宁波大学2611医学分子生物学考博真题试题2017年
2019年宁波大学考博试题2611医学分子生物学(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1.分子生物学2.细胞周期检查点3.单倍型不足4.功能克隆5.基因工程6.Structural gene7.Autophagy8.Molecular chaperon9.Ubiquitination10.Gene therapy二、选择题（每题1分，共30分）1.基因的基本概念不包含以下内容A.是核酸分子中贮存遗传信息的基本单位B.是RNA和蛋白质相关遗传信息的基本存在形式C.是指编码RNA和蛋白质多肽链序列信息D.是表达这些信息所必需的全部核苷酸序列E.是蛋白质和核酸的复合体2.真核生物基因的调控序列不包括A.增强子B.OCT-1C.GC盒D.外显子E.TATA盒3.以下哪个不是人类基因组计划的内容A.代谢图B.遗传图C.物理图D.转录图E.序列图4.反式作用因子的活性调节不包括以下方式A.表达式调节B.反馈调节C.配体结合D.蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用E.共价修饰(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学5.细胞周期调控涉及四个检查点，但不包括以下哪一个A.G0期检查点B.S期检查点C.G2期检查点D.G1-S期检查点E.M期检查点6.有关细胞周期蛋白说法，不正确的是A.CDK可以磷酸化cyclinB.cyclin D可与CDK4/6结合，促使RB磷酸化C.cyclin E可与CDK2/3结合，促使细胞通过G1-S检查点D.cyclin A浓度在细胞周期是固定不变的E.cyclin B是M期重要的调节蛋白7.细胞凋亡具有重要作用，以下描述哪点不正确A.凋亡能够清除衰老和损伤的细胞B.胞质蛋白交联使凋亡小体稳定C.凋亡的发生不需要ATP的参与D.核DNA的降解是非随机性的E.免疫细胞可引起凋亡8.视网膜母细胞瘤与以下哪个肿瘤抑制基因突变有关A.BRCAB.TP53C.RCCD.RB1E.APC9.下列有关不同基因组DNA复制的共同机制，说法错误的是A.基因组DNA都有固定的复制起始点B.以复制子为基本单位进行复制C.半保留复制D.半不连续复制E.通过复制中间体完成复制10.端粒酶主要组分包括A.DNAB.蛋白质C.DNA和蛋白质D.RNA和蛋白质E.RNA(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学11.真核生物基因组DNA复制的特点，以下说法错误的是A.需要解开和重新组装核小体B.有多个复制起始点C.全部DNA复制完成后方可启动下一轮复制D.线粒体DNA通过滚环模式复制E.采用特殊的机制来复制端粒12.以下物质不会引起DNA损伤的有A.紫外线B.甲硫氨酸C.硫酸二乙酯D.5-FUE.亚硝酸盐13.不适合选作基因工程药物表达体系的是A.大肠杆菌B.酵母C.线虫D.昆虫杆状病毒E.中国仓鼠卵巢细胞14.能引起应激反应的因素是A.夏天高温B.机械撞击C.紫外线D.蛋白质E.以上全部15.属于细胞水平应激反应的是A.氧化应激B.表达热激蛋白C.急性期应激反应D.凝血蛋白的增加E.血浆白蛋白聚集16.可能引起基因治疗风险的基因导入方法是A.脂质体法B.直接注射C.慢病毒D.受体介导基因转移E.以上全部17.下列哪个是普遍存在于真核基因中的RNA剪接的识别信号A.GC-AT法则B.AG-GT法则C.GT-AG法则D.GT-AC法则E.GG-AA法则18.导致蛋白质合成提前终止的是下列哪种突变A.同义突变B.错义突变C.无义突变D.反义突变E.移码突变19.基因诊断和其它诊断比较，最主要的特点是A.费用低B.周期短C.取材方便D.针对致病基因E.无需设备20.PCR的特异性主要取决于A.循环次数B.模板量C.DNA聚合酶活性D.引物特异性E.扩增温度(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学21.可用于检测单链DNA的分子杂交技术是指A.Eastern印迹B.Northern印迹C.Southern印迹D.Western印迹E.Dot印迹22.RNA的二级结构是指：A.双螺旋结构B.发夹结构C.三维结构D.倒L型结构E.超螺旋23.核酸分子的一级结构是指：A.核苷酸的数目B.核苷酸的排列顺序C.氢键的数目D.磷酸二酯键的位置E.核苷酸的种类24.在原核生物转录起始阶段中，有下列哪类酶发挥作用：A.RNA聚合酶全酶B.RNA聚合酶核心酶C.同工酶D.双功能酶E.异构酶25.在原核细胞操纵子结构中，没有表达产物的DNA序列是：A.调节序列B.结构基因C.操纵序列D.外显子E.以上都对26.在翻译过程中，tRNA把以下哪个（些）分子联系起来：A.氨基酸B.mRNAC.rRNAD.A和BE.A和C27.在转录延长过程中，RNA聚合酶与DNA模板的结合是：A.