新GRE写作1

新GRE课程强化班之AW写作
●1. 测试形式:
●时间: 30m
●话题: 一般性话题(哲学, 宗教, 政治, 艺术, 自然, 历史, 教育等)进行批判性写作, 无专业性考查.
●E ach issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here.
●2. 测试内容:
●指令性写作(controlled writing)
●A lso, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions. It is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.
●指令1（P115）: Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.
●典型题:
●A s people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.
●M any important discoveries or creations are accidental; it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come acorss the answer to another.
●I n most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.
●H uman mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human mind.
●指令分析:
●此类题目陈述了一个或多个事实, 或是一种观察以及感觉,
考查此类事实陈述的正误两面.
●指令2: Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.
●典型题:
●T eachers’ salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.
●C olleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.
●指令分析:
●此类题目通常提出了某种解决问题的方法或建议, 考查此类建议的实施在现实环境下的利弊.
●指令3:Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.
●典型题:
●T he best way to teach-whether as an educator, employer, or parent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.
●E very individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.
●S candals-whether in politics, academia, or other
areas-can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.
●指令分析:
●此类题目通常提出或蕴含了某种好坏或是非的评判(如useful, worthwhile, effective等). 考查个人对原论点的评
判以及与此个人评判对立的想法.
●指令4: Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.
●典型题:
●Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.
●Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.
●S ome people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.
●指令分析:
●此类题目提出两个对立的观点或看法, 考查评论两方观点之后表明自己的观点倾向.
●指令5: Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reasons on which that claim is based.
●典型题:
●C laim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.
●R easons: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.
●C laim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.
●R eason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.
●C laim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.
●R eason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.
●指令分析:
●此类题目通常提出或蕴含了某种因果关系, 常见形式为基于某种原因, 得出某种结论或主张, 考查原题的因果关联。

●思考：correlation是否一定为causal relation?
●指令6: Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain
how these consequences shape your position.
●典型题:
●E ducational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.
●G overnments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.
●指令分析:
●此类题目通常提出了某种政策或决定, 考查执行此政策之后可能产生的结果或影响。

●测试实质: 两面兼顾性写作以体现思想的丰富性和深刻性.
●3. 测试标准
●S core 6 (outstanding)杰出
●S core 5 (strong) 强有力
●S core 4 (adequate) 合格
●S core 3 (limited) 有局限
●S core 2 (seriously flawed) 严重错误
●S core 1 (fundamentally deficient)完全不符合要求
●S core 0
●标准1－complexity: 避免绝对化的分析, 多角度分析事物的两面性。

