美国文学英文版本1
美国文学1st Part
Black American Literature
Inspired by the myth of deliverance from slavery Remained for a long time as oral traditions, folksongs & oratories Written Black literature appeared in the 18th, esp. the 19th century
Black American Literature
The Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴: the 1920s, an upsurge of Black literature Langston Hughes 兰斯顿· 休斯 Black literature come of age: the 1940s Richard Wright理查德· 赖 特: Native Son 土生子
Poetry
• William Carlos Williams威廉斯: simple, direct, formless • Wallace Stevens斯蒂文斯: art is to create order out of a world of chaos & confusion • E. E. Cummings 康明斯 • Robert Lee Frost 弗罗斯特: full of life, truth, and wisdom, not always sunny & happy
• Theodore Dreiser德莱赛: Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹 (the work in which naturalism attained maturity) • O. Henry: 欧· 亨利 short stories • Jack London: 杰克· 伦敦 scathing social criticism
American Literature1 美国文学
著名的哈佛大学（美国最早的私立大学之 一，有先有哈佛，后有美利坚之说。历史 上，哈佛大学的毕业生中共有六位曾当选 为美国总统。
美国麻省理工学院（Massachusetts Institute of Technology，MIT） 1865年创建于波士顿，1961年迁到现在所 在的坎布里奇。位于马萨诸塞州（Massachusetts）的剑桥 （Cambridge）。
LOGO
American Literature
Gao Han
Table of Contents
Part ⅠThe Eearly American Literature (1620-1770) Part Ⅱ The Age of Romanticism (1770-1875) Part Ⅲ The Age of Realism and Naturalism (1875-1914) Part Ⅳ The Twentieth Century American Literature (1014-2000)
7. Puritan attitudes
Their attitudes toward work: Work itself is a good in addition to what it achieves; Time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Their attitudes toward joy and laughter: as symptoms of sin.
20世纪美国文学英文版.ppt
8
III. What is an “image”?
An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.
4. It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry.
11
VI. Ezra Pound
1. life 2. literary career 3. works (1) Cathay (2) Cantos (3) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
3
II. Background 1. First World War – “a war to end all wars” (1) Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic
boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society. (2) Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation. 2. wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law) 3. Freud’s theory
英文原版教材 列表
英文原版教材列表美国文学美国文学：从殖民时期到当代（The Norton Anthology of American Literature：Volume 1: Colonial Era to the Nineteenth Century）编辑：罗伯特·肖利（Robert Scholley）等人美国文学：从现实主义到现代主义（The Norton Anthology of American Literature：Volume 2: Realism and Modernism）编辑：劳里·格雷夫斯（Laury Graves）等人当代美国文学：从 1945 年至今（The Norton Anthology of American Literature：Volume 3: Contemporary Literature：1945 to the Present）编辑：乔纳森·班顿（Jonathan C. Bandler）等人英国文学牛津文学百科全书（The Oxford Companion to English Literature）编辑：马格丽特·杜勒德（Margaret Drabble）剑桥英国文学史（The Cambridge History of English Literature）编辑：罗纳德·桑德斯（Ronald Sanders）文学指南手册（A Handbook to Literature）编辑：威廉·帕蒂（William Pattee）世界文学世界文学百科全书（The Encyclopedia of World Literature）编辑：默里·克雷格（Murray Craig）文学牛津词典（The Oxford Dictionary of Literature）编辑：西蒙·皮奇（Simon Petch）文学与批评（Literature and Criticism）编辑：罗伯特·肖利（Robert Scholley）文学理论与批评文学理论导论（An Introduction to Literary Theory）作者：特里·伊格尔顿（Terry Eagleton）文学批判理论（Literary Criticism Theory）作者：乔纳森·卡勒（Jonathan Culler）文学与批判新剑桥伴侣（The New Cambridge Companion to Literature and Criticism）编辑：埃文·金巴尔（Evan Kindsvatter）其他有用资源MLA 文体指南（MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing）芝加哥风格手册（The Chicago Manual of Style）牛津英语词典（The Oxford English Dictionary）。
American Literature Unit 1,Unit 2美国文学
Unit 1.Benjamin Franklin:The AutobiographyKey Words: American, Franklin, The AutobiographyIntroduction to the Author:Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was born in the family of a small merchant in Boston. He went to school at the age of eight, but when he was ten, he quit his study and worked in his father’s grocery. At 12, he b ecame an apprentice in the printing house of his elder brother. Since his childhood he loved reading and writing. He worked in the daytime and taught himself atnight. Through self-study, he mastered several foreign languages and read many literary and philosophical books from European countries. At 17, Franklin went to Philadelphia and began his career as a printer. When he was 24, he had his own printing house and became an editor of a newspaper. His newspaper grew quickly to a circulation of 10000---by far the greatest of any publication in America at that time .From 1732 to 1758, he wrote and published his famous Poor Richard’s Almanac, an annual collection of proverbs. It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin’s shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation. While still a young man, he founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. In Philadelphia,Franklin established America’s first circulating library. Later he founded the college that was to become the University of Pennsylvania. His scientific achievements won international acclaim. His energy and versatility were remarkable. his many inventions, besides the lightning rod, included the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, a miniature printing press, and even a strange musical instrument called as “armonica”. He contributed to the theories of electricity and first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges. Successful in business, renowned in science, this most modern-spirited man of early Americans also served his nation brilliantly. He developed and improved the postal system, making it run at a profit after years of losses. As a representative of the Colonies, he triedin vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. When this aim became hopeless, he supported the cause of independence, served in the Continental Congress, and aided Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention that wrote the Constitution.Franklin was the first major writer in American literature. He had a definite gift for writing. As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic. His best writing is found in his own Autobiography. His Poor Richard’s Almanac is still well known, and isperhaps the most quoted of all his writings. His Collected Works contain writings from his periodical publications, odd essays and publications.Introduction to The Autobiography : Franklin began to write his autobiography in 1771 when he was 65 years old. Due to his busy political activities and many other affairs, he could not finish it until 1790, only a few weeks before his death. The autobiography gives vivid accounts of his family, his childhood and his youth, his self-study and his work, his main experiences before 1757, his achievements in politics ,economy and science. His recalling lasts until 1757 when he was 51 years old.The Autobiography is considered as a classic in all autobiographies. Itcrystallizes the great spirit of Franklin----an American puritan and a great model in the Period of Enlightenment in the 18 century. In his narration about his meaningful and colorful life experiences, we can find his philosophy of practicalism and his teachings of morality. His narration is vivid and refreshing, his