人工智能英文介绍

Discourse - Descartes
If there were machines which bore a resemblance to our bodies and imitated our actions as closely as possible for all practical purposes, we should still have two very certain means of recognizing that they were not real men. The first is that they could never use words, or put together signs, as we do in order to declare our thoughts to others. For we can certainly conceive of a machine so constructed that it utters words, and even utters words that correspond to bodily actions causing a change in its organs. … But it is not conceivable that such a machine should produce different arrangements of words so as to give an appropriately meaningful answer to whatever is said in its presence, as the dullest of men can do. Secondly, even though some machines might do some things as well as we do them, or perhaps even better, they would inevitably fail in others, which would reveal that they are acting not from understanding, but only from the disposition of their organs. For whereas reason is a universal instrument, which can be used in all kinds of situations, these organs need some particular action; hence it is for all practical purposes impossible for a machine to have enough different organs to make it act in all the contingencies of life in the way in which our reason makes us act. (Translation by Robert Stoothoff)
History
– – – – – – – Graph theory & state space representation (Euler) Boolean algebra – propositional calculus (Boole) Predicate calculus – (Frege) Descartes Discourse Turing’s Test Physical Symbol System Hypothesis Connectionism
Physical symbol system hypothesis
The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH), first formulated by Newell and Simon in their Turing Award paper,1 states that “a physical symbol system [such as a digital computer, for example] has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action.” The hypothesis implies that computers, when we provide them with the appropriate symbol-processing programs, will be capable of intelligent action. It also implies, as Newell and Simon wrote, that “the symbolic behavior of man arises because he has the characteristics of a physical symbol system.”
Artificial Inwenku.baidu.comelligence
Fall 2008 Frank Hadlock
Definitions of AI
• The study of representation and search through which intelligent activity can be enacted on a mechanical device. • The study of problems at which human beings are currently more adept than computers at solving and the translation and improvement of human solutions into forms which can be implemented on a computer.