管理英语3

History Module: The Historical Roots of Contemporary Management Practices
True/False
1. Organized activities and managers have been with us since the Industrial Revolution. (F; Moderate; p. 22)
2. It has only been in the past several hundred years that management has undergone systematic investigation, acquired a common body of knowledge, and become a formal discipline. (T; Easy; p. 22)
3. Adam Smith argued for the economic advantages that organizations and society would reap from the division of labor. (T; Easy; p. 23)
4. The classical approach to management can be broken into two subcategories: scientific management and behavioral management. (F; Challenging; p. 23)
5. The theory of scientific management included the concept that there was "one best way" for a job to be done. (T; Moderate; p. 23)
6. Although Taylor spread his ideas to many countries, his greatest influence was on German automobile production. (F; Moderate; p. 24)
7. Frank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in reducing the number of motions in bricklaying. (T; Moderate; p. 25)
8. Max Weber stated fourteen principles of management—fundamental or universal truths—that could be taught in schools and universities. (F; Moderate; p. 26)
9. Weber's bureaucracy was characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. (T; Challenging; p. 26)
10. According to Fayol, centralization refers to the degree of which subordinates are involved in decision making. (T; Moderate; p. 27; Ex. HM-2)
11. Fayol's principle that every employee should receive orders from only one superior is referred to as scalar chain.(F; Easy; p. 27; Ex. HM-2)
12. Robert Owen argued that money spent on improving labor conditions was one of the best investments that business executives could make. (T; Moderate; p.
28)
13. Hugo Munsterberg is best known for his work on the Hawthorne Studies. (F; Moderate; p. 29)
14. The most important contributions to the human resources approach to management came out of the Hawthorne studies. (T; Challenging; p. 30)
15. Chester Bernard proposed ideas that abridged classical and human resources viewpoints. He believed that organizations were made up of people who had interacting social relationships. (T; Moderate; p. 29)
16. Maslow argued that needs could be satisfied in different orders for
different people. (F; Moderate; p. 31)
17. Theory X presents a negative view of people while Theory Y presents a positive view. (T; Easy; p. 31)
18. The common thread that united human relations supporters was pessimism about people's capabilities. (F; Moderate; p. 31)
19. Operations research evolved out of mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems during World War II. (T; Moderate; p. 32)
20. The common thread in the ideas of Taylor, Gilbreth, Fayol, and Weber was an increased concern for employee satisfaction. (F; Easy; p. 33)
21. The application of scientific management principles contributed to raising the standard of living of entire countries. As an example more people were able to own more homes. (T; Challenging; p. 34)
22. The classical view of management treated organizations and people as machines. (T; Moderate; p. 34)
23. The process approach to the study of management views organizations as
a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged to produce a unified whole. (F; Challenging; p. 35)
24. The open systems approach recognizes the dynamic interaction of the system with its environment. (T; Easy; p. 36)
25. The manager's job excludes the interests of all stakeholders except those within the organization. (F; Easy; p. 36)
26. Organizational survival often depends on successful interactions with the external environment. (T; Moderate; p. 36)
27. Employees, customers, suppliers, labor unions, and government agencies are examples of stockholders. (F; Moderate; p. 36)
28. Popular contingency variables that have a significant effect on what managers do are organizational size and environmental uncertainty. (T; Moderate; p. 37; Ex. HM-5)
Multiple Choice
29. _____ refer(s) to the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks.
a. Division of labor
b. The Hawthorne studies
c. Separation of duties
d. Scientific management (a; Easy; p. 23)
30. Machine labor was substituted for human power
a. in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.
b. during the Industrial Revolution.
c. in Weber's bureaucracy.
d. in open systems. (b; Moderate; p. 23)
31. The two subcategories of the classical approach to management are scientific management and
a. human resource management.
b. behavioral management.
c. general administration theory.
d. bureaucracy. (c; Moderate; p. 23)
32. _____ is the term used to describe the hypotheses of the scientific management theorists and the general administrative theorists.
a. Contingency approach
b. Human resources
c. Human relations
d. Classical approach (d; Easy; p. 23)
33. Which of the following individuals is most closely associated with scientific management?
a. Frederick Taylor
b. Mary Parker Follett
c. Harold Koontz
d. Max Weber (a; Easy; p. 23)
34. Which of the following is not one of Taylor's principles of management?
a. Use science, not rule-of-thum
b.
b. Allocate work to workers so managers only oversee.
c. Scientifically select, train, teach, and develop the worker.
d. Cooperate with workers to ensure work is done according to principles of scienc
e. (b; Challenging; p. 24)
35. Taylor sought to create a mental revolution by creating clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. He argued that following these principles would result in the prosperity of both _____ and _____.
