impressive ness. Such impressive ness usually takes the form of truly gran diose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surface details correct. These efforts help to mask the esse ntial empt in ess of the characterizati on, and the absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but they are empty of huma nity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful cen sorship code is an importa nt factor in predetermining the content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the en terta inment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressive ness of the sett in gs, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what huma n import is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, ban al, childish ?Lesson13Oxford has bee n ruined by the motor in dustry. The peace which Oxford once kn ew, and which a great uni versity city should always have, has bee n swept ruthlessly away; and no ben efacti ons and research en dowme nts can make up for thecha nge in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past Magdalen and the Uni versity Church. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thron ged with a populati on which has no in terest in lear ning and knows no studies bey ond servo-systems and distributors, compressi on ratios and camshafts.Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting children. It might have been thoughtthat the culture of the uni versity would radiate out and tran sform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of theuni versity, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend tolive in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resembla nee to the war-tor n Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of ext in cti on, and the only fruit of thecomb in ati on of in dustry and the rarefied atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost which hangs over some of the colleges.Lesson14Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have bee n cheated of thebest thi ngs that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known huma n joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death issomewhat abject and igno ble. The best way to overcome it- so at least it seems to me----is to make your in terests gradually wider and more impers on al, un til bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An in dividual huma n existe nee should be like ariver--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their in dividual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will con ti nue. And it, with the decay of vitality, weari ness in creases, the thought of rest will be not un welcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no Ion ger do, and content in the thought that what was possible has bee n done.Lesson15Whe n anyone ope ns a curre nt acco unt at a bank, he is lending the bank mon ey, repayme nt of which he may dema nd at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the ban ker-customer relati on ship is that of debtor and creditor--who is which depe nding on whether the customer's acco unt is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple con cept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligati on s can give rise to problems and complicati ons but a bank customer, un like, say, a buyer of goods, cannot compla in that the law is loaded aga inst him.The bank must obey its customer's in structi ons, and not those of anyone else. Whe n, for example, a customer first ope ns an acco unt, he in structsthe bank to debit his acco unt only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specime ns of his sig nature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's sig naturehas bee n forged. It makes no differenee that the forgery may have bee n a very skilful one: the bank must recog nize its customer's sig nature. For this reas on there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some ban ks, of printing the customer's n ame on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.Lesson16The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go dow n to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do not n eed to send men dow n to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only bori ngs, less tha n a foot in diameter. My particular experienee is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has bee n decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a gia nt block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great len gths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at thebottom.The geologist n eeds to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be see n he strata the drill has bee n cutt ing through. Once we get dow n to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushi ng it. This pressure must be un der con trol, and we con trol it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole un til we can lead it off in a con trolled manner.Lesson17The fact that we are not sure what 'in tellige nee' is, nor what is passed on, does not preve nt us from finding it a very useful working eoncept, and placing a certain amount of relianee on tests which 'measure' it.In an intelligenee test we take a sample of an in dividual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kin ds, and if we have take n a representative sample it will allow us to predictsuccessfully the level of performa nee he will reach in a wide variety of occupati ons.This became of particular importa nee whe n, as a result of the 1944 Educati on Act, sec on dary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the excepti on of a small nu mber of in depe ndent foun dati on schools, became available to the whole population. Since the nu mber of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child populati on of eleve n-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic exam in ati ons and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the adva ntage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes.In tellige nee tests were devised to coun teract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired kno wledge. The intelligenee test is an attempt to assess the gen eral ability of any child to thi nk, reas on,judge,analyse and synthesize by presenting him withsituations, both verbal and practical, which are withi n his range of compete nee andun dersta nding.Lesson18Two factors weigh heavily aga inst the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the in dividual research worker. I n so far as any inquiryis a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged incarry ing it out from effective con tact with their fellowscientists either in other countries or in uni versities, oreve n , ofte n eno ugh , in otherdepartments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies con siderably. Some of the bigger firmsare en gaged in researches which are of such gen eraland fun dame ntal n ature that it is a positive advantageto them not to keep them secret. Yet a great manyprocesses depe nding on such research are sought forwith complete secrecy until the stage at which patentscan be take n out. Eve n more processes are n ever pate nted at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical in dustries, where cha nee discoveries play a much larger part tha n they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole n ature of the research cannot be men ti on ed. Many firms, for in sta nee, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their n ames en tered as hav ing take n out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be un dertak ing.Lesson19A gen tlema n is, rather tha n does. He is in terested in no thi ng in a professi onal way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and n avy and at least one conn ecti on in the diplomatic service. But there are weak nesses in the English gen tlema n's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreig n coun tries are governed. He does not respect learning andprefers 'sport '. The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its fun cti on, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thi ng he desires but the thing the En glish gen tlema n wants to sell.He atte nds in adequately to tech no logical development. Disbelieving in the necessity oflarge-scale producti on in the moder n world, he is passi on ately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of producti on. He has an in curableand widespread n epotism in appo in tme nt, disco un ti ng ability and relying upon a mystic en tity called 'character,' which mea ns, i n a gen tlema n's mouth, the qualities he traditi on ally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the n arrow ness of his social loyalties have ran ged aga inst him one of the fun dame ntal estates of the realm. He is。
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新概念英语第四册Lesson14~16原文及翻译新概念英语第四册Lesson14原文及翻译The Butterfly Effect蝴蝶效应Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?Beyond two or three days, the world’s best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spacedone foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.JAMES GLEICK, ChaosNew words and expressions 生词和短语forecastn. 预报speculativeadj. 推测的blizzardn. 暴风雪deteriorate v. 变坏multiplyv. 增加cascadev. 瀑布似地落下turbulent adj. 狂暴的dust devil小尘暴，尘旋风squalln. 暴风eddyn. 旋涡gridn. 坐标方格sensorn. 传感器humidityn. 温度meteorologist n. 气象学家Princetonn. 普林斯顿(美国城市名)New Jerseyn. 新泽西(美国州名)fluctuationn. 起伏，波动deviationn. 偏差参考译文世界上的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。
原因是蝴蝶效应。
对于小片的恶劣天气 -- 对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。
错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。
现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。
既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。
假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。
再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、气压、温度和气象学家需要的任何其他数据。
在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可能出现的情况。
计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。
正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。
到12：01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地方造成偏差。
很快这种偏差会增加到尺10英的范围，如此等等，一直到全球的范围。
新概念英语第四册Lesson15原文及翻译Secrecy in industry工业中的秘密First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or inuniversities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of ScienceNew words and expressionssecrecyn. 秘密effectivenessn. 成效，效力inquiryn. 调查研究positiveadj. 确实的processn. 过程patentn. 专利;v. 得到专利权agentn. 情报人员参考译文有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛;二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。