同位语从句
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一含义
在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。
同位语从句一般用that, whether, what, who,when, where, why, how 等词引导,常放在fact,news,idea,truth, hope,problem, information, wish, promise, answer, evidence,report, explanation, suggestion,conclusion 等抽象名词后面,说明该名词的具体内容。
换言之,同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系,对其内容作进一步说明。
例: The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
; 析: they had won the game 说明The news的全部内容,因此该句为同位语从句。
1.名词作同位语
Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.
王先生,我孩子的老师,星期二要来看我们。
(在这里'my child's teacher'做同位语修饰'Mr Wang')
2.短语作同位语
I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.
我,作为家里最大的女孩,总是要照料家中的其他孩子。
3.直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds,“Did she die young because she was a clone?”
但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题:“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗?”
4.句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.
巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖,让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。
同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较"固定
二、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who, whom, whose。
连接副词how, when, where, why等。
(注:if不能引导同位语从句。
)
He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
三、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起敌人可能已经逃出城了。
同位语从句的引导词,引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,whether,连接代词和连接副词等。
1.that引导
that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。
that不能省略,没有具体的意思,不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。
(作idea的同位语)
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。
He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2.whether引导(注:if不能引导同位语从句)
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
if和whether的区别:
1 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。
如:
例I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
2 在whether ……or not 的固定搭配中。
如:
例I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3 在介词后,只能用whether。
如:
例His father is worried about whether he loses his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4主语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether 。
如:例Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
5用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。
如:
例Could you tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。
如用whether可避免歧义。
在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接;在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。
例如: There is no (little) doubt that we will win the final match.
I have a doubt whether he will finish the job on time.
其它引导词引导
如果同位语从句所表达的意义要增加“谁(的)、什么、”才完整,从句由连接代词who,whose,what,引导。
I have no idea what size shoes she wears.
我不知道她穿几号的鞋。
Actually I have no idea what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我确实不知道昨天下午教室里发生了什么事。
The question who will take his place is still not clear.
谁会代替他这个问题仍然不清楚
如果同位语从句所表达的意义要增加“何时、何地、如何、为何”才完整,从句由连接副词when,where,how,why引导。
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。
He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
注意:suggestion/request/order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。
She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.
她请求立即请医生来。
简析:suggestion,order,request,proposal,requirement,command,advice,proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时,从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式,其中should一词可省略。
I accepted my father’s advice that I (should) apologize to my friend.
My teacher’s suggestion that he (should) learn English is reasonable.
众所周知,定语从句与同位语从句是英语语法的一个重要组成部分,都由连词that和副词when,where,why来引导,看似形式相同,实际上有着本质的区别。
首先.我们看定义,定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,句法功能与形容词相同,是形容词性从句。
而同位语从句是在复合句中,用以解释或说明某些特定名词的从句,句法功能与名词相同,故是名词性从句。
其次,我们分别来看看相同的引导词不同的含义:
由that引导的定法从句和同位语从句的区别:试比较
(1) The plan (that) Mr Lee drew up last week was very good李先生上周提的方案很好。
(2) The plan that we should build another lad building was very good.(我们应该再造-一个实验楼的方案很好。
)
例(1) 中,that 引导的从句限定了先行词plan 的范围,说明是李先生提出的方案,而不是别的什么人,但并未说明方案的内容,that 在从句中作宾语,是关系代词,故可以省略,因此,该从句是个定语从句
例(2) that引导的从句说明了方案的内容,that 在从句中不担任任何成份,只起连词作用,但又不能省略,是个从属连词,因此,该从句是个同位语从句。
(3) The news that Jack brought us pleased everybody的消息,使大家感到高兴。
(和上述例(1)) 相仿,that引导定语从句。
)
(4) The news that our team had won pleased everybody
我们球队赢球这个消息,使大家高兴(和例(2) 相仿,that引导同位语从句)
由此,可以从以下几点加以区别:
(1)从语法角度上看,引导定语从句的that是关系代词,不但起连接作用,还在从句中担任句子成分,可作主语,宾语或表语,而that引导同位语从句时,只是从属连词,没有实在的词汇意义,在从句中不担任任何句子成分,即从同本身结构完整。
(2)从语意角度上看,定语从句的作用是限定它的先行词的范围或补充一些情况,和它前面的名词是从属关系,表示“.的”,起修饰作用:而同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,作用则是阐述前面名词的内容。
3定语从句的关系代词that在从句中作宾语时,常常可以省略(例(1) 中的that可省略),而同位语从同中的连词that-般不能省略。
4几乎任何一个名词都可以带定语从句,而只有在内容方面需要进一步阐明的一些抽象名词如: idea, truth, hope, suggestion, thought, belief, doubt, fear, news, word, fact, promise, order, possibility等才可以带同位语从句。
二、when, where 和why既可以引导定语从句,又可以引导同位语从句,其共同特点是在两种从句中都担任状语,不同之处是,首先:它们作关系副词引导定语从句时,句中有其相应的先行词,如when有表示时间的先行词,where 有表示地点的先行词,why 有表示原因的先行词,而它们作为连接副词连接同位语从句时,则没有相应的先行词。
其次,when, where, why作关系副词引导定语从句时,可以改为“介词+关系代词which”来引导,而它们引导同位语从句则不能这样改。
试比较:
(1) Do you still remember the year when (in which) you first began to learn English(定语从句)你还记得你最初学英语的那一年吗?
(2I have no idea when you began to learn English(同位语从句)我不知道你从何时开始学英语的。
(3) The school where (=in which) Bob studies is in the middle of the city(定语从句)鲍勃就读的学校在市中心。
(4) They asked me the question where they can find the books needed(同位语从句)他们问我到哪里去找所需要的书。
He told us the news that proved to be false.
He told us the news that he won the first prize in the competition.
1. Tomorrow is Tom's birthday. Have you got any idea ____the party is to be held?
A. what
B. which С. that D. where
2. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ____because he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
А.why B.that C. where D.when
3. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ____a cure for AIDS will be found.
A. which В.that C. what D.whether
4. He can't answer the question ____ he got the money.
A. that
B. why С.how D. whether
5. Do you have any idea_____is actually going on in the classroom?
A. that .
B. what
C.as
D. which
6. Some researchers have a doubt_____ a cure for AIDS will be found.
A. which
B. that
C.what D whether。