神经元和神经胶质细胞胶质细胞
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• Express receptors for almost all neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
• Increase of intracellular calcium concentration • Membrane depolarization in astrocytes are common
responses to neural activity • Metabolically coupled to neural activity
Metabolism of Astrocytes and their Metabolic Cooperation with Neurons
• Glucose • Amino acid metabolism • Enzymes:
Neurons
1. Supply of the energy substrate lactate to neurons
2. The recycling of neuronal glutamate by the glutamate-glutamine cycle
oxaloacetate); • cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (synthesis of
taurine); • glycine cleavage system, glycine metabolism. •
Three Types of Metabolic Cooperation of Astrocytes and
Bidirectional Communication Partners in the CNS
• Receiving signals from neighboring neurons and responding to them with release of neuroactive substances
5. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons.
Nerve Cells
Neurons, Glia, Extracellular Space,
and Blood
Neuroglia in the CNS
Neuroglia:
Distinguishing Features
• Able to replicate! • Importance in nervous system function is
VASTLY underestimated!
• Evidence is mounting:
BBB
Glia are different from neurons:
1. Neurons have TWO "processes" called axons and dendrites. Glial cells only have ONE.
2. Neurons CAN generate action potentials. Glial cells CANNOT, however, do have a resting potential.
3. Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters. Glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses.
4. Neurons do NOT continue to divide. Glial cells DO continue to divide.
4. Presence of specific markers
• Rich in two enzymes: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) (for amino acid transport) and alkaline phosphatase (transport of phsopahte ions) used as marker for BBB.
1. Nurturing role 2. Signaling role (Memory?) 3. Inflammation 4. Pain 5. Many more to come!
Properties of Blood Brain Barriers
1. Presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells
2. One of the notable features of endothelial cells in comparison to other cell is the lack of pinocytic vesicles
3. Selective permeability to molecules based on their molecular weight and lipid solubility
• glutamine synthetase(glutamatewenku.baidu.comglutamine cycle); • glycogen phosphorylatase (glycogen mobilization); • pyruvate carboxylase (anaplerotic synthesis of
• Others: glucose transporter (GLUT-1); endothelial barrier antigen (EBA; unknown function) and antigen recognized by the MRC OX-47 monoclonal antibody (important for cell-to-cell adhesion); transferrin receptor (transport of ferric ions).
• Increase of intracellular calcium concentration • Membrane depolarization in astrocytes are common
responses to neural activity • Metabolically coupled to neural activity
Metabolism of Astrocytes and their Metabolic Cooperation with Neurons
• Glucose • Amino acid metabolism • Enzymes:
Neurons
1. Supply of the energy substrate lactate to neurons
2. The recycling of neuronal glutamate by the glutamate-glutamine cycle
oxaloacetate); • cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (synthesis of
taurine); • glycine cleavage system, glycine metabolism. •
Three Types of Metabolic Cooperation of Astrocytes and
Bidirectional Communication Partners in the CNS
• Receiving signals from neighboring neurons and responding to them with release of neuroactive substances
5. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons.
Nerve Cells
Neurons, Glia, Extracellular Space,
and Blood
Neuroglia in the CNS
Neuroglia:
Distinguishing Features
• Able to replicate! • Importance in nervous system function is
VASTLY underestimated!
• Evidence is mounting:
BBB
Glia are different from neurons:
1. Neurons have TWO "processes" called axons and dendrites. Glial cells only have ONE.
2. Neurons CAN generate action potentials. Glial cells CANNOT, however, do have a resting potential.
3. Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters. Glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses.
4. Neurons do NOT continue to divide. Glial cells DO continue to divide.
4. Presence of specific markers
• Rich in two enzymes: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) (for amino acid transport) and alkaline phosphatase (transport of phsopahte ions) used as marker for BBB.
1. Nurturing role 2. Signaling role (Memory?) 3. Inflammation 4. Pain 5. Many more to come!
Properties of Blood Brain Barriers
1. Presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells
2. One of the notable features of endothelial cells in comparison to other cell is the lack of pinocytic vesicles
3. Selective permeability to molecules based on their molecular weight and lipid solubility
• glutamine synthetase(glutamatewenku.baidu.comglutamine cycle); • glycogen phosphorylatase (glycogen mobilization); • pyruvate carboxylase (anaplerotic synthesis of
• Others: glucose transporter (GLUT-1); endothelial barrier antigen (EBA; unknown function) and antigen recognized by the MRC OX-47 monoclonal antibody (important for cell-to-cell adhesion); transferrin receptor (transport of ferric ions).