全酶与模板结合B.核心酶与模板特定位点结合C.结合状态相对牢固稳定D.结合松弛有利于RNA聚合酶向前移动E.通过氢键结合28.电子显微镜下观察到原核生物转录过程的羽毛状图形，说明：A.可见复制叉B.转录产物RNA与模板DNA形成很长的杂化双链C.多聚核糖体生成必须在转录完成后才出现D.转录没终止即开始翻译E.说明有内含子(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学29.关于遗传密码，以下哪点不正确：A.方向性B.简并性C.通用性D.AUU是终止密码子E.无标点符号30.原核生物蛋白质合成的起始阶段与mRNA结合的核糖体小亚基是：A.30SB.40SC.60SD.70SE.80S三、论述题（每题10分，共30分）1.试述真核生物基因组的特点。
(完整版)分子生物学考博历年试题
2009年山东大学考博–分子生物学试题by admin on 2010年01月25日· 2 commentsin 专业真题一、名词解释：1、顺式作用元件；2、模序与结构域；3、岗崎片段；4、Southern Blotting；5、遗传密码的简并性和摇摆性二、简答：1、基因治疗中常用病毒载体类型及特点？2、IP3-PKB介导的受体信号转导途径？3、蛋白质（酶）活性的快速调节方法有哪些？举三例说明磷酸/脱磷酸化是酶活性快速调节的重要方式。
4、细胞死亡受体蛋白的分类，组成成员的作用？5、细胞周期Cdk的调控作用。
6、原核生物DNA复制后随链合成中参与的酶和蛋白质及作用？7、举出5种类型RNA并简述其作用。
三、论述：1、原核生物和真核生物表达调控的层次有哪些？调控机制。
2、原核生物和真核生物DNA复制的起始、延长和终止有哪些不同点？复制过程参与的因子及功能？08中科院分子生物学试题1、表观遗传，及调控方式，还有蛋白质通过哪些共价修饰调控其功能？2、蛋白质与DNA结合的方法和比较，EMSA和DNase1足迹法？3、密码子改造研究新蛋白药物，原理，关键和方法4、设计研究未知基因（预测两个跨膜区域）功能的实验方案（不低于4个）5、质粒改造原则6、诱导全能干细胞的方法，实验方案等。
（去年的nature上发表的）个人认为除了第二和五题之外，其它的题目都属于一骑绝尘的，要么会，要么不会，想蒙是绝对没门的。
这门专业课能及格，我想都不错了，特别是1，3，6题。
不知道大家做的如何，反正第一题，我是意思都没看懂，不知道连续的3问是不是指1个东西。
还是最后1问是单独的，与前面的2问无关2008年中科院动物所生物化学与分子生物学博士题一名词解释密码子的变偶性程序性死亡冈崎片断单克隆抗体基因治疗 SD序列移码突变 Z型DNA 蛋白质组学反向PCR二大题简述真核生物5’帽子结构和功能。
简述NO作为信号分子的调节作用。
运用你所学的知识和可能的实验经验，研究一个新基因的生理功能。
微生物学 宁波大学 2017年博士研究生考博真题
三、论述题 （共 3 题，总 34 分）
1. 什么叫微生物生态？测定一传统自然发酵食品微生物种群多样性有哪些现代分子生物学 方法？从微生物生长与代谢角度分析讨论自然发酵食品优良品质形成或质量变劣的原理。 （12 分） 2. 什么是菌种的衰退和复壮？菌种衰退的主要现象及防止菌种衰退的方法？如何进行菌种 的复壮？ （10 分） 3. 乳酸菌在工业应用有哪些？若要从自然界中筛选一种乳酸菌，请你设计一种筛选方案（主 要实验步骤） ，并说明这些操作的依据原理或目的。 （12 分）
二、简答题
（共 8 题，每题 6 分共 48 分）
1.比较初级代谢产物与次级代谢产物的区别与联系。 2.比较琼脂与明胶的异同点。 3.比较拮抗与竞争，并分别用案例说明。 4.化能异养微生物以葡萄糖为底物进行生物氧化的四条途径指哪些？ 5. 写出下列菌种或属的中文名称。 Lactobacillus casei；Bifidobacterium breve；Aspergillus oryzae; Penicillium; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Staphylococcus aureus 6. 举例二种以上微生物。为什么分子氧对厌氧微生物有毒害，分析其作用机理。 7. 写出三种以上微生物生长量的测定方法。影响微生物生长的条件有哪些？ 8. 比较转化与转导的区别。
宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码 :Fra bibliotek3819
科目名称：
微生物学
一、名词解释
1.发酵
（共 9 题，每题 2 分共 18 分）
2. Complete medium 3. Continuous culture 4. 同型乳酸发酵 5. 革兰氏染色法 6. 准性生殖 7. 细菌 L 型 8. 营养缺陷型 9. 菌苔
分子生物学试题考博历年考题复习题问答题集锦最全
1．写出分子生物学广义的与狭义的定义，现代分子生物学研究的主要内容，以及5个分子生物学发展的主要大事纪（年代、发明者、简要内容）。