a. owners; management
b. management; stockholders
c. management; workers
d. owners; workers (c; Moderate; p. 24)
36. _____ refers to a classification scheme developed by the Gilbreths to label basic hand motions.
a. Widget
b. Brick-step
c. Therblig
d. G-motion (c; Easy; p. 25)
37. Although they wrote during the same period, Taylor was a scientist while _____ was a practitioner.
a. Weber
b. Maslow
c. McGregor
d. Fayol (d; Challenging; p. 26)
38. All of the following are included in Fayol's fundamental principles of management except
a. equality.
b. order.
c. initiative.
d. authority. (a; Moderate; p. 27; HM-2)
39. All of the following are included in Fayol’s fundamental principles of management except
a. scalar chain.
b. Equity.
c. division of work.
d. multiplicity of direction. (d; Easy; p. 27)
40. Weber's ideal bureaucracy includes all of the following features except
a. division of labor.
b. training.
c. impersonality.
d. career orientation. (b; Moderate; p. 27; HM-3)
41. _____ created the field of industrial psychology.
a. Max Weber
b. Frederick Taylor
c. Hugo Munsterberg
d. David McClelland (c; Moderate; p. 29)
42. Mary Parker Follet was a social philosopher who taught that organizations should be based on _____ rather than _____.
a. individualism; group ethic
b. ethics; profits
c. efficiency; profits
d. group ethic; individualism (d; Challenging; p.
29)
43. Which of the following is not true about the Hawthorne studies?
a. They were initially devised to examine the effect of illumination level on worker productivity.
b. Elton Mayo and his associates were the researchers associated with the studies.
c. One conclusion was that group influences did not significantly affect individual behavior.
d. The conclusions of the studies led to a new emphasis on the human factor in attaining organizational goals. (c; Challenging; p. 30)
44. Dale Carnegie taught that the way to success was to follow all of these except:
a. Make others feel important through a sincere appreciation of their efforts.
b. Make a good first impression.
c. Change people by praising good traits and giving the offender the opportunity to save face.
d. Create a sound business plan. (d; Moderate; p. 31)
45. From which focus have the contributions of team-based compensation systems, design of jobs, organizational cultures, high-performance teams, conflict management, and attitude surveys derived?
a. scientific management
b. behavioral science
c. human resources
d. classical (c; Challenging; p. 32)
46. All of the following are quantitative approaches to management except
a. optimization models.
b. information models.
c. linear programming.
d. meta-analysis. (d; Moderate; p. 32)
47. The management theory jungle was developed by
a. Maslow.
b. Herzberg.
c. Ouchi.
d. Koontz. (d; Moderate; p. 35)
48. All except which of the following are components of the process approach to management?
a. planning
b. organizing
c. controlling
d. negotiating (d; Moderate; p. 35)
49. Which of the following is not one of the integrative frameworks that have evolved to help organize the subject matter of management?
a. process approach
b. function approach
c. systems approach
d. contingency approach (b; Moderate; p. 35)
50. Which of the following approaches is used most frequently in organizing management subject matter?
a. process approach
b. function approach
c. systems approach
d. contingency approach (a; Challenging; p.
35)
51. The _____ approach focuses on a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
a. process
b. function
c. systems
d. contingency (c; Moderate; p. 36)
52. _____ are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.
a. Closed systems
b. Open systems
c. Structured systems
d. Non-structured systems (a; Easy; p. 36)
53. Today it is assumed that organizations will be _____ systems.
a. closed
b. open
c. structured
d. non-structured (b; Easy; p. 36)
54. Labor unions, employees, suppliers, customers, clients, and public interest groups are all examples of
a. management constituencies.
b. stockholders.
c. stakeholders.
d. business owners. (c; Moderate; p. 36)
55. Groups that are affected by organizational decisions and policies are known as
a. management constituencies.
b. stockholders.
c. stakeholders.
d. business owners. (c; Easy; p. 36)
56. Which of the following approaches recognizes differences among organizations and categorizes variables that affect an organization's performance?
a. process approach
b. function approach
c. systems approach
d. contingency approach (d; Easy; p. 37)
57. Which of the following is not a variable that is considered when using the contingency approach to management?
a. organization size
b. individual differences
c. environmental uncertainty
d. management experience (d; Moderate; p. 37; Ex. HM-5)
58. Focusing on the degree of uncertainty caused by politics, technology, and the economy would fall under which of the following contingency variables?
a. organization size
b. individual differences
c. environmental uncertainty
d. management experience (c; Moderate; p. 37; Ex. HM-5)。