tone is optimistic and humorous.Excerpt (I) From The Autobiography From a Child I was fond of Reading, and all the little Money that came into my Hands was ever laid out in Books. Pleas’d with the Pilgrim’s Progress,my first collection was of John Bunyan’s1 work, in separate little V olumes. I afterwards sold them to enable me to buy R.. Burton’s2Historical Collections;they were small Chapmen’s Books3 and cheap, 40 or 50in all, My Father’s little Libra ry consisted chiefly of Books in polemic Divinity , most of which I read ,and have since often regretted, that at a time when I had such a Thirst for knowledge ,more proper Books had not fallen in my way , since it was now resolve’d I should not be a Clergyman .Plutarch’s Lives4there was ,in which I read abundantly, and I still think that time spent to great Advantage. There was also a book of Defoe’s5called an Essay on Projects and another of Dr. Mather’s6call’d Essays to Do Good,which perhaps gave me a turn of thinking that had an Influence on some of the principle future Events of my life.This Bookish Inclination at length determin’d my Father to make me a printer,tho’ had already one son , ( James ) of that Profession .In 1717my Brother James return’d from England with a Press and Letters7 to set up his Bu siness in Boston , I lik’d it much better than that of my Father, but still had a hanking for the sea. To prevent the apprehended Effect of such a Inclination , my Father was impatient to have me bound8to my Brother . I stood out some time , but at last was persuaded and signed the Indentures9, when I was yet but 12 Years old. I was to serve as an Apprentice till I was 21 Years of Age , only I was to be al low’d Journeyman’s Wages10during the last Year. In a little time I made great Proficiency in the Business ,and became an useful Hand to my Brother.I now had Access to better Books. An Acquaintance with the Apprentices of booksellers, enable me to sometimes to borrow a small one , which I was careful to return soon and clean. OftenI sat up in my room reading the greatest Part of Night, when the Book was borrowed in the Evening and to be return’d early in the Morning lest it should be miss’d or wanted. And after some time an ingenious Tradesman11 who had a pretty Collection of Books, and who frequented our Printing House, took Notice of me, invited me to his Library, and very kindly lent me such Books as I chose to read. I now took a Fancy to Poetry ,and made some little Pieces. My Brother, thinking it might turn to account encourge’d me , and put me on composing two occasional Ballads. One was called the light house tragedy, and contain’d an Account of the drowning of Capt. Worthilake with his Two Daughters; the other was a Sailor Song on the Taking of Teach or Blackbeard the Pirate12. They were wretched Stuff, in the Grubstreet BalladStile13, and when they were printed he sent me about the Town to sell them . The first sold wonderfully , the Event being recent , having made a great Noise. This flatter’d my Vanity. But my Father discou rag’d me , by ridiculing my Performances , and telling me Verse-makers were generally Beggars; so I escap’d being a poet , most probably a very bad one . But as Prose Writing has been of great Use to me in the Course of my life; and was a principal Means of my Advancement, I shall tell you how in such a Situation I acquir’d what little Ability I have in that way.There was another bookish Lad in the Town, John Collins by Name, with whom I was intimately acquainted. We sometimes disputed , and very fond we were of Arguments. And very desirousof confuting one another. Which disputatious Turn, by the way , is apt to become a very bad Habit, making people often extremely disagreeable in Company, by the Contradiction that is necessary to bring it into practice, and thence, besides souring and spoiling the Conversation, is productive of Disgusts and perhaps Enmities where you may have occasion for Friendship. I had caught it by readin g my Father’s Books of Dispute about Religion. Persons of good Sense, I have since observ’d, seldom fall into it, except lawyers, university Men and Men of all sorts that have been bred at Edinborough14.A Question was once somehow or other started between Collins and me. Of the Propriety of education the Female Sex in learning, and their Abilities for Study. He was of Opinion that it was improper ; and that they were naturallyunequal to it. I took the contrary Side. Perhaps a little for Dispute sake . He was naturally more eloquent, had a ready Plenty of Words, and sometimes as I thought bore me down more by his Fluency than by the Strength of his Reasons. As we parted without settling the Point, and were not to see one another again for some time, I sat down to put my Arguments in Writing, which I copied fair and sent to him. He answer’d and I reply’d . Three or four Letters of a Side had pass’d, when my Father happen’d to find my Papers, and read them.. Without entering into the Discussion, he took occasion to tell me about the Manner of my Writing, observe’d that tho’ I had the Advantage of my Antagonist in correct Spelling and pointing ( which I ow’d to the Printing House ) I fell far short in elegance of Expression, in Method andin Perspicuity, of wh ich he convinc’d me by several Instances. I saw the Justice of his Remarks, and thence grew more attentive to the Manner in Writing, and determin’d to endeavour at Improvement.Notes:1.J ohn Bunyan (1628- 1688) published Pilgrim’s Progress in 1678; his works were enormously popular and available in cheap one-shilling editions.2.B urton was a pseudonym for Nathaniel Crouch (1632 ?-1725 ? ), a popularizer of British history.3.P eddlers’ books, hence inexpensive.4.P lutarch ( A. D. 46 ?—120 ? ), Greek biographer who wrote Parallel Lives of noted Greek and Roman figures.5.D aniel Defoe’s Essay on Projects (1697 ) proposed remedies for economic improvement.6.C otton Mather published: An Essay upon the Good in 1710.7.T ype.8.A pprenticed.9.A contract binding him to work for his brother for nine years. James Franklin (1697- 1735 ) had learned the printer’s trade in England.10.I was to be …,be paid for each day’s work, having served his apprenticeship.11.