广义上:分子生物学包括对蛋白质和核酸等生物大分子结构与功能的研究、以及从分子水平上阐明生命的现象和生物学规律。
狭义概念:既将分子生物学的范畴偏重于核酸（基因）的分子生物学，主要研究基因或DNA结构与功能、复制、转录、表达和调节控制等过程。
其中也涉及到与这些过程相关的蛋白质和酶的结构与功能的研究。
现代分子生物学研究的主要内容有：基因与基因组的结构与功能，DNA的复制、转录和翻译，基因表达调控的研究，DNA重组技术，结构分子生物学等。
几个分子生物学发展的主要大事纪（年代、发明者、简要内容）:1.1944年,著名微生物学家Avery 等人在对肺炎双球菌的转化实验中证实了DNA是生物的遗传物质。
这一重大发现打破了长期以来，许多生物学家认为的只有象蛋白质那样的大分子才能作为细胞遗传物质的观点，在遗传学上树立了DNA是遗传信息载体的理论。
2.1953年，是开创生命科学新时代具有里程碑意义的一年，Watson和Crick发表了“脱氧核糖核酸的结构”的著名论文，他们在Franklin和Wilkins X-射线衍射研究结果的基础上，推导出DNA双螺旋结构模型，为人类充分揭示遗传信息的传递规律奠定了坚实的理论基础。
同年，Sanger历经8年，完成了第一个蛋白质——胰岛素的氨基酸全序列分析。
3.1954年Gamnow从理论上研究了遗传密码的编码规律, Crick在前人研究工作基础上，提出了中心法则理论，对正在兴起的分子生物学研究起了重要的推动作用。
4.1985年,Saiki等发明了聚合酶链式反应(PCR)2. 作为主要遗传物质的DNA具有哪些特性，研究DNA一级结构有什么重要意义？ DNA拓扑异构体之间互变异构依赖于什么？简述真核生物的染色体结构，它们是如何组装的？有几种组蛋白参与核小体的形成？作为遗传物质的DNA具有以下特性：①贮存并表达遗传信息；②能把遗传信息传递给子代；③物理和化学性质稳定；④有遗传变异的能力。
浙江大学医学分子生物学(乙)2017年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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浙江大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学分子生物学（乙） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
载体的特点 DNA 甲基化 蛋白质修饰及特征 2016 诺贝尔生理学奖 选择性剪接方式 翻译过程及参与因子 yap 蛋白检测， 肝癌中表达及证明 基因编辑及 knock down 基因克隆的具体步骤？ 遗传密码特点 PCR 用途 基因诊断的特点与优势
。什么是选择性剪接，有什么意义，什么是长链非编码 DNA，分类和意义。06 年诺贝尔 奖的是什么及为什么获奖。什么是 knock down 及基因编辑，两者的区别及意义。设计一 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้磷酸化 127 的实验及在肝癌中起的作用。克隆载体的特点。什么是 DNA 甲基化，两种 实验方法。
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2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
2018年宁波大学考博试题2611医学分子生物学(A卷)
二、选择题（每题 1 分，共 20 分）
1. 最早提出基因(gene)名词的学者是 A. Mendel B. Johannsen C. Morgen D. Sanger E. Watson
2. 人类基因组的特点不包括 A. 含有许多高度重复性序列 D. 较为复杂 3. 以下哪个不是顺式作用元件 A. 启动子 B. 增强子 C. 操纵子 D. 沉默子 E. 绝缘子 B. 具有断裂性 E. 有核外基因 C. 高度不稳定性
12. 可能引起基因治疗风险的基因导入的方法是 A. 脂质体法 B. 直接注射 C. 慢病毒 D. 受体介导基因转移 E. 以上全部
13. 以下有关基因组复制的说法，不正确的是： A. 真核 DNA 复制酶常见的有 5 种，分别是 Polα，Polβ，Polγ，Polδ，Polε B. Pol α 和引发酶复合物合成 RNA-DNA 引物 C. Pol δ 负责 DNA 随从链的复制和 DNA 损伤修复 D. 真核生物 DNA 链延伸不需要 Pol α E．Pol α、Pol β、Pol γ、Pol δ 和 Pol ε 等较为常见 14．真核 DNA 复制调节相关的因子不包括： A. Cyclin B. CDK C. tRNA D. 端粒 E. rRNA
20. 著名美籍华裔科学家简悦威在 1978 年首次应用 DNA 重组技术对实现了对哪种遗传性疾病的 产前基因诊断 A.镰刀形细胞贫血 B.苯丙酮尿症 C.血友病 D. Fanconi 贫血 E.白血病
三、论述题（每题 10 分，共 30 分）
1．试述 PCR 的基本原理及用途。 2. 什么是细胞凋亡？ 细胞凋亡有哪些基本特征？简述线粒体在介导细胞凋亡中的作用。 3. 什么是基因诊断？与其它诊断方法相比，基因诊断的特点有哪些？
生物化学与分子生物学 宁波大学 2017年博士研究生考博真题
10. RACE
二、简答题 （共 30 分）
1. 简述蛋白质的一、二级结构，并举一个例子说明蛋白质一级结构与功能的关系。(6 分) 2. 试比较原核生物和真核生物启动子结构的差别。（6 分） 3. 什么是基因表达？可用哪些技术来检测基因表达？（8 分） 4. 简述三羧酸循环与糖、脂和蛋白质三大物质代谢的关系。(10 分)
宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码:Biblioteka 2607科目名称：
生物化学与分子生物学
一、名词解释（每题 4 分，共 40 分）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. protein denaturation SDS-PAGE housekeeping gene anticodon reverse transcription genetic central dogma transgene Real-Time PCR RNA editing
第 1 页 共 1 页
三、分析题（30 分）
采用 PCR 技术从大黄鱼基因组 DNA 中扩增 A 基因片段并检测，大致实验步骤如下。 1． 基因组 DNA 提取：请说明 DNA 提取过程中的要点，并说明如何从电泳结果判断基因组 DNA 质量。（10 分） 2． 引物设计：已知基因 A 片段序列如下，请根据此序列下划线标示区设计上下游引物。 （10 分） GAGGTTGTTCGAAGGATTGGAACCGGTATAAGGGCGTTAGACGGCG…………CCTTCTAC GACGTCGTCGTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCGTCTGAACAATAGTGGACGAACCACG 3. PCR 扩增：请写出 PCR 扩增常用反应体系和反应程序。（10 分）
浙江大学医学博士考试分子生物学(乙)历年真题
浙江大学医学博士考试分子生物学（乙）2005-2015年真题2015年分子生物学（乙）1.什么是基因转录？什么是基因表达？两者区别？（10分）2.染色质状态改变的机制，基因选择性开关的可能临床应用。
（10分）3.什么是RNA剪接？什么是RNA编辑？什么是选择性剪接？（10分）4.如果组织中某种蛋白表达量很低，如何获得高浓度的这种蛋白？（10分）5.什么是非编码RNA？有哪些？长链非编码RNA的功能。
（10分）6.什么是遗传？什么是表观遗传？表观遗传的分子机制。
（10分）7.核酸测序的发展史，当代最主流的测序技术在分子生物学中的应用。
（10分）8.如何确定P53蛋白和蛋白X有相互作用。
（10分）9.什么是超分辨率荧光显微镜（2014年诺贝尔化学奖）？在分子生物学中的应用？你想拥有怎样的显微镜？（10分）10.从分子水平上设计试验证明镉对血管有损伤作用。
（10分）2014年分子生物学（乙）1.图示基因表达过程并指出调控关键点。
10分2.蛋白质现实中以三级以上结构存在，为什么教科书中从蛋白质一、二级结构写起？10分3.什么是siRNA、miRNA，其作用的异同点？10分4.什么是γH2AX，为什么可用于DNA损伤的检测？8分5.解释细胞自噬过程。
7分6.DNA、RNA、蛋白质相互作用的方式及涉及的分子生物学现象。
10分7.设计试验使得人源性基因在大肠杆菌中高表达。
10分8.什么是PM2.5？设计试验从细胞水平研究其特点及作用机制。
10分9.曹操家族基因研究发现，曹操非汉相曹参后代，同时推翻了曹操为夏侯氏抱养而来的说法。
请你写一篇科普小论文介绍其中的一些分子生物学知识并证明你的结论。
10分10.2013诺贝尔奖，囊泡运输的知识。
15分2013年分子生物学（乙）浙大考博分子生物学名词解释（全中文，9题，36分）：细胞骨架、细胞增殖、干细胞、细胞分化、细胞膜的跨膜转运、信号肽、自噬小体、蛋白激酶、呼吸链。
1.细胞连接的概念，分类及特点。
精编版-2017年浙江宁波大学生物化学考研真题
2017年浙江宁波大学生物化学考研真题一、名词解释（共 40 分，每小题 4 分）1．蛋白质盐析作用2．米氏常数3．肽键平面4．蛋白质双向电泳5．酶原激活作用6．RNA 编辑7．分子伴侣8．半不连续复制9．noncompetitive inhibition of enzyme10．tricarboxylic acid cycle（TCA cycle）二、单项选择题（共 50 分，每小题 2 分）1．下列哪种氨基酸最有可能位于球状蛋白分子的表面？A．Leu B．Asp C．Ala D．Met2．人血清蛋白中，清蛋白的 pI=4.64，在 pH=8.60的缓冲溶液中进行电泳时，清蛋白：A．向正极移动 B．向负极移动 C．静止不动 D．向两极移动3．核酸对紫外线的最大吸收峰在哪一个波长附近？A．300nm B．280nm C．260nm D．210nm4．将 RNA 转移到硝基纤维素膜上的技术叫：A．Western blotting B．Southern blotting C．Eastern blotting D．Northern blotting 5．在人体内，氨最终的代谢去路主要为：A．渗入肠道 B．肾脏泌氨 C．肝脏合成尿素 D．生成谷氨酰胺6．维持 DNA 二级结构稳定的主要因素是：A．盐键 B．糖苷键 C．磷酸二酯键 D．碱基堆积力7．如果质子不经过 F1-F0-ATP 合成酶回到线粒体基质，则会发生：A．氧化作用 B．解偶联作用 C．还原作用 D．偶联作用8．用寡聚脱氧胸苷（Oligo dT）纤维素柱层析分离真核生物 mRNA 是属于：A．亲和层析 B．离子交换层析 C．分配层析 D．薄层层析9．一分子乙酰 CoA 经三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化彻底氧化，净生成的 ATP 数目为：A．4 B．8 C．10 D．1510．人类嘌呤代谢的最终产物是：A．尿酸 B．尿素 C．尿囊素 D．氨11．三碳糖、六碳糖和七碳糖之间相互转变的糖代谢途径发生在：A．磷酸戊糖途径 B．三羧酸循环 C．糖异生 D．糖酵解12．合成脂肪酸的原料乙酰 CoA 以哪种方式被转出线粒体？A．丙酮酸 B．柠檬酸 C．苹果酸 D．草酰乙酸13．在肝脏组织中，线粒体外的 NADH+H+ 经穿梭作用进入线粒体内氧化，能产生几个 ATP？A．1.0 B．1.5 C．2.5 D．3.514．在生物体中，编码20种氨基酸的密码子数目是多少？A．20 B．24 C．61 D．6415．在核糖体上，没有以下哪种物质的结合部位？A．mRNA B．氨基酰-tRNA C．肽酰-tRNA D．氨基酰-tRNA 合成酶16．在糖代谢过程中，由己糖激酶催化的反应的逆反应所需要的酶是：A．葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 B．果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶 C．磷酸果糖激酶 D．磷酸化酶17． tRNA 在发挥其功能时，最重要的两个部位是：A．反密码子和反密码子环 B．氨基酸臂和 T C 环C．氨基酸臂和反密码子环 D．T C 环和反密码子环18．下列关于 RNA 分子中“5′-Cap”结构的叙述，哪一项是正确的？A．存在于 tRNA 的反密码环中 B．存在于 tRNA 的5′末端C．5′-Cap 由多聚腺苷酸组成 D．存在于真核细胞 mRNA 的5′末端19．在蛋白质和核酸分子测序方面，作出突出贡献且两次获得诺贝尔奖的科学家是：A．J. Watson B．F. Sanger C．L. Pauling D．J. Sumner20．脂肪酸从头合成途径的限速酶是：A．缩合酶 B．乙酰 CoA 羧化酶 C．β-酮脂酰-ACP 还原酶 D．α,β-烯脂酰-ACP 还原酶21．紫外线对 DNA 的损伤主要是：A．导致碱基置换 B．造成碱基缺失 C．引起 DNA 链的断裂 D．形成嘧啶二聚体22．在凝胶过滤层析（分离范围5000-400000）中，下列哪个蛋白最先被洗脱出来？A．细胞色素 C（13370） B．肌球蛋白（400000）C．过氧化氢酶（247500） D．血清清蛋白（68500）23．在接近中性 pH 条件下，即可作为质子受体，也可作为质子供体的基团是：A．His-咪唑基 B．Lys-ε-氨基 C．Cys-巯基 D．Arg-胍基24．氨中毒引起肝昏迷的原因是：A．氨对肝功能的损害 B．氨对肾功能的损害C．氨对心肌功能的损害 D．氨对脑组织功能的损害25．下列对于糖异生作用的叙述，哪点是错误的?A．主要发生在肝脏 B．可以解决乳酸中毒的忧患C．在动物体中，乙酰辅酶 A 可以净转化为葡萄糖 D．反应步骤大部分是糖酵解的逆反应三、问答题 (60 分)1. 什么是蛋白质的一、二、三、四级结构？分别举例说明蛋白质的一级结构与功能、空间结构与功能的关系。
宁波大学医学分子生物学2017--2020年考博初试真题
宁波大学2020年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码：2611总分值：100科目名称：医学分子生物学
一、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）
1.蛋白质磷酸化
2.分子伴侣
3.DNA甲基化
4.半保留复制
5.非编码RNA
6.细胞衰老
7.抑癌基因
8.基因诊断
9.计算基因组学
10.基因编辑
二、选择题（每小题1分，共15分）
1.以下有关基因组复制的说法，不正确的是：
A.真核细胞DNA复制酶常见的有5种，分别是Polα，Polβ，Polγ，Polδ，Polε
B.Polα和引发酶复合物合成RNA-DNA引物
C.Polδ负责DNA随从链的复制和DNA损伤修复
D.真核生物DNA链延伸不需要Polα
2.真核DNA复制调节相关的因子不包括：
A.Cyclin
B.CDK
C.tRNA
D.端粒
3.DNA损伤不包括：
A.碱基丢失
B.碱基突变
C.DNA连接
D.DNA链断裂
4.DNA损伤修复途径不包括：
A.互补配对
B.重组修复
C.错配修复
D.切除修复
5.以下有关蛋白质折叠说法错误是：
A.蛋白质折叠形成其天然构象才具备生物学功能
B.蛋白质既可以自发折叠也可以伴侣蛋白参与折叠
C.新合成的蛋白不需要分子伴侣，而变性蛋白需要分子伴侣协助
D.原核生物蛋白和真核生物蛋白折叠所需的伴侣蛋白类型不同
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高分子化学 宁波大学 2017年博士研究生考博真题
宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码 :
2609
科目名称：
高分子化学
一、 选择题（每小题 2 分，共计 10 分）
1 ． 下列各组单体中，发生体型缩聚的单体有（ ） A 丙三醇和苯酐 C 己二酸和己二胺 B 对苯二甲酸和乙二醇 D ω－氨基酸 ） 。
五、讨论分析题 （13 分）
高分子材料以其加工简便、造价低廉、密度小、比强度高等一系列优点，在国民经济各个 领域都获得了越来越多的广泛应用。请从力学性能、防腐、海产养殖、油污处理等角度出发， 浅谈高分子材料在海洋经济中将发挥何种重要作用？中国发展海洋战略又会对高分子材料提出 何种要求？
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，聚酯、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、
，重均分子量为
。 、 、单体、水等四组分组成，工业配方则要复杂 和自由基聚合。而硝基乙烯、偏二腈乙烯等
6. 乳液聚合最基本的配方，由
8. PVC向单体链转移的CM是单体中最高的一种，约10-3，所以，聚氯乙烯的平均聚合度主要取
宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
4. 既能进行阳离子聚合，又能进行阴离子聚合和自由基聚合的单体是（ 5．在海水作用下，涤纶树脂的醇解是______反应。 A 功能化 B 聚合度相似转变 C 化学降解 D 改善性能
宁波大学生物化学2016年考博真题
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宁波大学 2016 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(B 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业:
生物化学 生物医学信息处理
科目代码： 2611
5. 对丙酮酸激酶缺乏症患者来说，测定其生理生化指标之前，你预示会发生下列那种现象？（ ） A：血红蛋白对氧亲和力升高 B：血红蛋白对氧亲和力降低 C：2，3-二磷酸甘油酸水平下降 D：2，3-二磷酸甘油酸水平不变 6. 下列哪种酶在糖酵解和糖异生两条途径中都能起作用？（ ） A：丙酮酸激酶 B：丙酮酸羟化酶 C：3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 D：1，6-二磷酸果糖酶 7. 胞质中合成脂肪酸的限速酶是（ ） A：β-酮脂酰合成酶 B：水化酶 C：乙酰 CoA 羟化酶 D：脂酰转移酶 8. 内源性甘油三酯主要由于下列哪一种血浆脂蛋白运输？（ ） A：CM B：LDL C：VLDL D：HDL 9. 下列哪一种氨基酸是生酮氨基酸？（ ） A：丙氨酸 B：异亮氨酸 C：亮氨酸 D：络氨酸 10. 在 DNA 损伤修复中，哪一种修复可能导致高的异变率？（ ） A：光修复 B：切除修复 C：重组修复 D：诱导修复
（二）选择题（18 题，每题 1 分，共 18 分）
1. 一条含有 105 个氨基酸残基的多肽链，若只存在 α-螺旋，则其长度为：（ ） A：15.75nm B：37.80nm C：25.75nm D：30.50nm 2. 唾液淀粉酶经透析后，水解淀粉的能力显著降低，是因为（ ） A：酶蛋白变性 B：失去了激活剂离子 C：失去了辅酶 D：酶量减少 3. --会受到二硝基苯酚的抑制（ ） A：柠檬酸循环 B：苹果酸穿梭 C：糖酵解 D：氧化磷酸化 4. 线粒体的标志酶是下列哪一种？（ ） A：葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶 B：琥珀酸脱氢酶 C：腺苷酸环化酶 D：乳酸脱氢酶
2019年宁波大学考博试题2607生物化学与分子生物学(A卷)
二、 问答题（共 40 分）
1. 什么是核酸的熔解温度 Tm，其影响因素有哪些？（6 分） 2. 什么是蛋白质的二级结构？至少说出两种二级结构类型和特点（8 分） 3. 什么是酶活力和比活力？测定酶活性时候要注意哪些问题？（8 分） 4. 简述 PCR 和 qPCR 的相同点和不同点。（8 分） 5. 什么是蛋白组？蛋白组分析的主要技术和原理是什么？（10 分）
宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 2607 总分值： 100 科目名称：
生物化学与分子生物学
一、 名词解释 （选答 10 个，多答不给分，每个 4 分，共 40 分）
1. Isoelectric point 2. Semi-conservative replication 3. Expressed sequence tag 4. Zymogen activation 5. cipitation 6. Promoter 7. Transcription factor 8. β-oxidation of fatty acids 9. Western blotting 10. Transfection 11. Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination 12. Affinity chromatography
三、论述题（20 分）
RNA 的加工和修饰影响细胞的多种功能，随着高通量测序和其他生物技术的发展， 新的加 工和修饰类型被发现，请说出真核生物 mRNA 转录后加工修饰的类型及其意义（至少四种）。
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宁波大学微生物学2013--2018,2020年考博初试真题
宁波大学2020年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)宁波大学2018年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码: 3819 科目名称：微生物学第 1 页共1 页考试科目:微生物学科目代码：3819适用专业:水产资源综合利用一、简答题（共40分，每题10分）1、请你谈谈微生物的分类，并简述微生物分类鉴定有哪些方法2、叙述ELISA的基本实验过程，并解释其原理？3、大肠杆菌、酵母、乳酸菌在有氧和无氧条件下将丙酮酸分解生成的产物是什么？并列出其中关键的酶。
4、光能自养微生物、光能异养微生物、化能自养微生物、化能异养微生物的碳源和能源各是什么？二、问答题（共60分，每题15分）1、设计一种肉类发酵剂的筛选方案，简述其理由。
2、如何分析腐败变质鱼的原因菌，设计方案并解释原理。
3、如何从自然界中分离筛选出产蛋白酶活力较高、能在肠道内存活的乳酸杆菌?4、微生物污染食品的途径及其控制措施第1页共1页考试科目:微生物学科目代码：3819适用专业:水产资源综合利用一、名词解释（24分，每题3分）1、质粒：2．HMP途径：3．同型乳酸发酵：4．点突变：5．Continuous culture：6．有氧呼吸：7．抗体：8．营养缺陷型：二、简答与问题（共76分）1、简述微生物吸收营养物质的方式（12分）2、简述微生物分类的依据（12分）3、试述革兰氏染色的机理（12分）4、分析以下几对概念的区别（16分）4.1分生孢子与细菌芽孢4.2菌株与菌落4.3Complete medium和Minimal medium：4.4消毒与防腐：5、简述微生物在发酵乳制品主要风味物质形成中的作用（12分）6、简述酵母菌在以淀粉为主原料制造酒类的发酵原理及黄酒、啤酒和葡萄酒生产的基本工艺原理（12分）第1页共1页考试科目:微生物学科目代码：3819适用专业:水产资源综合利用一．名词解释（每题3分，共18分）1．子囊孢子2．溶源细胞3．次级代谢产物4．基本培养基（MM）5．稀释平板计数法6．极端微生物二、比较题（每题6分，共24分）1．琼脂与明胶2．有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸3．巴氏消毒法与灭菌4．Isolation and fermentation三、简答题（28分）1．写出几种微生物生长量的测定方法？测定的原理分别是什么？（6分）2．氧气对专性厌氧微生物具有毒害作用的基本原因，请加以简要分析。
高分子物理 宁波大学 2017年博士研究生考博真题
二. 作图题（每题 10 分， 2 题，共 20 分）
1. 分别绘制非晶线形聚合物和非晶交联聚合物的形变-温度曲线， 标出其转变温度和力学状态。 2. 聚合物的结晶速率与温度的关系如何，受什么因素控制？请作图加以说明。
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宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码:
3821
科目名称：
高分子物理
一．选择题（每题 2 分，10 题，共 20 分）
1. 以下聚合物熔点温度最高的是（） A 聚乙烯； B 聚丙烯； C 聚丁烯； D 聚辛烯 2. 以下哪个公式可以计算时温等效曲线的平移因子（） A WLF 方程； B Arrhenius 方程 C Avrami 方程 D Fox 方程 3. 橡胶的拉伸模量是剪切模量几倍（） A 1； B 2； C 3； D4
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码:
3821Βιβλιοθήκη 科目名称：高分子物理
三. 计算题（每题 10 分， 4 题，共 40 分）
1. 已知某聚合物的特性粘度与分子量符合 0.03M 0.5 式，并有 M1 104 和 M 2 105 两单分散级 分。现将两种级分混合，欲分别获得 M n 55,000 和 M w 55,000 及 M 55,000 的三种试样。试求 每种试样中两个级分的重量分数应取多少？ 2. 在 308K 聚苯乙烯溶于 溶剂环己烷中，溶液浓度为 c = 7.36× 10-3 kg· L-1，测得其渗透压为 24.3 Pa，试根据 Flory-Huggins 溶液理论，求此溶液的 A2 、 1 和 PS 的平均分子量，并说明该 分子量是哪种统计平均分子量？ 3.有一未硫化生胶，已知其粘度为 1010 Pa· S，模量为 109 Pa，做应力松弛实验，施加 100 Pa 的 原始应力，求此实验开始后 5s 的残余应力。 4.某聚合物玻璃化温度为 0 oC， 在 40 oC， 其熔体粘度为 2.5× 106 Pa· S， 请计算其在 0 oC 和 50 oC 时的粘度。 四. 论述题 (每题 10 分， 2 题，共 20 分) 1.现有高密度聚乙烯和低密度聚乙烯两种式样，请设计两种不同的实验方法来鉴别这两种样 品，并说明选择该方法的依据。 2.什么是强迫高弹形变？非晶聚合物和结晶聚合物的强迫高弹形变有何异同?
2016年宁波大学考研博真题3824分子生物学
入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：3824适用专业:生物医学信息处理一、名词术语6题，每题4分，共24分1.报告基因：2.穿梭质粒载体：3.扣除杂交：4.严紧反应：5.DNA酶Ⅰ超敏位点：6.整合感染：二、选择题15题，每题1分，共15分1:tRNA的反密码子与mRNA的密码子之间的摇摆配对主要由下面哪类碱基配对引起的：（）A：C·AB：C·UC：G·AD：G·U2：核糖体的E位点是；（）A：真核mRNA加工位点B：tRNA离开原核生物核糖体的位点C：核糖体中受EcoRⅠ限制的位点D：真核mRNA起始结合位点3：下列哪个核糖体RNA分子是原核生物特有的：（）A：5.8S RNAB：23S RNAC：18S RNAD：28S RNA4.测定蛋白质在DNA上的结合部位的常见方法是（）A：Western印记B：PCRC：限制性图谱分析D：DNaseⅠ保护足印分析入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：3824适用专业:生物医学信息处理5.在乳糖操纵子的安慰诱导物是（）A：乳糖B：半乳糖C：异构乳糖D：异丙基硫代半乳糖苷6.下列哪个操纵子中没有衰减子序列（）A：trp操纵子B：lac操纵子C：his操纵子D：thr操纵子7.以下的蛋白质结构域中，哪一类不是直接与DNA分子相结合的（）A：锌指结构B：亮氨酸拉链C：同源异构域D：螺旋-转角-螺旋8.某一家族的与G蛋白偶联的腺苷酸环化酶的基因有缺陷，试问下面哪一种激素（）的功能将会受到影响A：甲状腺素B：皮质醇C：胰岛素D：肾上腺素9.当前基因治疗研究中，研究者倾向于使用的载体是：（）A：质粒B：腺病毒C：噬菌体D：YAC10.EST序列本质上是：（）A：基因组DNAB：cDNA序列C：mRNA序列D：多肽序列入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:分子生物学科目代码：3824适用专业:生物医学信息处理11.从酵母中克隆到一段DNA序列具有类似原核生物DNA复制起始点的功能，即：（）A：USRB：LTRC：ARSD：ORF12.原核蛋白合成中起转移位酶作用的是？（）A:EF-TsB:EF-TuC:EF-GD:以上都不对13.在DNA的错配修复中，修复系统是根据（）来判断子链和母链的（）A:甲基化B:乙酰化C:磷酸化D:糖基化14.研究promoter DNA与蛋白质RNA聚合酶分子间相互作用不适合的方法是（）A:gel mobility assayB:run off transcriptionC:DNA footprintingD:DNA fingerprinting15.蛋白激酶C催化蛋白质上氨基酸残基的磷酸化，它是（）A:ThrB:AspC:TycD:His三、多选题5题，每题2分，共10分1.DNA多聚体的形成要求有模板和一个自由3’-OH端的存在。