专业英语复习

The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen.

“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。

Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.

土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。

Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。

En vironmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the project’s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．

环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。

Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project．

计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的，因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据，这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。

In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of man’s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs．从更一般的意义上说，建筑的艺术包含了人类为了他自己的需要而控制环境和引导自然力的所有努力。

The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors．

建筑物的结构形式是它的功能、环境和各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。

natural light自然光

Architecture is the art of building．

建筑学是建筑的艺术。

Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.

实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关。

The plan of a structure 建筑物的结构平面图

The raw materials of architecture—建筑材料

Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength．

钢也具有等于或大于其抗压强度的抗拉强度。

This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment, the aspect of architeture, and the relationship between building and architeture. It also introduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone.

这篇文章主要介绍了建筑物的形式和环境的关系，建筑学的有关概念，建筑物和建筑学的关系。这篇文章还介绍了一些建筑材料，比如木材、钢材和石料。

Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors，and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.

各种材料和不同的结构形式共同组成了建筑物的不同部分，包括承重结构，外壳，楼板和隔墙。建筑物也有像升降机、供暖、冷却、照明等机械和电力的系统。上部结构是建筑物地面以上的部分，而下部结构和基础则是建筑物地面以下的部分。

Over the past 100 years, a change in the groundwater level there has caused some buildings to settle more than 10 feet ( 3 meters ) . Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.

过去100年以来，那里地下水水位的变化已经使一些建筑物沉降超过10英尺（3米）。由于这种运动能发生在施工工程中和其后，所以仔细分析在建筑物下土的行为显得非常重要

The construction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure. The design process, however, proceeds from the roof down to the foundation (in the direction of gravity). In the past, the foundation was not subject to systematic investigation .A scientific approach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century.

建筑物的施工工程自然是从基础到上部结构。但是，设计工程则是从屋顶到基础（沿重力的方向）。过去，基础并未进行系统调查分析。而在20世纪内科学设计基础的方法得到发展。

Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to provide a roadway for traffic. By far the majority of bridges are designed to carry automobile or railroad traffic, but some are intended for pedestrians only.

为提供交通道路，桥梁是跨越如河流、山谷这样障碍的一种结构形式，到目前为止，大部分桥梁都是公路桥或铁路桥，仅有少部分是人行桥。

The first innovation beyond the primitive bridge forms is believed to have