“Mr.Matthew Adams” (Franklin’s note ). “Pretty”: exceptionally fine. 12.George Worthylake, lighthouse keeper on Beacon Island, Boston Harbor, and his wife and daughter were drowned on November 3, 1718; the pirate Blackbeard was killed off the Carolina coast on November 22,1718.13.Grub Street in London was inhabited by poor literary hacks whocapitalized on poems of topical interest.14.Scottish Presbyterians were noted for their argumentative nature.Comprehension and Appreciation:Franklin is a great statesman, a great scientist and a great writer. How could he become so great ?His autobiography gives us a good answer to this question. As we know, the hardships in one’s childhood is very valuable wealth for him. Franklin’s family was not rich, and he had to work when he was a ten-year-old boy. But in such unfavorable conditions he kept on reading and studying, and never stopped. As a result, he became so versatile and achieved so much in many fields. In this part we see how Franklin was reading different books. He spent “all the little Money” that cam e in his hand on books. He “had suc h a Thirst for knowledge”, that he borrowed books from theapprentices of booksellers and “sat up …reading the greatest Part of the Night”. Then Franklin tells us how he argued with another bookish lad on the question of educating the Female Sex, and how they continued their argument by writing letters to each other, which greatly improved his prose writing.The style of the autobiography shows Franklin’s gift for writing. As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. For example, when he tells us about his Ballads, he says, “They were wretched Stuff…”, “so I escaped being a Poet, most probably a very bad one.” These statements seem simple, but they are full of implications, especially the two words “stuff” and “escaped” are very me aningful; “stuff’ shows the bad quality of his early ballads, while “escaped” implies his relief that it was lucky for him that he had not become a bad poet. Here we really appreciate his subtle humor.Comprehensive Questions:1 In what kind of family was Franklin born ?2.How much schooling did he have ?3.How long should he work in his brother’s printing house ?4.Why did he sit up late in his room ?5.What is Franklin’s most important work ?6.Why is The Autobiography considered a classic of its kind ?7.What are the characteristics of the style of The Autobiography ?8.Why does Franklin say the desire to confute others is a bad habit ?9.What was Frankl in’s opinion about educating the female sex ?10 How did Franklin’s father help him in his prose writing ?Answers:1.F ranklin was born in a family of a grocer .2.H e had only two years’ schooling.3.H e was supposed to work in his brother’sprinting house for nine years.4.B ecause he had to finish reading the books he borrowed from the apprentices of booksellers so that he could return them in the morning.5.T he most important work of Franklin is The Autobiography.6.B ecause it shows the strong will and noble spirit of a great man; it also has very strong artistic charm.7.T he characteristics of the style of the work are power of expression, simplicity and a subtle humor.8.B ecause it makes people often disagreeable in company, sours and spoils the conversation and causes disgusts and enmities.9.H e thought educating the Female Sex was not improper.10.His father took occasion to tell him about the manner of his writing and pointed out the weak points in his writing .Reference book:History and Anthology of American Literature 吴伟仁编外语教学与研究出版社(End)Unit 2. Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography (II)Excerpt (II) from The AutobiographyI had begun in 1733 to study Languages. I soon made myself so much a Master of the French as to be able to read the Books with Ease. I then undertook the Italian. An Acquaintance who was also learning it, us’d often to tempt me to play Chess with him. Finding this took up too much of the Time I had to spare for Study, I at length refus’d to play any more unless on this condition, that the Victor in every game, should have a Right to impose a Task, either in Parts of theGrammar to be got by heart, or in Translation, etc., which Tasks the Vanq uish’d was to perform upon Hono r before our next Meeting. As we play’d pretty equally we thus beat one another into that language. I afterwards with a little Pains-tasking acquir’d as much of the Spanish as to red their Books also.I have already men tion’d that I had only one Year’s Instruction in a Latin School, and that when very young, after which I neglected that Language entirely. But when I had attained an Acquaintance with the French, Italian and Spanish , I was surpris’d to find, on looking over a Latin Testament1, that I understood so much of that Language than I had imagined; which encouraged me to apply myself again to the Study of it, and I met with the more success, as those preceding Languages had greatly smooth’d my Way. From these Circumstances I have thought, that there is some Inconsistency inour common Mode of Teaching Languages. We are told that it is proper to begin first with Latin, and having acquir’d that it will be more easy to attain those modern Languages which are deriv’d from it; and yet we do not begin with the Greek in order more easily to acquire the Latin. It is true, that if you can clamber2and get to the Top of a stair-Case without using the Steps, you will more easily gain them in descending; but certainly if you begin with the lowest you will with more Ease ascend to the Top. And I would therefore offer it to the Consideration of those who superintend the Educating of our Youth, whether, since many of those who begin with the Latin, quit the same after spending some Years, without having made any great Proficiency, and what they have learnt becomes almost useless, so that their time has been lost, it would not have been better to have begun them with French, Proceeding to the Italian etc., fortho’ after spending the same time they should quit the Study of Languages, and never arrive at the Latin, they would however have acquir’d another Tongue or two that being in modern Use might be serviceable to them in common Life.After ten years Absence from Boston, and having become more easy in my Circumstances, I made a Journey thither to visit my Relations, which I could not sooner well afford, In returning I call’d at Newport, to see my Brother then settled there with his Printing-House. Our former Differences were forgotten, and our Meeting was very cordial and affectionate. He was fast declining in his health, and requested of me that in case of his Death which he apprehended not far distant, I would take home his Son, then 10 years of Age, and bring him up to the Printing Business. This I accordingly perform’d, sending him a few Years to School before I took him into theOffice .His Mother carry’d on the Business till he was grown up, when I assisted him with an Assortment of new Types, those of his Father being in a Manner worn out. Thus it was that I made my Brother ample Amends for the Service I had dep riv’d him of by leaving him so early.In 1736 I lost one of my Sons, a fine Boy of 4 Years old, by the Small Pox taken in the common way, I long regretted bitterly and still regret that I had not given it him by Inoculation. This I mention for the Sake of Parents, who omit that Operation on the Supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a Child died under it; my Example showing that the Regret may be the same either way, and that therefore the safer should be chosen.Our Club, the Junto, was found so useful, and afforded such Satisfaction to the Members, that several were desirous of introducing their Friends, which could notwell be done without exceeding what we had settled as a convenient Number, viz. Twelve. We had from the Beginning made it a Rule to keep our Institution a Secret, which was pretty well observ’d.The Intention was, to avoid Applications of improper