高中英语语法系统讲解之三介词和连词
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高中英语语法系统讲解之三
介词和连词
介词
一. 介词的语法作用
用来表明名词、代词与句中其他词的关系的词叫介词。介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词及其宾语在句中作定语、状语、表语及宾语补足语等成分。如The key to the door is missing.(定语) Marx stayed in Belgium for some time and then went to France.(状语) Japan is to the east of China.(表语)
Make yourself at home.(宾语补足语)
二. 介词的分类
1. 根据介词的构成形式可将介词分为以下几类:
简单介词:at, by, for, in, on, from, during, past等
复合代词:out of, onto, into, insede, without等
短语介词:because of, instead of, in front of, by the end of等
双重介词:from behind, from around, till after等
动词的-ing形式介词:including, considering, regarding, concerning等
2. 根据介词的意义可将介词为以下几类:
○1表示方位和空间关系的介词:at, round, in, over, below, in front of, outside, among, away from, around, on, under, above, behind, inside, near to, off, beyond, past, across, over, up, opposite
○2表示时间的介词:at, in, around, between, since, during, till, after, on, about, round, for, until, by, before, from …to …
○3表示工具、手段、方式等的介词:like, in, with, by
○4表示其他含义的介词:without, besides, with, except, instead of
三. 常用介词的用法
1. 表示时间的介词
○1at, in, on和by
A. at的用法:
a.时间的一点、时刻等,如at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreak
b. 较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,如at Christams,
at New Year, at the Spring Festival
B. in的用法:
a. 表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等),
如in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning
b.表示在一段时间之后,如I’ll be back in an hour.
C. on的用法:
a.用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如on October 1st,
on a rainy day, on National Day
b.用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。如on the eve of victory (胜利前夕),on the morning of January 3rd, on
the afternoon of his arrival
c. 准时、按时on time
D. by的用法:
a. 表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”,如He must have arrived there by now.
b. 表示“在……间”“在……时间”,如He worked by day and slept by night.
温馨提示:当时间名词前被this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。
○2after与in
二词均可表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。
A. in的用法:
in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。
如My father will be back from abroad in three days.
B. after的用法:
a.与表示一段时间的词连用,常与过去时态的谓语动词连用,这时相当于“一段时间+ later”如He left home
and went to the front after two days / two days later.
b.与表示时间点的词连用,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。
如I’ll go and see her after three o’clock.
易错误区:“in the past”意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如In the past, no villagers dared do that;“in the past / last + 时间段”意为“在过去的……中/ 内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时态连用。如In the past / last few years, great changes have taken place in this village.
○3during, for, from和since
during除具备in表时间段的用法外,还可指在某一活动过程中,如during the night,during the fire,during the meeting。for后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为状态持续了多久,如I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. from接时间点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短,如My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. since接时间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用,如I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993.
2. 表示空间和方位的介词
○1above, over, on, below, under, beneath
A. above侧重于相对水平高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。如The sun is above the mountain in the east. The position he pointed to was below the sea level.
B. over侧重于垂直高度,即位于正上方,其反义词是under。如Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it.
C. on侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是beneath。如There are some stamps on the desk.
○2across, over, through, past
四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿,穿越”,表示运动发生在物体的表面;over意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发生在物体的上方;through意为“穿过,通过”,表示运动发生在某物的空间;past意为“从旁边经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。
如The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.
After the meeting, I went past the past office straight to my home.
○3at, in, on 三者均表示地点,“在……处”
A. at
a.用于指较小的地方,如We’ll meet each other at the park.
b.用于门牌号码前,如My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road.
B.in 用于指较大的地方,如She lived in Hong Kong for 20 years.
C.on 一般指与面或线接触,如Put the pictures on the wall.
○4near, by, beside, at 四个词都表示“在……附近”,但侧重点不同。
A. near表示相对的“近”,而实际距离可能并不近。