语法讲解(一)
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英语二语法讲解(一)
Basic English Sentence Patterns
(英语的基本句型)
掌握句子的基本句型有助于了解句子的基本结构,便于进行句子分析,抓住句子的主线,尤其对于比较复杂的长难句,熟悉基本句型可以帮助我们从错综复杂的语言现象中理出头绪,从而理解句子的确切意思。
句子由于所用的谓语动词不同(即系动词、及物动词和不及物动词),归纳起来共有五种基本句型。
句子主要有下面这些成分:
Subject: 主语——一句话的中心,整句话都谈它的情况;
Predicate: 谓语——说明主语的主要情况,可表示动作,也可表示状态;
Object: 宾语——表示动作的承受者,也可表示动作的结果;
Predicative:表语——和系动词一起构成谓语;
Attribute:定语——修饰名词、代词等;
Adverbial: 状语——修饰动词、形容词或副词;
Verb: 动词
I. 主语+系动词+表语(SVP)
1. Supper is ready.
2. The cocktail party will be at 7:30 p.m.
II. 主语+谓语(不及物动词)(SV)
1. She sings well.
2. A traffic accident took place in the street.
III. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(SVO)
1. We do not know how to use it.
2. The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Beijing opera.
IV. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+ 间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)
1. He makes us a present of his photograph.
2. I showed them some old buildings on the campus.
3. Pass me the sugar, please.
V. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+补足语(SVOC)
某些及物动词除了要求带宾语外,有时还需要有一个成分补充说明该宾语的动作、状态、特征等,意思才完整,这个成分称为宾语补足语。
1. We call the baby Xiao Hua.
2. What causes an object to fall to the ground?
Grammar Exercises:
Write SV, SVP, SVO, SVOO or SVOC after each of the following sentences:
1. Explain the new words and expression in English, please.
2. To learn English well is no easy matter.
3. Do you mind my opening the back door?
4. Such an arrangement won’t make him satisfied.
5. People elected him the representative of the district.
6. Could you tell me the way to the railway station?
7. There are thousands of islands on the earth.
8. Radar can help airplanes land safety.
9. There seems no need to go now.
10. Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research.
Answer:
1.(S)VO
2. SVP
3. SVO
4. SVOC
5. SVOC
6. SVOO
7. SV
8. SVOC
9. SV 10. SVOC
Verb Tenses
(动词的时态)
英语动词从时间上看,有现在、过去、将来以及过去将来之分。从体上看,有一般、进行、完成以及完成进行之区别。所谓“体”指的是事情在某一时间的进程或状态。动词的时间与体的结合即动词时态。
英语时态共有十六种,现以动词write为例,将其十六种形式列表如下:
这里我们讲解常用的十二种时态,其他时态可以在此基础上进行类推。
一、一般现在时(simple present tense)
主要有以下用法:
1.表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常和often, always, usually, sometimes, every day, once a week等时间状语连用,例如:
He takes a walk after supper every day.
How often do you wash your hair?
2.表示主语的特征、性格、能力等,例如:
She has great concern for others.
Mary hates fish and never eats any.
3.表示客观事实或普遍真理,例如:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Japan lies to the east of China.
4.表示安排或计划好的将来发生的动作,例如:
The plane takes off at 10:00 am.
When does the train leave for Shanghai?
5.在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作,例如:
I can’t leave unless my boss agrees.
When you see her, just tell her that I am all right.
6.代替过去时表示某些文学作品中的情节描写,或用来引述书刊材料,例如:
The little boy goes up to the policeman and says, “There’s a car accident over there.”
二、一般过去时
一般过去时(simple past tense)主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语,yesterday, last week, three years ago,in 1978等连用。例如:
She bought a Santana last week.
She often came to help me at that time.
三、一般将来时