Persons for Admittance, some of whom perhaps we might find it difficult to refuse. I was one of those who were against any Addition to our Number, but instead of it made in Writing a Proposal, that every Member separately should endeavor to form a subordinate Club, with the same Rules respecting Queries4, etc. and without informing them of the Connexion with the Junto. The Advantages propos’d were the Improvement of so many more young Citizens by the Use of our Institutions; Our better Acquaintance with the general Sentiments of the Inhabitants on any Occasion, as the Junto Member might propose what Queries we should desire, and was to report to Junto that pass’d in hisseparate Club; the Promotion of our particular Interests in Business by more extensive Recommendations; and the increase of our Influence in public Affairs and our Power of doing good by spreading thro’ the severa l Clubs the Sentiments of the Junto. The Project was approv’d, and every Member undertook to form his Club: but they did not all succeed. Five or six only were completed, which were call’d by different Names, as the Vine, the Union, the Band, etc. They were useful to themselves, and afforded us a good deal of Amusement, Information, and Instruction, besides answering in some considerable Degree our Views of influencing the public Opinion on particular Occasions, of which I shall give some Instances in course of time as they happened.Notes:1.A New Testament in Latin.2. Climb with difficulty; scramble.3. Francis Folber Franklin, who died from small pox before he had been inoculated .Franklin did not have him inoculated because Francis was recovering from an intestinal disorder.Comprehension and Appreciation:In this excerpt we can read about how Franklin learned foreign languages and how he founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. In the first fact what impresses us is the interesting agreement between Franklin and the acquaintance of his---- combining learning a foreign language with chess playing, which fully shows Franklin’s determination and perseverance in study .No wonder he could learn so many foreign languages so soon and so efficiently. In the second fact, we can find Franklin’soutstanding ability in organization and leadership.When he talks about the death of his son, we see another valuable quality in him. He “long regretted bitterly” for his mistake. But he mentions his bitterness “for the Sake of Parents”.Here we can’t help being touched by his sincere concern for the others, for all the people.Some sentences and expressions are good examples of the author’s mastery of English language and his strong and subtle sense of humor. “I soon made myself so much a Master of the French as to be able to read the Books with Ease.” What is implied in “so much a Master” is not self-conceit but confidence and humor. “As we play’d pretty equally we thus beat one another into that Language.” This sentence means both of them were making rapid progress in their language learning by fighting each other in chess playing.Comprehensive Questions:1.H ow many foreign languages did Franklin learn or mention in this part ?2.W hat was the unique way Franklin suggested for learning foreign languages ?3.W hat fact shows Franklin’s love for his brother ?4.W hy did Franklin talk about the death of one of his sons ?5.H ow many people were there in Franklin’s Junto ?6.W hat should we learn from Franklin according to this excerpt ?Answers:1.F rench, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek.2.T he victor in every game should have a right to impose a task about language learning.3.H e took very good care of the son of his brother after his b rother’s death.4.H e mentioned his own bitterness in order to remind the other parents of the same danger.5.T welve.6.W e should learn from Franklin many noble qualities such as kindness, honesty, selflessness.Reference book :History and Anthology of American Literature .吴伟仁编，外语教学与研究出版社(End)。
1.美国文学Unit1Franklin
Leading writers and their works
Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826): The Declaration of Independence (1776) Thomas Paine(1737-1809): Common Sense (1776) Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography Philip Freneau: “The Wild Honey Suckle” 《野金银花》
History: American Revolution
Conflicts between America and Britain
over settlements, government, taxes
Economically:
Br. prevented Am. Economic development Export raw materials, import finished goods
Enlightenment
the Age of Reason and Revolution the Age of Rationality 18th Century Literature the Age of American Enlightenment
(1) Originated in Europe in the 17th century
The Declaration of Independence
The following statements have become worldfamous since then: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了 平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中 包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
英美文学选读(美国文学部分)
《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It ex ercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. AndHuck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter Three: The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely noword that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fullyrevealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strange ness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.。
美国文学简介 英文版
American Naturalism—pessimistic realism/ determinism
The last decade of 19th C
I. American Naturalism—pessimistic realism/ determinism
1. Background 1) The emergence of “Modern America” Industrialism and science and the new philosophy of
Representatives:
Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克兰:Maggie: A Girl of the
Streets街头女郎玛琪—first A. naturalistic work/ The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋 章(war novel) ——A precursor of Imagist poetry——The Black Riders 黑衣骑士
T. S. Eliot—The Waste Land William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens,
Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Hart Crane
Novel in 1920s
F. Scott Fitzgerald— Roaring twenties Hemingway—Lost Generation William Faulkner—the Deep South
Nathaniel Hawthorne（霍桑）, Herman Melville （麦尔维尔）,
{William Cullen Bryant（布莱恩特）, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow（朗费罗）, James Russell Lowell（洛厄尔）}——New England Poets,
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件美国文学Unit 1 Ralph Waldo Emerson
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Unit 6 Henry James • The Portrait of a Lady (Chapter XLII) Unit 7 O. Henry • The Gift of the Magi • The Cop and the Anthem Unit 8 Robert Frost • Into My Own • The Road Not Taken • Fire and Ice • Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening • A Minor Bird Unit 9 F. Scott Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby (Chapter III) Unit 10 Ernest Hemingway • The Old Man and the Sea (Excerpt)
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Philosophy considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. 从哲学的观点来看，宇宙由自然和灵魂构成。 （注解：这是爱默生的超验主义思想名言。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me.
