考研英语阅读真题正文-全文翻译(1995

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95-11年英语考研真题阅读翻译

2011 text1纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。

别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。

“好啊，终于好了！” Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。

但是，这个任命之所以一起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。

甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。

纽约爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫·马勒)和Pierre Boulez 布列兹那样的音乐家领导的。

这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬。

就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥。

但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出。

我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑从ITUNES上下载更多的唱片。

那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情。

当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们(其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述)不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争，而且还需要和那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争。

唱片很便宜，那里都能买到，并且比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高。

进一步的讲，听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点。

这些到处可以获得的唱片给传统的演出机构带来了危机。

对于古典音乐演奏者而言，他们可能的一个回应就是排练出唱片上没有的曲目。

Gilbert对新音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：Alex Ross，一名古典音乐的批评家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织。

1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文

1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的，它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立起稳固的国内市场，并使得以有竞争力的价格提供出口成为可能。

通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。

通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对付失业的一项有效措施。

它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出20%。

也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。

除了有27个国会法案来监控广告内容外，常做广告者也不敢促销与其广告上的许诺不相符的产品。

他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。

但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。

如果你看见一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。

广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。

有一点我觉得应该在此提及。

最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告不重信息而重煽情。

他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。

当然广告总是试图以情相劝。

如果广告内容仅局限于信息——这一点本身也难以做到，如果不是不可能的话，因为即使选择一件衬衫颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。

但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。

Text 2看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。

人们通常视个人成长为易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。

工人得到提升，学生成绩进步，外国人学会一门新语言——所有这些都是人们取得反映出其努力的可测量的成果之例证。

对比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。

因为从定义来看，它只是一个旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。

过程并非道路本身，而是当遭遇新经历和意想不到的坎坷时人们所持的态度和情感，他们的谨慎或勇气。

1995考研英语阅读

1995考研英语阅读1995年的考研英语阅读部分，对于许多考生来说，是一次挑战也是一次机遇。

这一年的阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，从社会现象到科技发展，再到文化差异，无一不考验着考生的语言理解能力和分析能力。

文章的第一篇讲述了全球化对本土文化的冲击。

随着国际交流的日益频繁，不同文化之间的交流和融合变得不可避免。

然而，这种融合也带来了一些问题，比如本土文化的逐渐消失。

文章通过对比分析了全球化的利弊，指出虽然全球化促进了经济的发展和文化的交流，但同时也需要采取措施保护和传承本土文化。

第二篇阅读材料关注的是科技发展对人类生活的影响。

文章提到了互联网的兴起，它如何改变了人们的沟通方式和获取信息的途径。

同时，作者也指出了科技发展带来的一些负面影响，比如隐私泄露和网络安全问题。

文章呼吁人们在享受科技带来的便利的同时，也要提高警惕，保护个人隐私。

第三篇阅读探讨了环境保护的重要性。

随着工业化进程的加快，环境污染问题日益严重。

文章通过列举一系列环境问题，如空气污染、水污染和土壤污染，强调了环境保护的紧迫性。

作者提倡采取可持续发展的策略，以减少对环境的破坏，并呼吁公众参与到环保行动中来。

最后一篇阅读材料则聚焦于教育改革。

文章指出，随着社会的发展，传统的教育模式已经不能满足现代社会的需求。

因此，教育改革势在必行。

文章提出了一些改革建议，比如增加实践教学、培养学生的创新能力和批判性思维等。

作者认为，通过教育改革，可以培养出更多适应社会发展的人才。

总的来说，1995年的考研英语阅读部分不仅考察了考生的英语阅读能力，还考察了他们对当代社会问题的认识和理解。

这些文章为考生提供了一个了解和思考社会现象的平台，同时也为他们提供了一个展示自己分析和解决问题能力的机会。

1995考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析

1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________. [A] had produced [B] have been produced [C] would have produced [D] had been produ conscious of the extent of which work provides the psychological satisfaction
A
B
that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory. [A] which to base on [B] on which to base [C] to base on which [D] which to be based on
7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one. [A] rather than [B] other than [C] better than [D] less than
25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care. [A] entitled to [B] involved in [C] associated with [D] assigned to

1995年整套真题阅读翻译参考译文

1995年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题阅读理解英汉翻译参考译文[阅读理解参考译文]【第1篇】花在广告上的钱和我所知道的任何被花掉的钱一样。

广告以合理的价格有助于商品的快速分销，建立起一个稳定的国内市场，并使出口产品的价格具备竞争力。

广告使人们注意到许多新理念，极大的提高生活水平。

通过增加需求，它保证了劳动力需求的增长，因此是解决失业问题的有效手段。

它降低了许多服务的成本：如果没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的4倍，电视许可的价格将要翻倍，乘公共汽车或隧道旅行的费用要增长20%。

