后置定语详解 状语位置研究

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后置前译

前言:为什么很多英语句子,单词都能看懂,但是就是翻译不出来,或者做阅读理解的时候因为翻译不准确造成丢分?其实是因为英语的表达顺序不一样。如果和汉语顺序一样,我们也就不需要学习语法了,只背单词就好了。顺序不一样就意味着我们翻译的时候必须将后面的一些短语或者句子翻译在前面,有些翻译在全句最前面,有些翻译在前面的单词的前面,在高考中,越长的句子,出现后置前译的次数越多。

一:定语篇

汉语中的定语永远是前置的:

1.我们学校的(领属性的)一个(数量)刻苦钻研的(动词豆语)年轻(形容词)语文教师(名词)在科研方面作出了优异的成绩。2.国家队的(领属性的)一位(数量)有20多年教学经验的(动词短语)优秀的(形容词)篮球(名词)女(名词)教练。

排法:

1.一般的排序方法来看,一般的次序是

所属+数量+动词短语+形容词+名词

①表领属性的或时间、处所的

②指称数量的短语

③动词或动词短语

④开容词或形容词短语

⑤名词或名词短语。

所以英语中的前置定语我们不会翻译错,但是后置定语(放在名词后的定语)需要我们进行前置翻译。这样才符合汉语表达习惯。

定语位置规则:

1.单词作定语一般前置

一个苹果一个大苹果一个红苹果

an apple a big apple a red apple

2.短语和句子作定语需要后置

定语位于所修饰词语的前面叫前置定语,放在所修饰词语后面的定语叫后置定语。介词短语、分词短语和定语从句作定语时,通常作后置定语。如:

(1)介词短语:

1.The pen on the desk is mine.桌上的那支钢笔是我的。

2.Three of them are from China. 他们当中有三个人是来自中国。

3.There are birds singing in the tree. 树上有正在歌唱的小鸟。

(2.1)分词短语(现分doing和过分done):

1.The girl wearing a pair of glasses is Susan. 戴眼镜的女孩是苏珊。

2.The house being built is Children's House. 正在建造的房子是“儿童之家”。

3.The questions raised at the meeting must be paid attention to.

在会上被提出的问题必须得引起注意。

(2.2)不定式短语(to do):

1.Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.

库克船长是最后一个离开正在下沉的船的人。

(3)定语从句:

Jim began to talk to a girl who sat next to him.吉姆开始和坐在他身旁的姑娘讲话。

单个的单词作定语一般位于所修饰词语的前面,即前置定语。如:He is a clever boy.他是位聪明的男孩。

不定式拓展,不定式作后置定语的特征:

① They have a lot of homework to do everyday.(homework和to do 是动宾关系)

正译:每天他们有许多要做的作业。

② Would you like something to drink?

你想要一些喝的东西么?

③ Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.

库克船长是最后一个离开正在下沉的船的人。

(被only first last next 以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常用to do作后置定语)

④抽象名词后表名词的内容:ability ambition attempt chance courage time decision effort failure promise right(权利) way wish +to do

He has fulfilled(实现) his ambition(雄心)to be a writer.

⑤表即将发生的动过,相当于定语从句

The conference to take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance.

=The conference which will take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance.

二:状语篇

状语的位置?Excuse me?

状语(一)副词

1.时间副词和地点副词

They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.

他们昨天去中山公园划船了。

时间副词可以提前

Yesterday they went boating in Zhongshan Park.

英语表达:先地点后时间

2.频度副词:

always(100%),usually(80%),often(60%),sometimes(40%),seldom(20%),hardly(5%),rarely,never(0%)实义动词之前,情态动词,助动词或者系动词之后。(简称动前be后)He is late.

He is often late.

He goes climbing on weekends.

He often goes climbing on weekends.

She is sometimes very busy.

3.修饰全句的副词。位置灵活

Fortunately,he escaped being killed in the car accident.

Fortunately he escaped being killed in the car accident.

He escaped being killed in the car accident,fortunately.

Nothing,certainly,is more important than health.

4.动词+副词动副短语跟代词时有限制。

Put it down. √Put down it. ×

Put down your book. √Put your book down.√

5.修饰介短,放介短前。

There’s a house,right in front of you.

6.否定副词never,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,little.

I have never seen such a thing in my college days.

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