但可惜的是，“很少有成年人能看 见自然”，而“大多数人看不见太 阳”。因为在爱默森看来，太阳只照亮成年人的眼睛，却能照亮儿童的 心灵。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, —all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulates through me; I am part or particle of God.
美国文学the-American-Romanticism-1
A.Washington Irving (1783-1859 )
His fame
• “Father of American Imaginative literature”
• “Father of the American short story”
His Works
a) A History of New York from
❖ The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集 is the life of Natty Bumppo, Cooper’s finest achievement.They constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background.The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804.
the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty by Diedrich Knickerbocker
《纽约外史》
b) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent
• “Rip Van Winkle” • “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
B.James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
英语专业美国文学课件History of American Literature part 1
And Selected Readings
Marcus Cunliffe, The Literature of the United States Robert Spiller, The Cycle of American Literature Rod W. Horton and Herbert W. Edward, Backgrounds of American Literary Thought 常耀信，美国文学简史 常耀信，美国文学选读 童明，美国文学史 5．Rubinstein, Annette. American Literature, Root and Flowering（《美国文学的源和流》 6．史志康主编，《美国文学背景概观》 7．刘海平、王守仁等 “It is worth reiterating that those who colonized America during the 17th and the 18th centuries were part of a great migration initiated not only from all parts of England but also from Africa, from the Scottish Highlands, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and other regions in Europe. While some of the settlers came in response to economic forces, others came in search for political and religious freedom. Africans were forced to come as slaves. This diversity of situations, when blended into specific environments, contributed to the development of regional cultures and to the cultural pluralism of America.” New England, Puritan literature: journals (diaries), hymns, sermons, home letters, histories; the South, Virginia: promotional tracts, journals, poems, letters, sermons (satire, a spirit of exploration inherent in the Renaissance); the Middle Colonies, culturally and ethnically more diverse: better reflecting the diversity of colonial life and anticipating the pluralism of America
美国文学史（英文版）
美国文学史（英文版）FranklinAmerican puritanism3. American RomanticismRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agriculturalRomantic Subject Matter1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, “pure beauty”2. The use of the far-away and non-normal----antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque, Gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.3. Escapism----from American problems4. Interest in external nature: for itself, for beautya. Nature as source for the knowledge of primitive.b. Nature as refuge.c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitude1. Appeals to imagination; use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.3. Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more importantthan reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop andexpress his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy,problem novel, historical novel , gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:•New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;•Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving4. Washington Irving (1783-1859)Information about his life:1, Born in New York City.Drew the inspiration for his first publication, Salmagundi(杂录), became the focal point for a group of New York writers in the early nineteenth century, called the Knickerbocker school（纽约派）2, In 1832, he traveled west, gathering material for “A Tour on the Prairies”.3, From 1842 to 1846 he served as American minister to Spain. In his final years he continued to produce books and revised and published his complete works. He finished the five-volume Life of Washington shortly before his death. Masterpieces:“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”, “Bracebridge Hall”, “Tales of a Traveller”, “The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”Washington Irving quotes1, Acting provides the fulfillment of never being fulfilled. You’re never as good as you’d like to be. So there’s always something to hope for.2, A sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener with constant use.3, Age is a matter of feeling, not of years.4, Great minds have purposes, others have wishes.Little minds are tamed and subdued by misfortune; but great minds rise above them 5, One of the greatest and simplest tools for learning more and growing is doing more.6, A father may turn his back on his child, brothers and sisters may become inveterate enemies, husbands may desert their wives, wives their husbands. But a mother’s love endures through all.The Sketch Book (1819)The Sketch Book (1819), contains two most enduring stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. In both these stories, Irving aims at creating a past in which history and myth blend into each other, providing for a rapidly changing American society kind of historical tradition so apparent in England and so apparently absent in the new nation. The plots of both stories are based on old German folk tales. However, Irving fills them with the “local color” of New York’s Hudson River Valley.5. James Fenimore Cooper(1789----1851)Information about his life:1,In 1808 he served on the Vesuvius and on the Wasp in the Atlantic in 1809. These experiences later inspired his sea stories.2, Cooper's first novel Precaution (1820) was an imitation of Jane Austin’s novels anddid not meet with great success.3, His s econd, The Spy (1821), was based on Sir Walter Scott’s Waverly series, and told an adventure tale about the American Revolution, set in Westchester Country. The book brought Cooper fame and wealth and he gave up farming.Work:The Spy (1821)The Leatherstocking Tales (1823—1841)The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans,The Pathfinder, and The Prairie (1827).PS:Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking Tales. The five novels are The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). A modern American historian, Allan Nevins, who has edited a one-volume version of the series, calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.”Cooper’s famous “Leatherstocking” series set in the exciting period of America’s movement westward. Natty Bumppo (who is often called Leatherstocking) appears in all of the novels in the series and is one of the best-known characters in American literature.Literary Achievements:1, The lst successful American