大概其中最重要的一点是，广告为你所购买的产品和服务提供了一个品质的保证。

我们有二十七条国会法案控制广告的措辞，此外，没有一个常见的广告商敢促销一种不符合他的广告所保证条件的产品。

他可能通过误导性广告暂时欺骗人们，但他不可能长久这样做，因为公众具有健全的理智，不会再次购买劣质物品。

如果你看到一种不断做广告的产品，那表明那种产品确实符合所宣传的内容，并且确实物有所值。

广告为社区所带来的物质利益比我所能想象的其他任何因素都要多。

还有一点我想我应该谈及。

最近，我听说一位广为人知的电视名人宣称，广告进行说服而不是告知，所以他反对广告。

他所作的区分太过于吹毛求疵。

广告当然是要力图说服他人。

如果广告只局限于提供信息——这样做如果不是不可能，也是困难的，由于即使像衬衫颜色的选择这样的细节都有轻微的说服性——广告会变得枯燥乏味，没人注意。

但是，这也许正是那位电视名人所想要的。

【第2篇】有两种认知成长的基本方法：一种是从成果看，另一种是从过程看。

人们通常将个人成长视做一种可以被轻易识别和测量的外在成果或现象。

获得晋升的工人，成绩提高的学生，学会一门新语言的外国人——所有这些都是能够以可测量成果来表现人们努力的例子。

相反的是，个人成长过程的确定则要难得多，由于其本身就像一次旅程，而不是沿路而设的具体路标或地界标。

过程不是道路本身，而是人们在遇到新经历和意外阻碍时所持有的态度和情感，他们的谨慎和勇气。

[实用参考]1995年考研英语真题及解析

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbPrapid ePemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep. 1 kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis 2 toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepi sevenmore 3 .TheneweGperiments,suchasthese 4 forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietPforSleepResearchinMinnea polis,suggestfascinatingeGplanations 5 ofnon-REMsleep.ForeGample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep 6 is100percentfataltorats,Pet, 7 _eGaminationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelPnormal.Arese archerhasnow8 themPsterPofwhPtheanimalsdie.Therats 9 bacterialinfectionsoftheblood, 10 theirimmunesPstems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.1.[A]Either [B]Neither [C]Each [D]AnP2.[A]intended [B]required [C]assumed [D]inferred3.[A]subtle [B]obvious [C]mPsterious [D]doubtful4.[A]maintained [B]described [C]settled [D]afforded5.[A]inthelight [B]bPvirtue [C]withtheeGception[D]forthepurpose6.[A]reduction [B]destruction [C]deprivation [D]restriction7.[A]upon [B]bP [C]through [D]with8.[A]paidattentionto [B]caughtsightof [C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton9.[A]develop [B]produce [C]stimulate [D]induce10.[A]if [B]asif [C]onlPif [D]ifonlP一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

1995考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1995 Text 1Paragraph 11、Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. 花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。

2、It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. 它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。

2.1 distribution英/dɪstrɪ'bjuːʃ(ə)n/ 美/'dɪstrə'bjʊʃən/n. 分布；分配2.2 thereby英/ðeə'baɪ/ 美/,ðɛr'baɪ/adv. 从而，因此；在那附近；在那方面3、By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. 通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。

通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。

3.1 enormously英/ɪ'nɔːməslɪ/ 美/ɪ'nɔrməsli/adv. 巨大地，庞大地；非常地，在极大程度上3.2 labour英/'leɪbə/ 美/ˈlebɚ/n. 劳动力，人工；分娩vi. 劳动；分娩；费力地前进4、It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. 它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1995年part3

Part ThreeIn such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.9. The word "it" （line 3, para. 2）most probably refers to__.（A）the lack of stable communities（B）the breakdown of informal information channels（C）the increased mobility of families（D）the growing number of people moving from place to place10. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.（A）they have to learn new things consciously（B）they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information（C）they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily（D）they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.11 . From the passage we can infer that__.（A）electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages（B）it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era（C）people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences（D）events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites12. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.（A）it is necessary to obtain as much（B）people should make the best use of the information（C）we should realize the importance of accumulating information .（D）it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyUnit 2（1995）Part 3重点词汇：subconsciously（下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。

考研英语1995-阅读真题_全文翻译

资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除2010 Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published inthe daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now knownsolely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writingson music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

考研英语一阅读理解真题加解析1995

One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of examinations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates' sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。

1995年考研英语真题及答案

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart A:Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?[A] attended[B] Attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personalone.[A] rather than[B] Other than[C] better than[D] less than8. ________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at[D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.[A] as it is[B] the same as[C] so is[D] and so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting [A] not so much a leisurely [B] lifestyle asa busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are [C] too valuable to be wasted [D].12. In debating one mu st correct the opponent’s [A] facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that [B] what [C] he presents as proof, unless [D] relevant, is sufficient.13. We are not conscious of [A] the extent of which [B] provides the psychological satisfaction that [C] can make the difference [D] between a full and an empty life.14. The Portuguese give [A] a great deal of credit to one man [B] for having promoted [C] sea travel, that man was [D] Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.15. Accounts of [A] scientific experiments are generally correct for [B] those write about [C] science are careful in checking [D] the accuracy of their reports.16. whenever we hear of [A] a natural disaster, even [B] in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy [C] for the people to have affected [D].17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say [A] that we shall soon be trusting [B] our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whom [C] very names the general public are [D] unfamiliar.18. The speaker claimed that no other [A] modern nation devotes so small [B] a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than [C] the United States does [D].19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked [A] research projectswill account for [B] an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much [C] to protect our diminishing [D] resources.20. If individuals are awakened [A] each time as [B] they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though [C] their total amount of sleep has been [D] sufficient.Part C:Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired[B] regarded[C] expected[D] worshipped22. [A] ________ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. [A] man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred years.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ________.[A] danger[B] stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.[B] tired[C] exhausted[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________.[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D] difficulty29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.[A] answer for[B] run into[C] abide by[D] step into31. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.[A] parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced[B] anticipated[C] resolved[D] assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dished if he could finish his assignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.[A] urgent[B] hasty[C] instant[D] prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the dictionary.[A] missing[B] losing[C] dropping[D] leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ________ this field is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________, but he gave us an idea about his plan.[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity[D] permission40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a furious state.[A] stable[B] rational[C] legal[D] credibleSection II: Close TestFor each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. __41__ kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is __42__ to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments, such as these __44__ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep __46__ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, __47__examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now __48__ the mystery of why the animals die. The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood, __50__ their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if onlySection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[C] Enhancing living standards.[B] Providing more jobs.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opinion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then o ur sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[B] a new way of taking risks[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except ________.[A] curiosity about more chances[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[B] promptness in self-adaptation[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word “it” (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly comp etitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his pos sible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an ind ividual’s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV: English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown。

1995年英语考研阅读

1995年英语考研阅读Ah, the year 1995, a time when dinosaurs roamed the earth, and I was just a fledgling student, trying to con-quer the beast known as the English postgraduate entrance examination. Let me take you on a journey back to the pre-historic era of my academic life.So here I am, a young, ambitious soul, armed with noth-ing but a sharpened No. 2 pencil and a brain full of hope. The reading section of the exam was like a maze, and I was Theseus trying to find my way out with a thread of vocabu-lary and grammar rules.The first passage was a beast, a dense forest of words that made my eyes glaze over faster than a slice of pizza at a frat party. I read, re-read, and then read some more, hoping that the meaning would eventually dawn on me like a light bulb going off over a cartoon character's head. But no, it was more like a light bulb going out in a horror movie.The second passage was a bit like a roller coaster ride, full of ups and downs and twists and turns. I was trying to keep up, but my mind was more like a car on a bumpy road, bouncing from one idea to another without a clear destination.And then there was the third passage, the one that was supposed to be the cherry on top of this linguistic sundae. It was like trying to solve a Rubik's cube while riding a unicycle through a minefield. I was spinning, turning, and hoping for a miracle, but all I got was a headache.But amidst the chaos and confusion, there was a moment of clarity, a spark of understanding that made me feel like I could actually do this. It was like finding a hidden treasure in a pile of rubble. I started to see patterns, make connections, and suddenly, the words were no longer a jumbled mess but a story waiting to be told.By the end of the exam, I was exhausted, but also ex-hilarated. I had fought the good fight, and even if I did-n't emerge victorious, I knew I had given it my all. Andthat, my friends, is the story of how I faced the 1995 Eng-lish postgraduate entrance examination, armed with nothing but a sense of humor and an unshakable belief in my own abilities.。

1995年考研阅读

1995年考研阅读1995年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解Passage OneThe role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little over a century ago, and the变异 and richness of the genetic resources we。

rely on for food and agriculture have been the focus of attention for at least 10,000 years. Thus, we are faced with a series of questions about the origin and nature of the genetic raw material for evolution. The直接和昨日的迫切的问题 we now have to ask are what genetic changes, if any, are necessary to endow a single cell of bacteria with the properties of a plant or an animal? We know of no evolutionary process that could lead to the origin of life. We cannot find any convincing evidence that the(46)____of life, from its beginning until now, has ever occurred. We cannot even find experimental evidence that the(47)____of a simple cell is in any way similar to that of a complex cell.The task before us is to identify and understand the mechanisms that permit a unicellular organism to(48)____the properties of a plant or an animal. In doing so, we have to make experimental modifications on the cell or its environment to determine the(49)____of these changes.We have also to bear in mind that any genetic changes we introduce may have an(50)____effect on the whole organism. It is possible that we may have to give up efforts to endow unicellular organisms with the properties of higher organisms because of the risk that such efforts could produce monsters.However, this would be a pity because it is always rewarding to discover(51)____ that is hidden and then release it. The challenge is to find out how to do this without(52)____anything else in the process.The point is that we do not yet know enough about cellular genetics to(53)____the precise conditions under which any given genetic change will be beneficial. The word "beneficial" is used here to mean "improving the chances of survival and reproduction of an organismin its natural environment." This means that we are not yet in a position to define what "beneficial" means with respect to the properties of a unicellular organism.The genetic raw material for evolution is not only rich and varied, but also extremely complex. In this material, there are at least two kinds of "junk" DNA that do not code for proteins. One kind is functional but not essential; the other is nonfunctional and seems to be(54)____. It is possible that this nonfunctional DNA provides the necessary genetic information for(55)____the evolution of new species.The problem is that we do not know how long it will take for beneficial mutations to occur in any given environment, or even whether such mutations are possible. It may be possible to make unicellular organisms more complex, but it is(56)____possible to make them into complex multicellular animals or plants. We are at the very beginning of finding out how complex genetic changes might be made.The only way we can proceed is by generating and testing a large number of mutations and taking a (57)____approach to finding thosethat are beneficial. We also need to keep in mind that the beneficial effects of genetic changes in one species do not always (58)____in other species.The problem is further complicated by the fact that some mutations are beneficial under certain conditions but harmfulunder(59)____conditions. It might be necessary, therefore, to find out what the optimal conditions are for mutations to occur and then only allow those mutations that are (60)____the optimal conditions. This is what biologists have started to do in recent years.The discovery of the effect of genetic raw material on evolution has led some biologists to suggest that natural selection is not Darwinian in nature. This claim is based on a false analogy between Darwinian natural selection and(61)____involving human activities such as technological innovation or social organization. Darwinian natural selection does not depend on any such external factors; it depends only on variations in individual differences in fitness caused by natural mutations and recombinations of DNA. Natural selection simply(62)____the most fit individuals from those less fit. This process can lead to the(63)____of new species over a long period of time.The point at issue is whether natural selection is responsible for evolution or whether it is just one of many factors(64)____the course of evolution. The answer is that natural selection does play a crucial role in evolution, but it does not(65)____determine the direction in which evolution will occur. Natural selection acts only on existing variations, selecting those that are better suited to survive under current environmental conditions. The actual direction of evolution is determined by。

1995年考研英语阅读与翻译详细解析

1995年考研英语阅读与翻译试题与分析Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiv e—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement一、文章结构总体分析本文论述了广告对现代社会做出了很大贡献。

1995考研英语一真题(含答案解析)

考研英语真题1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personalitydeclare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiv e—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of theirbusiness, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that__.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a chi ld’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indee d, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that__.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅣWriting (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion。

考研英语阅读真题正文全文翻译(1995

考研英语阅读真题正文+全文翻译(19952010 Text 1 在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。

然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。

现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。

当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。

在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。

他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。

这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。

“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把?新闻写作?定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个?轻蔑之词? ” 不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。

从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。

但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。

他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。

1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。

1995年考研英语真题及解析

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

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考研英语阅读思路解析

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对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。

然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。

现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。

当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。

在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。

他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。

这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。

从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。

但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。

他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。

1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。

然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。

他大量的音乐批评，除了专门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。

Cardus的评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。

在他去世之前，新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了，而且他所擅长的措词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有什么用处。

何况，业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。

2010 Text 2 在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。

亚马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”付费系统。

美林公司的资产分配方案得到了法律保护。

有个发明者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。

现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。

在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。

密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。

对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。

那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。

这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。

后来，更多的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。

2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管怀疑这种专利授权的法律基础，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专利。

同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权武器。

前面提到的Bilski案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方法。

上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不三位法官听审，而是全部十二名法官共同进行。

另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审”道富银行的裁决。

联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。

最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。

例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明”。

乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师Harold C. Wegner教授表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做出反应”。

2010 Text 3 在《引爆流行》这本书中，作者Malcolm Gladwell认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。

他们异乎寻常的博闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。

从直觉上讲，Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力，但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。

人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响，即信息先从媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其他人。

这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。

营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果他们能够找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。

这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。

对于许多诸如此类的情况，如果只是走马观花地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。

这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。

但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。

事实上，他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。

研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外，即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动，从而引领潮流。

然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。

但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人，而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。

举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，如果第一个影响者受到两次抵制，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。

基于这一人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。

我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。

他们发现，人们所说的“全球连锁反应” ——影响力通过网络进行广泛传播——发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。

2010 Text 4 台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身，台面下，他们一直把目标对准他人：会计准则制定者。

银行业抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失，认为这不公平。

规则规定他们必须以第三方付出价格来评估部分资产的价值，而非按照管理者和监管者期望该资产能够获得的价格。

不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。

其中细节可能无法获知，但是准则制定者在独立性方面——这正是资产市场正常运行的关键——已经做出妥协了。

银行如果不以能够吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。

美国FASB在与国会激烈摩擦之后，匆匆通过了规则的修改。

这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面用有更大的自，同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。

FASB主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们。

然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法，这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。

欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。

IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。

欧洲委员会委员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。

正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。

现在他们争论道市价高估了损失，因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足，而非坏账的可能范围。

几年中没人会知道真相。

但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。

死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。

为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。

美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。

成熟的市场需要独立的，甚至是好斗的准则制定者。

FASB和IASB以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改进股权和退休金的相关规则。

但是现在向批评者妥协是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。

2013 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which allpayments are made electronically. __1__a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been ___2__ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon \money itself,\movement to a cashless society been so___5___ in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7__ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8__ form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to __10__ . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several daysof \are __12___ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13__ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may __14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there. The fact that this is not an __16___ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and __17___ from someone else’s accounts. The __18__ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic __20___ that contains a large amount ofpersonal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise 2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around 3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role 4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse 5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady 6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on 7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive 8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant 9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print 10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down 11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when 12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn 13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though 14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease 15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D]displayed 16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear 17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return 18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification 19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for 20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared makingthe point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker. In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field ofWhen women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society. 36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____. [A] women take the lead [B] men have the final say [C] corporate governance is overwhelmed [D] senior management is family-friendly 37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________. [A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a reluctant choice [C] a response to Reding’s call [D] a voluntaryaction 38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______. [A] get top business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling [C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results 39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________. [A] skepticism [B] objectiveness [C] indifference [D] approval 40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______. [A] more social justice [B] massive media attention [C] suitable public policies [D] greater “soft pressure” Part B Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) [A] Live like a peasant [B] Balance your diet [C] Shopkeepers are your friends [D] Remember to treat yourself [E] Stick towhat you need [F] Planning is everything [G] Waste not, want not The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants’\failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. \community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.\Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from liter ary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - \state, with barely any money to spend on food\- but eatingwell on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective b ut helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42________________________________ ____________________________This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon,not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43_________ You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to \juiced. 44________________________________ ___ Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you hav e for free. 45__________________ You won’t be eating out a lot, but saveyour pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ￡a week for three months gives you ￡21 - more than\Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s ￡there - or ￡for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat. 2012考研英语真题及答案Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1in World WarⅡand the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4of food and shelter, who stuck it out and droveback the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name isn’t much. GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 .Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac...a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe. Joe had a 11career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character. or a 12of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about thedirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, Joe was any American soldier, 20the most important person in their lives. 1.[A] performed [B] served [C] rebelled [D] betrayed 2.[A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal 3.[A] bore [B] cased [C] removed [D] loaded 4.[A] necessities [B] facilities [C] commodities [D] properties 5.[A] and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence 6.[A] for [B] into [C] form [D] against 7.[A] meaning [B] implying [C] symbolizing [D] claiming 8.[A] handed out [B] turn over [C] broughtback [D] passed down 9.[A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed 10.[A] ever[B] never [C] either [D] neither11.[A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished 12.[A] company [B] collection [C] community [D] colony 13.[A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned 14.[A] ethical [B] military [C] political [D] human 15.[A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained 16.[A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted 17.[A] neglected [B] avoided [C] emphasized [D] admired18.[A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments[D] advances 19.[A] With [B] To [C] Among [D] Beyond 20.[A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that point Section ⅡReading Comprehension Text 1 Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, butin recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade. This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poorchildren. District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule. At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate theassignments, not make them count for almost nothing.。