●标准2－insightful position: 表达的观点要自圆其说, 其次
才是新颖独到, 不落俗套。

●(The graduate community also values students who can illustrate through their essays not just how thoroughly they memorize and recall citations, but how much original thinking they do show how they differ from their fellow test-takers.)
●注意－思想的表达禁区:
●回避怪异性, 保持冷静、公正、客观.
●回避闭合性, 保持“开放性”思想.
●回避散漫性, 保持一定的敏捷速度, 在有限的时间内获取思想的成果.
●标准3－conveys meaning skillfully: “形式逻辑”和”内容逻辑”并重.
●S ample one（P119）
●首段－position
●正文段1－先提正
●正文段2－再提反
●正文段3－因人因题合
●末段－conclusion
●标准4－compelling reasons: 理由设计充分有力, 具有强大的说服力.
●标准5－persuasive examples: 用来支持reason 的例证, 使抽象的reason具体化, 形象化.
●注意－有效回避雷同探测器（similarity-detector）
●雷同的范围涵盖文章的论点, 所用的语句以及所援引的例证. 但主要还是举例说明部分出现的类似之处, 而非论点与结论部分.
●已经评过分的样卷内容以及来源于正式出版物中的语句也被视为禁区(计算相似度的百分比)
●E TS的雷同探测器取消2003年64个中国和韩国考生的成绩的公开信：
●罪状1－段落及句子中语言近似, 文章的结构雷同
●罪状2－文章中出现了已发表的作品的句子和例证
●罪状3－没能给出作者自己的思想及事例以阐释他们的批判性思维(critical thinking)
●补充阅读:
●U.S. News and World Report: 刊登对当前热门事件的议论
●R eason: 意识形态和文化领域的文章
●T he New Yorker: 艺术, 人文, 社会和热门文化方面的文章●T he Futurist: 有关文化和技术动向的文章
●标准6－well-focused: 不跑题(off-point). 中心论点明确, 分论点都围绕文章的中心论点展开.
●标准7－well-organized: 分段论述, 运用起承转合等手段
连结分论点, 深化主题.
●标准8－connecting ideas logically: 使用过渡性词汇以及过渡句. （P123）
●标准9－effective vocabulary: 词汇储备量要达到考试要求, 积累有效的论证词汇.
●文章用词: 400w
●词汇选择: 多音节词汇达到6%-8%(如
extremely/extraordinarily/out-of-date等)
●词汇功能: 性质类/例证类/因果类/影响类
●性质类:
●i mportant/crucial/significant/fundamental
●s uperior/inferior
●b eneficial/detrimental
●p roficient/awkward
●p ositive/negative
●i maginable/inconceivable
●c ontradictory/satisfactory
●例证类:
●f or instance
●a case in point/such as/like
●a s an illustration
●a contributing factor
●a compelling evidence
●因果类:
●a rise from/derive from/stem from起因于
●l ead to/result in/bring about导致
●c ontribute to造成
●b ase on/build on/depend on/rely on依赖于
●c onsequently/therefore因此
●a s a result/as a consequence
●标准10－sentence variety: 长短句结合, 主被动句结合,
肯否定句结合.
●长短结合造句法
●短句: 适合观点和结论(如主题句和结论句)
●长句: 适合描写和说理(如扩展句）
●1）各类从句
●2）修辞手段
●从句练习
●例1－Happiness is a butterfly, which, when you pursue, is always beyond your grasp; but which, if you sit down quietly, may alight upon you.
●幸福就是一只蝴蝶, 当你追逐时总是追不到; 但是当你静静地坐下来时, 它就会飞落到你的身上.
●例2－I would like now to apologize to all the people for all the suffering that has been caused and the problems that have arisen from this. I would like to apologize to all the ladies and to all their families, for any harm or hurt that they’ve been feeling,I’m sorry.I
would like to apologize to my mother and my father,for the pain and suffering that I cost them during these past few weeks.
●练笔：
●S ome people succeed. Other people fail. The difference is not the number of opportunities. It is whether they can take advantage of opportunities.
●P173
●状语从句:
●时间状语: when, before, after, until
●地点状语: where(ever)
●条件状语: if, on condition that, as long as
●原因状语: because, as, since
●结果状语: so/such…that
●让步状语: although(much as), even if(though),
while(whereas)
●例3－Much as I disapprove of what you say, I defend to the death your right to say it.
●尽管我不赞成你说的话, 但我誓死捍卫你说话的权利.
●例4－While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits, I argue that they can greatly influence our attitudes, moods, and even life styles
●练笔：
●尽管我们可以自夸自己的鉴赏力如何敏锐，但我们已经无法独立自主地选购自己所需的东西了，因为广告在我们身上施
加着一种潜移默化的影响。

●N o one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want，for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
●例5－What China needs today is not more morals, but more prisons for the politician. (林语堂)
●今天中国需要的不是更多的道德教育, 而是给政客设更多的监狱.
●例6－Whether a joke is funny or not depends largely on where a man has been brought up. (新概念三册)
●注意：it引导的主语从句
●I t is +名词+ that…
●I t is a fact that…
●I t is a truth universally acknowledged that…
●I t is +形容词+that…
●I t is crucial that…
●I t is essential that…
●I t is +分词+that…
●I t is reported that…
●I t has been suggested that…
●练笔：
●世人皆知的事实是，一个有钱的单身男人一定还想要寻找一个妻子。

（Pride and Prejudice）
●I t is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a large fortune must be in want of a wife.
●修辞练习:
●例1－排比对偶（P181）
●练笔：Books introduce us into the best society: they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said; we see them as if they were really alive;我们对他们的遭遇表示同情,
与他们悲喜与共, 他们的经历成了我们的财富.
●W e sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them and their experience becomes ours.
●例2－分词（P181）
●例3－明喻（P182）
●例4－暗喻（P182）
●练笔:
●决策性的思考正如打扑克牌—不仅取决于你在想什么, 而且还包括别人认为你在想什么, 以及你认为他们会想你在想什么.
●D ecision thinking is not unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.
●历史是一张由故事, 观点和谜团交织成的网, 真相被掩盖于杂乱的网中. 我们是蜘蛛, 在网上爬来爬去, 寻找可以形成自己观点的事实,
可是却发现它们淹没在千丝万缕纠缠不清的网中.
●History is a tangled web of stories, opinions, and mysteries. True facts are hidden by the mess found in the web. We are spiders, climbing around the web, searching for facts so that we can make our own opinions, yet only to find them drowning
among everything else that has gotten tangled inside.
●以读促写：新概念三册
●Many leaders of government always go into ruptures at the mere mention of artististic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth. But is it really the case？The information I have collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastucture projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority. （设问式）
●新概念27课：It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. （排比句）
●圣经
●D on’t judge, and you will not be judged.
●D on’t condemn, and you will not be condemned.
●G ive, and you will be given.
●F orgive, and you will be forgiven.
●毛姆－我所过的没做过的事情都不重要。

成功不重要，失败不重要。

生命无意义，死亦无意义。

（否定句式）
●W hat I have done and left undone hardly mattered. Success is unimportant and failure amounts to nothing. Life is insignificant and death of little consequence.
●标准11－Grammar: 语法标准, 充分展现标准书面语的语法规范.
●S core 4: 接受12个不影响英语理解的小错
●s core 5: 接受10个不影响英语理解的小错误
●s core 6: 接受6-8个不影响英语理解的小错误
●书面语的语法规则
●1. 意合变形合
●中文意合: 内容至上(结构松散, 语气随意)
●英文形合: 结构至上(语气缜密, 思维精细)
●时态/语态/语气
●2. 直线变螺旋
●中文直线: 插入语少
●英文螺旋: 插入语丰富(P179)
●例1: Merry-go-round, a popular game in most amusement parks, which enables people to pursue each other yet keeping permanent distance, is the cruelest in the world. (名词解释)
●例2：Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. (分词)
●O ur high-tech life, combined with the accelerated pace
and insecurity, has fostered a culture that seems to be always working, always rushed, always connected. (附加条件)
●我们高科技的生活, 连同现代工作的快节奏和不安全感, 形成了一种永远忙碌, 永远紧密相连的文化.
●例4：A man’s heart, if without breeding, knowledge and practice, is like a piece of land even if it is fertile, it cannot produce any fruit. (省略句)
●一个人的心灵, 即使天生肥沃, 但若不经耕耘, 知识和播种, 也是结不出果实的荒地.
●练笔：一个人的外表--姿势、手势以及脸部表情--可以充分显示其个性以及他对自己和周围人的看法。

然而，外在装扮有可能在自觉或不自觉的情况下欺骗对方。

●A person’s appearance－postures, gestures and facial expressions－can be a good indication of not only his or her character, but also how he or she views himself or herself and the people around him or her. Those things, however, may be consciously or unconsciously fooling others.
●3. 前置变后置
●中文前置: 前置性定语修饰, 句尾闭合.
●英文后置: 后置性定语修饰, 句尾开放.
●例: 形容词后置
●北方有佳人: In the north of China dwells a lady fair, standing alone out of nowhere.
●分词后置:
●例1: That one day even the state of Mississipi, a desert state sweltering with the heart of injustice, sweltering with the heart of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice: I have a dream. (by Martin Luther King)
●这个饱受压迫和不公正待遇的荒漠之地也会变成一片自由和正义的绿洲.
●例: 世上没有什么曾被发明的东西, 如一本好书一般, 能够提供如此无限的回报于我们所付出的时间.
●N othing ever invented, as a good book, provides such infinite rewards for the time spent.
●Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or_____________.(来源于大众迁移活动产生的问题)
●problems arising from mass migration movements.
●National issues grow more complex daily. So, too, do we have to depend on higher education for both the skills and the knowledge在新的氛围下对个人成功来说必要的?
●necessary to one’s individual success in this new clima te?
●1. 初级阶段—大量输入, 发散思维
●(1)大量输入题库
●题库压缩: 将题眼关联的题目归入一组, 归纳其要点和例证的一致性.
●例1: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today because the world today is significantly意味深长地; 值得注目地more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.
●题眼: 历史无用论
●例2: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today because we are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.
●题眼: 历史无用论
●例3: Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental有害的to society.
●例4: In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.
●题眼: 竞争的利弊分析
●例5: One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.
●例6: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.
●例7: The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its
youth.
●题眼: 个体可以用来说明整体
●(2)有效输入范文, 积累写作素材
●范文的三大看点:
●看思路
●看论证
●看语言
●策略1—引用权威(authority)
●A lexander/Nicholas/Augustine, one of the
greatest_____in____, once remarked, “…”
●C onfucius, one of the greatest thinkers in ancient China, said, “No parking here.”
●课外练笔:大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科, 因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正教育的最好途径.
●1948年,梁思成在清华大学作了<<半个人的时代>>的演讲,针对文理分家的现象提出, 只懂技术(technology),不谙人文(humanity), 是空心人; 侈谈人文, 不晓科技, 是边缘人(fringe of the society).
●课外练笔:从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富, 范围更加广阔.
●H istories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.（Francis
Bacon）
●读书如果有上述的诸多好处，为什么人类的历史却是一部不断在现实世界中探索的历史？航海，地质考察等等。

●策略2—逸闻趣事（anecdote)
●H istory is replete with numerous examples.
●T here is no better illustration than my own experience.
●T aking a look around, we find examples too numerous to list.
●练笔:多转播政府运作是否对社会有利?
●Body 1:
●主题句: 转播所有政府程序会引发负面作用.
●扩展句: 这方面的例子是美国对所指控的谋杀者, 前美式足球全国联赛超级明星O.J. Simpson的审判. 审判全程直播, 成为媒体一大焦点, 在整个进程中吸引了全国的注意力. 律师们清楚地知道, 整个审判程序被转播, 他们的所作所为几乎像在电影里演戏那样. 媒体的聚光灯如此穷追不舍, 以至于那种马戏团般的氛围甚至波及到主审法官.
●结论句: 电视镜头的存在以及密集的媒体报道效果致使这场审判史
无前例, 严重影响到这次审判的正常进程. 参与者在镜头面前装腔作势, 根本不专注于手头应做的工作.
●One example of the possible negative effects of televising all governmental proceedings was the trial in the United States of accused murderer and former National Football League superstar O. J. Simpson. The trial was televised and became a huge media spec tacle, captivating the nation’s attention during the entire trial. Attorneys were well aware that the proceedings were being televised and almost behaved as if they were acting in a movie. The spotlight was so unrelenting that the circus atmosphere affected even the judge.
●T he presence of television cameras and the effect of the intense media coverage led to a trial like no other, and adversely affected the natural progression of the trial. The participants played to the camera rather than focusing on the task at hand.
●课外练笔:
●1. 这个世界上没有人能够靠墨守成规而获得成功(cut one’s feet to fit into an elaborate shoe)
●2. 通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛(He is only good at paper work)
●3. 当今社会, 外表比外表下的内容更重要(send the worthy man to the worthy State)
●策略3—类比(analogy)
●Sample 1:It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generation.
●正文段2: On the other hand, it also would be an unwise decision if it is decided that no money would be allocated for long-term research for keeping a
long-term healthy society. Long-term research, like exercises for long-term health, which will prolong one’s life and improve one’s health status, will improve the quality of a society, give people in this society better conditions, and benefit future generations too.
●One must not wait until the happening of a problem to prepare for resolving it. This is similar to the development of a software program. Money for immediate problems is like money for software maintenance, which is used for bug seeking and emergent problems solving; the money for long-term research is similar to the money for software design, which will help to produce a better program, and thus reduce the money needed for maintenance.
●Sample 2: 现代文化具有多变性
●Modern culture is, rather, the image of an eternally playful and eternally youthful power that makes order whether order is there or not and that having made one order is quite capable of putting it aside and creating an entirely different one the way a child might build one structure from a set of blocks and then without malice and purely in the spirit of play demolish it and begin again.
●现代文化则表现出永恒的顽皮和青春活力, 不论事物有无秩序都能
创造出一个秩序来, 而一旦创造出某个秩序后又将其搁置一旁, 再创造出另一个与之绝然不同的秩序, 就像小孩子玩积木游戏一样, 他可以用一套积木搭一个建筑, 然后不带任何恶意, 纯粹为了玩耍而把它毁掉, 重新搭建.
●课外练笔:天才儿童是否应该被极早发现并培养?
●教书就像医生写药方(prescribe a drug), 应该是在对病人身体状态非常仔细而谨慎诊断的基础上来开出药方, 也就是说当老师的应该根据学生的状态来决定他教授的方式和方法.
●2. 强化阶段—限时写作, 实战演练
●(1) 提高速度
●键盘处理的速度
●写作流程的速度
●(2)提升质量
●语言表达的质量: accuracy and variety
●遣词(P169)
●造句(P194--196)
●课外练笔(P173)
●F ormal writing书面语措辞练习
●1. 名词化主语
●比较:
●I am hungery.—Hunger seizes me.
●I see a wall.—A wall catches my attention.
●I f you go from here for 5 minutes, you will see the Yellow Crane Tower.—A 5-minute walk from here may bring you to the Yellow Crane Tower.
●E TS官方范文:
●修改前:了解过去有助于把握明天.
●I f we understand past, we can grasp future better.
●修改后: A better understanding of the past leads to the firmer grasp of the future.
●修改前: 取得成功的必须抓住身边的每一次机会.
●I f you want to succeed, you must catch every chance that comes along.
●修改后: The surest path to success is to catch every chance that comes along.
●修改前: 过多依赖技术必然会抑制人类思考的能力.
●H uman beings depend too much on technology, their thinking ability will deterioate.
●修改后: More reliance/dependence on modern technology will surely inhibit the ability of human to think.
●仿写:
●依然记得从你脸上滑下的泪伤心欲绝。

●I still remember the heart－ripping tears rolling down from your cheeks.
●T he memory of your heart-ripping tears still lingers in my mind.
●我能想到的最浪漫的事就是和你一起慢慢变老。

●I can think of the most romantic thing is to become old with you slowly and slowly.
●N o romance is more romantic than aging together with you hour by hour, day by day，millennium by millennium.
●真题演练: Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.
●家长经常且直接地和老师以及校长交流(communicate), 可以让家长得知究竟一个老师是否称职.
●D irect and frequent communication with teachers and principals can sometimes give parents all the information that they need to decide whether a teacher is properly fit for the job.
●真题演练: We learn through direct experience: to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.
●以间接的方式获得(acquire)的知识通常会给人错觉(delusion), 以为自己的知识面很宽, 而实际上并非如此.
●T he indirect acquisition of knowledge often gives the individual the illusion that he or she possesses much liberal knowledge when, in fact, he or she does not.
●3. 冲刺阶段—精雕细琢, 改写模板
●模板的标准
●兼具个性化与动态化
●具有普遍适用性
●难度适中。