novelistIn his fiction he dealt with the themes of wilderness versus civilization, freedom versus law, order versus change, aristocrat versus democrat, and natural rights versus legal rights.2, Cooper developed 3 kinds of novels:--the 1st kind is the novels about the revolutionary past (“The Spy”);--the 2nd is the sea novels (he also was the 1st writer to write a novel on the sea, “The Pilot”);--the 3rd is novels about the American frontier (“The Pioneers ”, “The Pathfinder” and “The Deerslayer” ).6. New England TranscendentalismBackgrounds:1, Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America.2, ‘The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere. ’3, romantic idealism on Puritan soil4, 1836, the Transcendental ClubWhat is Transcendentalism:In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts (main ideas)1, ‘transcend ere’: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. (All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind.)5, It emphasized the significance of the individual (the individual was the most important element in society, the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.)6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ‘oversoul’.Major writers and Literary WorksRalph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)Henry David Thoreau (1817----1862)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)About Emerson1, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission.2, Emerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated his Romantic belief in intuition and flexibility.3, In his essay "Self-Reliance," Emerson remarks: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." Yet he is remarkably consistent in his call for the birth of American individualism inspired by nature.4,Most of his major ideas -- the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836).Achievement:1, ‘Nature’ has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”2, ‘The American Scholar’ has been called “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”3, The contribution both for philosophy and literature4, His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the American symbolist movement.5, Emphasize the common life worth of highest art6, Believed the work’s form was determined by the writer’s perception of the higher truth he found symbolized in nature.Influence:1, A great prose-poet, Emerson influenced a long line of American poets, including Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, Hart Crane, and Robert Frost.2, He is also credited with influencing the philosophies of John Dewey, George Santayana, Friedrich Nietzsche, and William James.Henry David Thoreau（1817 –1862，Classically educated at Harvard，Two books published in his lifetime--neither sold well.1）If Ralph Waldo Emerson was the philosopher of Transcendentalism, Thoreau was its most devoted practitioner. Thoreau tried to live as a transcendentalist.超验主义者2）As an independent thinker, Thoreau became the head of the Concord Lyceum organizing lectures where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson.3）From 1841 – 1843 Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency 自给自足）by building his own house on the shores of Walden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm. a) Thoreau later documented his experiment in his famous memoir Walden. H7e wrote thirteen drafts of Walden before publishing it. b)Another work that was a result of Thoreau’s Walden Experiment was his essay Civil Disobedience. Civil Disobedience has been a highly influential work that has inspired peaceful activists such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.4) On May 6th, 1862 Thoreau died losing his fight to the disease, Tuberculosis.肺结核His collection of writing consist of over twenty volumes. Emerson later published a collection of Thoreau’s poems in 1865.Main work: Walden瓦尔登湖--- a spiritual book--- a diary of a nature lover, a classic of American prose (this is a book of essays put together, exploring subjects concerned with Nature, with the meaning of life, and with morality)---3 aims in writing the book: to make people evaluate the way he lived and thought; to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyone’s life; to condemn the weakness and errors of society--- subjects: a)The essentials of life: living rather than getting a livingb) It is a condemnation of making social improvement and comfort all important.c) It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstance.d) It has confidence in the individual, and holds that individual freedom breaksdown the rules and barriers of society so that the individual can express himself and act on his own principles.e) There is the possibility for and importance of change in one’s spiritual lifewhich is in harmony with nature.--- Style:Prophetic 预言的voiceDirect forceful sentenceConversational in toneHumorProverbial 谚语式的expressionsBrief tales, fables 寓言and allegories讽喻MetaphorsNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)“Like Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne took a dark view of human Nature.”Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. His ancestors include John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials.---Hawthorne is significant as a romantic writer because he used the New England regional past as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past.--- He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber忧郁toward life; the impingement of ——---He is significant for his style He used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty.1.Themes in Hawthorne’s Writings1）Moral allegories寓言——a story where everything is symbol, used commonly to instruct especially in religious matters2）The sinful man 罪人3）Hypocrisy (伪善)4）The Dark side of human nature5）Religious in nature2. Hawthorne’s Major Works1）Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales + Mosses from an Old Manse(古屋青苔)2）The Scarlet Letter红字——His masterpiece, which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century.3)The House of the Seven Gables(带有七个尖角阁的房子)4)The Blithedale Romance(福谷传奇)5)The Marble Faun(玉石雕像)3. Hawthorne’s Point of ViewHawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.1)Evil is at the core of human life.2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation.3)Evil educates4)He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. Hisintellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded4.Hawthorne’s aesthetic审美的ideas1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity（古物），to him these furnish thesoil on which his mind grows to fruition. Trying to connect a bygone time with the very present, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.2) He was convinced that romance was the best form to describe AmericaThe poverty of materials and the avoidance of offending the puritan taste——romances rather than novels to tell the truth and satirize讽刺and yet not the offend5. Hawthorne’s Writing Style1）A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in the use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing.2）Revelation of characters’ psycho logy: he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’t much physical movement going on in his works.3) The use of supernatural mixed with the actual4)His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson5)Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of view.MelvilleEdgar Allan Poe (1809---1849): 象征主义唯美主义Edgar Allen Poe was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement.Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre流派.He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, which resulting in a financially difficult life and career.Poe established a new symbolic poetry, formulated the new short story in detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism.1) Father of modern short story2) Father of detective story3) Father of psychoanalytic criticism1.Poe’s Major Literary WorksPoems1) “The Raven” 《乌鸦》2) “Annabel Lee” 《安娜贝尔·李》3) “The Sleeper” 《睡梦人》4) “A Dream Within a Dream” 《梦中梦》5) “Sonnet—To Science” 《十四行诗—致科学》6) “To Helen” 《致海伦》7) “The City in the Sea” 《海中的城市》earlier entitled The Doomed City 《衰败的城市》Tales——two kindsHorror：Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque «述异集»：a collection of short stories The Black Cat《黑猫》Ligeia《莉盖亚》The Cask of Amontillado(红色死亡假面舞会)《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍府的倒塌》Ratiocination（推理）:The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》The Gold Bug《金甲虫》The Purloined Letter《被窃的信件》The Mystery of Marie Roget《玛丽罗杰谜案》Literary theory:The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》2. Themes1) Death –predominant theme “Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything inPoe’s writings is dead.”2)Horror 3)Negative thoughts of science3. Poe’s theory for poetryPoems: 1) short but achieve maximum effect, "pure“, not to moralize2) produce a feeling of beauty in the reader3)He stresses rhythm, insists on an even(规则的) metrical韵律flow.真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵, 而美则能激动人的灵魂4. Poe’s theory for short storyShort story should be of brevity简洁, totality全面, single effect, compression(压缩) and finality.5.Conclusion about his theories:--- Only short poems could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.--- The most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty--- The tone of its highest manifestation表现is one of sadness. (The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.)--- The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.--- Music is essential because it is associated with indefinite sensations.感觉(alliteration头韵, assonance,谐音repetition)--- Poe preferred the tale to other fictional such as the novel because it is brief. He stressed the principle of concentration and thematic主题的totality.--- The writer must decide the effect first and then determine the incidents.--- Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.--- The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect upon the reader.6. Poe’s a chievement：Poe is generally regarded as a pioneering aesthetician, psychological investigator, literary technician and his influence on American literary circles can never be overrated.1) His aesthetics, his call for "the rhythmical creation of beauty" have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of "art for art's sake."2) He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism.3) He is the father of the detective story.Raven《乌鸦》是爱伦·坡1844年创作的。
最全美国文学史笔记英文版本(按时间顺序)
William Cullen Bryant威廉卡伦布莱恩特(1794-1878); Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗(1807-1882); James Russell Lowell罗威尔(1819-1891); Oliver Wendell Holmes霍尔姆斯(1809-1894); John Greenleaf Whittier惠蒂尔(1807-1892)
Edward Taylor(1642-1729)爱德华泰勒
“Huswifery”, “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”
Roger Williams(1603-1683)罗杰威廉斯
The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience
James Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851
The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of the Mohicans最后地莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者
John Woolman(1720-1772)
“Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”, A Plea for the Poor”
Thomas Paine(1737-1809)
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人地权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制地崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件美国文学Unit 1 Ralph Waldo Emerson
（注解：在这里，人与自然已经浑然成为一体。）
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
爱默森作过牧师，所以遣词造 句颇为讲究，并带有一种宗教的虔 诚，很有震撼力。文中充满了象征、 比喻，使读者迅速进入到一种意境， 并能静下心来，展开想象的翅膀， 做一次精神上的旅游与思考，去细 细体味爱默森笔下的沐浴着宇宙光 辉的大自然。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
爱默生的作品以散文为主，主要著作有：《论自然》 （Nature, 1836）、《散文集：第一集》（Essays: First Series, 1841）、《散文集：第二集》（Essays: Second Series, 1844）、 《代表性人物》（Representative Men, 1850）、《英国人的性格》 （English Traits, 1856）等。
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品欣赏
本篇选读选自《自然》的导言和第1章。 在导言中，爱默生提出我们 自己亲眼所见生发出我们自己的诗和哲学，要拥有上天的直接启示的 宗教，在这个过程中，直观自然就能给予我们启发。
在第1章中， 他具体化了人与自然沟通的方式。要真正的独处，就应 该凝视星空。感悟“向我们发出意味深长的微笑的星光”。星星能够 唤起崇高之感，能够令我们油然而生诗意。像孩子一样用眼睛去看， 又用心去看，才能得到这种诗意的感悟。自然教我们 成为永恒之美的 热爱者，人沉于自然的和谐之中，就能感悟到自然的精神。
英美文学欣赏第四版英美文学欣赏第四版爱默生出生在美国波士顿一个世代牧师家庭年轻时做过牧师后辞去牧师职务去欧洲旅行在那里结识了英国浪漫主义大诗人柯勒律治samuleltaylorcoleridge17721834华兹华斯williamwordsworth17701850和史学家卡莱尔thomascarlyle17951881深受英国浪漫主义思想的影响
AmericanLiterature《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）
AmericanLiterature《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentali sm:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured andsinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the wit ch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass”and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I”t o stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to thesuccessful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructiblespirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s lang uage is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strang eness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.。
20世纪美国文学英文版.ppt
Elizabethan Essays The Use of Poetry and The Use of
Criticisms After Strange Gods
22
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
It depicts a timid middle-aged man going to propose marriage to a lady but hesitating all the way there. It takes the form of soliloquy, like interior monologue like that of Browning’s.
