避孕与流产英文ppt精解 117页 Contraception and Abortion
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➢ Ancient Greeks: magic, superstition, herbs ➢ Egyptians: fumigating female genitalia,
tampon soaked in herbal liquid & honey, inserting a mixture of crocodile feces, sour milk, & honey ➢ South Africa: insert vegetable seed pods ➢ Africa: insert a grassy cervical plug ➢ Persia: insert alcohol soaked sponges ➢ Greece: insert empty pomegranate halves
➢ Majority of U.S. pregnancies are not planned and most are a result of not using contraception
➢ Factors increasing motivation to use contraception: ❖good communication with partner, ❖lower cost, ❖effectiveness rates, ❖frequency of intercourse, ❖motivation to avoid pregnancy, ❖side effects, ❖openness about sexuality
➢ Complete the handout entitled “Contraception Values Clarification.
➢ After you have completed the handout, discuss your response in small groups.
Introduction
Contraception in the U.S.: 1800s and Early 1900s
➢ Concern in early 1800s was to curb poverty by controlling fertility
➢ 1873 Comstock laws prohibited dispersing information about contraceptives, including by doctors
FDA Approval Process
➢ 3 phases ❖Phase 1: 20-80 volunteers to test effectiveness ❖Phase 2: several hundred to test effectiveness, side effects, risks ❖Phase 3: hundreds to thousands are tested for generalization
make the contraceptive decisions; for some it is the responsibility of both
Choosing a Method of Contraception
FDA Approval Process Lifestyle Issues
FDA Approval Process
➢ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must formally approve the method
➢ 10-14 year process to develop a new contraceptive drug
➢ Drug company submits a new drug application demonstrating safety in animal tests & a desire to conduct human trials
Contraception use is affected by
➢ Social issues – e.g. desired family size ➢ Economic issues ➢ Knowledge & misinformation ➢ Religion ➢ Gender ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱoles & power – in some areas, men
Contraception and Abortion
Agenda
➢ Discuss History and Considerations Associated with Methods
➢ Discuss Contraception Methods ➢ Discuss Abortion
Class Exercise: Contraception Values Clarification
➢ Animal trials are conducted throughout the process
Class Discussion: Lifestyle Issues Associated with Contraceptive
➢ The following factors seem to be associated with choosing a contraceptive method: ❖Own health & risks ❖Number of sexual partners ❖Frequency of intercourse ❖Risk of acquiring a STI ❖Responsibility level ❖Method cost ❖Advantages & disadvantages of the method
Contraception: History
Contraception in Ancient Times Contraception in the U.S.: 1800s and
Early 1900s Contraception Outside the U.S.
Contraception in Ancient Times
tampon soaked in herbal liquid & honey, inserting a mixture of crocodile feces, sour milk, & honey ➢ South Africa: insert vegetable seed pods ➢ Africa: insert a grassy cervical plug ➢ Persia: insert alcohol soaked sponges ➢ Greece: insert empty pomegranate halves
➢ Majority of U.S. pregnancies are not planned and most are a result of not using contraception
➢ Factors increasing motivation to use contraception: ❖good communication with partner, ❖lower cost, ❖effectiveness rates, ❖frequency of intercourse, ❖motivation to avoid pregnancy, ❖side effects, ❖openness about sexuality
➢ Complete the handout entitled “Contraception Values Clarification.
➢ After you have completed the handout, discuss your response in small groups.
Introduction
Contraception in the U.S.: 1800s and Early 1900s
➢ Concern in early 1800s was to curb poverty by controlling fertility
➢ 1873 Comstock laws prohibited dispersing information about contraceptives, including by doctors
FDA Approval Process
➢ 3 phases ❖Phase 1: 20-80 volunteers to test effectiveness ❖Phase 2: several hundred to test effectiveness, side effects, risks ❖Phase 3: hundreds to thousands are tested for generalization
make the contraceptive decisions; for some it is the responsibility of both
Choosing a Method of Contraception
FDA Approval Process Lifestyle Issues
FDA Approval Process
➢ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must formally approve the method
➢ 10-14 year process to develop a new contraceptive drug
➢ Drug company submits a new drug application demonstrating safety in animal tests & a desire to conduct human trials
Contraception use is affected by
➢ Social issues – e.g. desired family size ➢ Economic issues ➢ Knowledge & misinformation ➢ Religion ➢ Gender ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱoles & power – in some areas, men
Contraception and Abortion
Agenda
➢ Discuss History and Considerations Associated with Methods
➢ Discuss Contraception Methods ➢ Discuss Abortion
Class Exercise: Contraception Values Clarification
➢ Animal trials are conducted throughout the process
Class Discussion: Lifestyle Issues Associated with Contraceptive
➢ The following factors seem to be associated with choosing a contraceptive method: ❖Own health & risks ❖Number of sexual partners ❖Frequency of intercourse ❖Risk of acquiring a STI ❖Responsibility level ❖Method cost ❖Advantages & disadvantages of the method
Contraception: History
Contraception in Ancient Times Contraception in the U.S.: 1800s and
Early 1900s Contraception Outside the U.S.
Contraception in Ancient Times