9
IV. Principles
1. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;
2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;
18
艾略特的诗歌创作以《荒原》和伴以英国天主教为标志可以分为早、中、 晚三个时期。
早期：主要包括《普鲁弗洛克及其他》和The Poems（1920）《诗集》 两个本子。
中期：The Waste《荒原》
The Hollow Man《空心人》
后期：Gerontion《小老头》、 Ashy Wednesday 《圣灰星期三》
它是诗人登峰造极之作，在诗中诗人对诗歌 语言进行了严肃的思考，思考的结果从该 诗本身的语言特色就可以看出来：普通正 规而又十分精确。此时艾略特担心语言会 因使用不当而退化，进而影响到我们思想 情感的品质。它最初是四首独立的诗： Burnt Norton, 1935 《烧毁的诺顿》、 East Coker, 1940 《东库克》、The Dry Salvages, 1941 《干燥的塞尔维吉斯》 Little Gidding, 1943 《小吉丁》
美国文学第一章课件 American_History.ppt 2
▲ late:
1. The literature of colonial America (1607 mid-18th)
◆American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs
of the puritans. Quite a few of the early British settlers were Puritans. They were members of the Church of England, who aimed at reforms in its doctrines and strictness in religious disciplines and were persecuted. To avoid the religious Persecution, some of them managed to escape to the New world and became known as Puritan Fathers.
• Pilgrim Fathers
In 1620, a tiny ship called the “May flower” sailed from England for the New world, with 102 passengers. 50% were Pilgrims. Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.
亚美瑞格. 亚美瑞格.韦斯普奇号是意大利海军的一 艘高桅横帆船， 艘高桅横帆船，她的名字来源于探险家 亚美瑞格.韦斯普奇（伟大的航海家 航海家， 亚美瑞格.韦斯普奇（伟大的航海家， 1497年到1504年 年到1504 从1497年到1504年 Amerigo Vespucci 曾四次到南美洲进行探险航行。 曾四次到南美洲进行探险航行。他对于 所到达的国家做了非常细致的描述。 所到达的国家做了非常细致的描述。这 些文字在欧洲流传甚广并给他带来极大 的声誉： 的声誉：人们认为他是真实的美洲的发现者
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature: lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, incantations, riddles, proverbs, epics, and legendary histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and tricksters' tales. Certain creation stories are particularly popular. In one well-known creation story, told with variations among many tribes, a turtle holds up the world. In a Cheyenne version, the creator, Maheo, has four chances to fashion the world from a watery universe. He sends four water birds diving to try to bring up earth from the bottom. The snow goose, loon, and mallard soar high into the sky and sweep down in a dive, but cannot reach bottom; but the little coot, who cannot fly, succeeds in bringing up some mud in his bill. Only one creature, humble Grandmother Turtle, is the right shape to support the mud world Maheo shapes on her shell -- hence the Indian name for America, "Turtle Island."
Yet the earliest explorers of America were not English, Spanish, or French. The first European record of exploration in America is in a Scandinavian language. The Old Norse Vinland Saga recounts how the adventurous Leif Eriksson and a band of wandering Norsemen settled briefly somewhere on the northeast coast of America -- probably Nova Scotia, in Canada -- in the first decade of the 11th century, almost 400 years before the next recorded European discovery of the New World.
The Mexican tribes revered the divine Quetzalcoatl, a god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, and some tales of a high god or culture were told elsewhere. However, there are no long, standardized religious cycles about one supreme divinity. The closest equivalents to Old World spiritual narratives are often accounts of shamans initiations and voyages. Apart from these, there are stories about culture heroes such as the Ojibwa tribe's Manabozho or the Navajo tribe's Coyote. These tricksters are treated with varying degrees of respect. In one tale they may act like heroes, while in another they may seem selfish or foolish. Although past authorities, such as the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, have deprecated trickster tales as expressing the inferior, amoral side of the psyche, contemporary scholars -- some of them Native Americans -- point out that Odysseus and Prometheus, the revered Greek heroes, are essentially tricksters as well.
I
the song
I walk here.
Indian oral tradition and its relation to American literature as a whole is one of the richest and least explored topics in American studies. The Indian contribution to America is greater than is often believed. The hundreds of Indian words in everyday American English include "canoe," "tobacco," "potato," "moccasin," "moose," "persimmon," "raccoon," "tomahawk," and "totem." Contemporary Native American writing, discussed in chapter 8, also contains works of great beauty.
THE LITERATURE OF EXPLORATION
Had history taken a different turn, the United States easily could have been a part of the great Spanish or French overseas empires. Its present inhabitants might speak Spanish and form one nation with Mexico, or speak French and be joined with Canadian Francophone Quebec and Montreal.
Still, it is possible to make a few generalizations. Indian stories, for example, glow with reverence for nature as a spiritual as well as physical mother. Nature is alive and endowed with spiritual forces; main characters may be animals or plants, often totems associated with a tribe, group, or individual. The closest to the Indian sense of holiness in later American literature is Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendental "Over-Soul," which pervades all of life.
Tribes maintained their own religions -- worshipping gods, animals, plants, or sacred persons. Systems of government ranged from democracies to councils of elders to theocracies. These tribal variations enter into the oral literature as well.
A loon I thought it was
But t was
My love's
splashing oar.
Vision songs, often very short, are another distinctive form. Appearing in dreams or visions, sometimes with no warning, they may be healing, hunting, or love songs. Often they are personal, as in this Modoc song: