历届美国数学建模竞赛赛题
历届美国数学建模竞赛赛题(汉语版)
历届美国数学建模竞赛赛题, 1985－2006AMCM1985问题-A 动物群体的管理AMCM1985问题-B 战购物资储备的管理AMCM1986问题-A 水道测量数据AMCM1986问题-B 应急设施的位置AMCM1987问题-A 盐的存贮AMCM1987问题-B 停车场AMCM1988问题-A 确定毒品走私船的位置AMCM1988问题-B 两辆铁路平板车的装货问题AMCM1989问题-A 蠓的分类AMCM1989问题-B 飞机排队AMCM1990问题-A 药物在脑内的分布AMCM1990问题-B 扫雪问题AMCM1991问题-A 估计水塔的水流量AMCM1992问题-A 空中交通控制雷达的功率问题AMCM1992问题-B 应急电力修复系统的修复计划AMCM1993问题-A 加速餐厅剩菜堆肥的生成AMCM1993问题-B 倒煤台的操作方案AMCM1994问题-A 住宅的保温AMCM1994问题-B 计算机网络的最短传输时间AMCM1995问题-A 单一螺旋线AMCM1995问题-B A1uacha Balaclava学院AMCM1996问题-A 噪音场中潜艇的探测AMCM1996问题-B 竞赛评判问题AMCM1997问题-A Velociraptor(疾走龙属)问题AMCM1997问题-B为取得富有成果的讨论怎样搭配与会成员AMCM1998问题-A 磁共振成像扫描仪AMCM1998问题-B 成绩给分的通胀AMCM1999问题-A 大碰撞AMCM1999问题-B “非法”聚会AMCM1999问题- C 大地污染AMCM2000问题-A空间交通管制AMCM2000问题-B: 无线电信道分配AMCM2000问题-C：大象群落的兴衰AMCM2001问题- A: 选择自行车车轮AMCM2001问题-B：逃避飓风怒吼（一场恶风…）AMCM2001问题-C我们的水系-不确定的前景AMCM2002问题-A风和喷水池AMCM2002问题-B航空公司超员订票AMCM2002问题-C蜥蜴问题AMCM2003问题-A: 特技演员AMCM2003问题-C航空行李的扫描对策AMCM2004问题-A：指纹是独一无二的吗？AMCM2004问题-B：更快的快通系统AMCM2004问题-C：安全与否？AMCM2005问题-A：.水灾计划AMCM2005问题-B：TollboothsAMCM2005问题-C：.Nonrenewable ResourcesAMCM2006问题-A：用于灌溉的自动洒水器的安置和移动调度AMCM2006问题-B：通过机场的轮椅AMCM2006问题-C：在与HIV/爱滋病的战斗中的交易AMCM85问题-A 动物群体的管理在一个资源有限，即有限的食物、空间、水等等的环境里发现天然存在的动物群体。
美赛历年赛题
美赛历年赛题
美国数学建模竞赛（MCM/ICM）自1985年创办以来已有35年的历史，每年都会发布三个模型问题供参赛选手在限定时间内进行研究和解答。
经过不断发展和完善，MCM/ICM成为了世界范围内最具影响力的数学建模竞赛之一。
以下是MCM/ICM历年来的一些典型赛题：
1985年 MCM A题：研究在给定经济情况下，如何规划BMW公司未来的生产计划及车型。
1987年 MCM A题：在地球上一个非常均匀的平面，建立一个小型城市，考虑各种环境因素如何影响城市的设施和功能。
1991年 MCM D题：分析社会上性别和种族歧视。
1997年 MCM C题：分析为什么珊瑚礁的污染问题比林区污染问题显得更为严重。
2002年 MCM A题：研究货轮舱位的装载问题，最大化收益同时保证船上货物负荷均衡。
2006年 MCM A题：建立模型研究地球大气环境中的水循环，探究人类活动对水循环的影响。
2010年 MCM A题：分析美国电力网络的可靠性，研究如何在自然灾害和人为故障的情况下使电力网络正常运作。
2014年 MCM A题：分析对于Fermi问题和经济增长的数学建模，探究经济增长的限制因素和未来发展趋势。
2018年 MCM A题：研究美国国家公园的野生动植物种类和数量变化，确定如何平衡保护野生动植物和国家公园的多个目的。
从这些题目中可以看出，MCM/ICM的竞赛内容涵盖了众多领域，如管理学、环保、气象、物流、生物学等等。
这不仅考验了参赛选手的数学建模水平，更需要他们具备良好的跨学科素养。
正是这种多学科交叉融合的特性，使得MCM/ICM成为了培养未来数学、理工科人才的重要平台之一。
历年美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题MCM.翻译版doc
1985 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM 试题1985年MCM:动物种群选择适宜的鱼类和哺乳动物数据准确模型。
模型动物的自然表达人口水平与环境相互作用的不同群体的环境的重要参数,然后调整账户获取表单模型符合实际的动物提取的方法。
包括任何食物或限制以外的空间限制,得到数据的支持。
考虑所涉及的各种数量的价值,收获数量和人口规模本身,为了设计一个数字量代表的整体价值收获。
找到一个收集政策的人口规模和时间优化的价值收获在很长一段时间。
检查政策优化价值在现实的环境条件。
1985年MCM B:战略储藏管理钴、不产生在美国,许多行业至关重要。
(国防占17%的钴生产。
1979年)钴大局部来自非洲中部,一个政治上不稳定的地区。
1946年的战略和关键材料储藏法案需要钴储藏,将美国政府通过一项为期三年的战争。
建立了库存在1950年代,出售大局部在1970年代初,然后决定在1970年代末建立起来,与8540万磅。
大约一半的库存目标的储藏已经在1982年收购了。
建立一个数学模型来管理储藏的战略金属钴。
你需要考虑这样的问题:库存应该有多大?以什么速度应该被收购?一个合理的代价是什么金属?你也要考虑这样的问题:什么时候库存应该画下来吗?以什么速度应该是画下来吗?在金属价格是合理出售什么?它应该如何分配?有用的信息在钴政府方案在2500万年需要2500万磅的钴。
美国大约有1亿磅的钴矿床。
生产变得经济可行当价格到达22美元/磅(如发生在1981年)。
要花四年滚动操作,和thsn六百万英镑每年可以生产。
1980年,120万磅的钴回收,总消费的7%。
1986 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM 试题1986年MCM A:水文数据下表给出了Z的水深度尺外表点的直角坐标X,Y在码(14数据点表省略)。
深度测量在退潮。
你的船有一个五英尺的草案。
你应该防止什么地区的矩形(75200)X(-50、150)?1986年MCM B:Emergency-Facilities位置迄今为止,力拓的乡牧场没有自己的应急设施。
历年美赛题目
近几年美国大学生数学建模竞赛（USMCM）的题目包括：
2019年：建立一个模型来模拟东海和黄海的湍流。
2018年：预测联合国安理会和联合国大会决策结果及党派之间的关系。
2017年：建立一个模型来识别投资者风险偏好并帮助他们优化投资组合。
2016年：建立一个模型来识别用户a浏览网页时的行为特征，以便更好地理解和预测用户的行为。
2015年：建立一个模型，根据通信终端的传输速率，识别用户的实时视听传输需求。
2014年：建立一个模型来模拟社会文化传播的影响。
2013年：建立一个模型，根据用户的行为来预测新闻传播的趋势，并建议相关策略。
2012年：建立一个模型来优化公共汽车系统，以满足不同地区乘客的旅行需求。
2011年：建立一个模型，根据居民就医环境的不同，构建卫生保健系统的合理结构。
2010年：建立一个模型，预测印度洋及其邻近海域的风暴强度，以及其对当地的影响。
1996-1997 年美国大学生数模竞赛题
1996 美国大学生数模竞赛题Problem AThe world's oceans contain an ambient noise field. Seismic disturbances,surface shipping, and marine mammals are sources that, in different frequency ranges, contri bute to this field. We wish to consider how this ambient noise might be used to detect large moving objects, e.g., submarines located below the ocean surface. Assuming that a submarine makes no intrinsic noise, developa method for detecting the presence of a moving submarine, its size, and its direction of travel, using only information obtained by measuring changes to the ambient noise field. Begin with noise at one fixed freqency and amplitude.Problem BWhen determining the winner of a competition like the Mathematical Contest in Modeling, ther e are generally a large number of papers to judge. Let's say there are P=100 papers. A group of J judges is collected to accomplish the judging. Funding for the contest constains both the number of judges that can be obtained and amount of time that they can judge. For eample if P=100, then J=8 is typical.Ideally, each judge would read paper and rank-order them, but there are toomany papers for this. Instead, there will be a number of screening rounds in which each judg e will read some number of papers and give them scores. Then some selection scheme is used t o reduce the number of papers underconsideration: If the papers are rank-ordered, then the bottom 30% that each judge rank-orde rs could be rejected. Alternatively, if the judges do not rank-order, but instead give them numerical score (say, from 1 to 100),then all papers below some cut-off level could be rejected.The new pool of papers is then passed back to the judges, and the process is repeated. A con cern is then the total number of papers that judge reads must be substantially less than P.The process is stopped when there are only W papers left. There are the winners. Typically f or P=100, W=3.Your task is to determine a selection scheme, using a combination ofrank-ordering, numerical scoring, and other methods, by which the final Wpapers will include only papers from among the "best" 2W papers. (By "best",we assume that t here is an absolute rank-ordering to which all judges would agree.) For example, the top thr ee papers. Among all such methods, the one that required each judge to read the least number of papers is desired.Note the possibility of systematic bias in a numerical scoring scheme. Forexample, for a specific collection of papers, one judge could average 70points, while another could average 80 points. How would you scale your scheme to accommodat e for changes in the contest parameters (P, J, and W)?1997 年美国大学生数模竞赛题Problem A: The Velociraptor ProblemThe Velociraptor, Velociraptor mongoliensis, was a predatory dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 million years ago. Paleontologists think that it wa s a very tenacious hunter, and may have hunted in pairs or larger packs. Unfortunately, ther e is no way to observe its hunting behavior in the wild as can be done with modern mammalian predators. A group of paleontologists has approached your team and asked for help in modeli ng the hunting behavior of the velociraptor.They hope to compare your results with field data reported by biologists studying the behavi ors of lions, tigers, and similar predatory animals.The average adult velociraptor was 3 meters long with a hip height of 0.5meters and an approximate mass of 45 Kg. It is estimated that the animalcould run extremely fast, at speeds of 60 km/hr., for about 15 seconds.After the initial burst of speed, the animal needed to stop and recover from a buildup of lactic acid in its muscles.Suppose that Velociraptor prey on Thescelosaurus neglectus, a herbivorous biped approximately the same size as the Velociraptor. A biomechanical analysis of a fossilized thescelosaurus indicates that if could run at a speed of about 50km.hr. for long periods of time.Part1Assuming the velociraptor is a solitary hunter, design a mathematical model that describes a hunting strategy for a single velociraptor stalking and chasing a single thescelosaurus as well as the evasive strategy of the prey. Assume that the thecelosaurus can always detect the velociraptor when in comes within 15 meters, but may detect the predator at even greater ranges (up to 50 meters) depending upon the habitat and weather conditions. Additionally, due to its physical structure and strength, the velociraptor has a limited turning radius when running at full speed. This radius is estimated to be three times the animal's hip height. On the other hand, the thescelosaurus is extremely agile and has a turning radius of 0.5 meters. Part 2Assuming more realistically that the velociraptor hunted in pairs, design a new model that describes a hunting strategy for two velociraptors stalking and chasing a single thescelosaurus as well as the evasive strategy of the prey. Use the other assumptions and limitations given in Part 1.Problem B: Mix Well For Fruitful DiscussionsSmall group meetings for the discussion of important issues, particularly long-rang planning, are gaining popularity. It is believed that large groups discourage productive discussion and that a dominant personalitywill usually control and direct the discussion. Thus, in corporate board meetings the board will meet in small groups to discuss issues before meeting as a whole. These smaller groups still run risk of control by a dominant personality. In an attempt to reduce this danger it is common to schedule several sessions with a different mix of people in each group.A meeting of an Tostal Corporation will be attended by 29 Board Members of which nine are in-horse members(i.e., corporate employees). The meeting is to be an all-day affair with three sessions scheduled for the morning and four for the afternoon. Each session will take 45 minutes, beginning on the hour from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., with lunch scheduled at noon. Each morning session will consist of six discussion group with each discussion group led by one of the corporation's six senior officers. None of these of officers are board members. Thus each senior officer will lead three different discussion groups. The sessions will consist of only four discussion groups.The president of the corporation wants a list of board-member assignmentsto discussion group for each of seven sessions. The assignments should achieve as much of a mix of members as much as possible. The ideal assignment would have each board member with each other board member in a discussion group the same number of times while minimizing common membership of groups for the different sessions.The assignments should also satisfy the following criteria:1.For the morning sessions, no board member should be in the same senior officer's discussion group twice.2.No discussion group should contain a disproportionate number of in-house members.Give a list of assignments for members 1-9 and 10-29 and officers 1-6. Indicate how well the criteria in the precious paragraphs are met. Since it is possible that some board members will cancel at the last minute or that some not scheduled will show up, an algorithm that the secretary could use to adjust the assignments with an user to make assignments for future meetings involving different levels of participation for each type of attendee.。
美国数学建模竞赛题目(1985--2009年)
美国数学建模竞赛题目1985年：A题：动物群体的管理B题：战略物资储备的管理问题1986年：A题：海底地型测量问题B题：应急设施的优化选址问题1987年：A题：堆盐问题（盐堆稳定性问题）B题：停车场安排问题1988年：A题：确定毒品走私船位置B题：平板列车车厢的优化装载1989年：A题：蠓虫识别问题；最佳分类与隔离B题：飞机排队模型1990年：A题：脑中多巴胺的分布B题：铲雪车的路径与效率问题1991年：A题：估计水塔的水流量B题：通信网络费用问题1992年：A题：雷达系统的功率与设计式样B题：紧急修复系统的研制1993年：A题：堆肥问题B题：煤炭装卸场的最优操作1994年：A题：保温房屋设计问题B题：计算机网络的最小接通时间1996年：A题：大型水下物体的探测B题：快速遴选优胜者问题1997年：A题：恐龙捕食问题B题：会议混合安排问题1998年：A题：MRI图象处理问题B题：分数贬值问题1999年：A题：小星体撞击地球问题B题：公用设施的合法容量问题C题：确定环境污染的物质、位置、数量和时间的问题2000年：A题：空间交通管制B题：无线电信道分配C题：大象群落的兴衰2001年：A题：选择自行车车轮B题：逃避飓风怒吼C题：我们的水系-不确定的前景2002年：A题：风和喷水池B题：航空公司超员订票C题：如果我们过分扫荡自己的土地，将会失去各种各样的蜥蜴。
2003年：A题：特技演员B题：Gamma刀治疗方案C题：航空行李的扫描对策2004年：A题：指纹是独一无二的吗？B题：更快的快通系统C题：安全与否？2005年：A题：flood planningB题：tollboothsC题: Nonrenewable Resources2006年：A题：Positioning and Moving SprinklerSystems for IrrigationB题：Wheel Chair Access at AirportsC题：Trade-offs in the fight againstHIV/AIDS2007年：A题：GerrymanderingB题：The Airplane Seating ProblemC题：Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem2008年：A题：Take a BathB题：Creating Sudoku PuzzlesC题：Finding the Good in Health Care Systems2009年：A题：Designing a Traffic CircleB题：Energy and the Cell PhoneC题：Creating Food Systems: Re-Balancing Human-Influenced Ecosystems。
美国数学建模竞赛1985-2013试题
1985~2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛题目集锦目录1985 MCM A: Animal Populations (3)1985 MCM B: Strategic Reserve Management (3)1986 MCM A: Hydrographic Data (4)1986 MCM B: Emergency-Facilities Location (4)1987 MCM A: The Salt Storage Problem (5)1987 MCM B: Parking Lot Design (5)1988 MCM A: The Drug Runner Problem (5)1988 MCM B: Packing Railroad Flatcars (6)1989 MCM A: The Midge Classification Problem (6)1989 MCM B: Aircraft Queueing (6)1990 MCM A: The Brain-Drug Problem (6)1990 MCM B: Snowplow Routing (7)1991 MCM A: Water Tank Flow (8)1991 MCM B: The Steiner Tree Problem (8)1992 MCM A: Air-Traffic-Control Radar Power (8)1992 MCM B: Emergency Power Restoration (9)1993 MCM A: Optimal Composting (10)1993 MCM B: Coal-Tipple Operations (11)1994 MCM A: Concrete Slab Floors (11)1994 MCM B: Network Design (12)1995 MCM A: Helix Construction (13)1995 MCM B: Faculty Compensation (13)1996 MCM A: Submarine Tracking (13)1996 MCM B: Paper Judging (13)1997 MCM A: The Velociraptor Problem (14)1997 MCM B: Mix Well for Fruitful Discussions (15)1998 MCM A: MRI Scanners (16)1998 MCM B: Grade Inflation (17)1999 MCM A: Deep Impact (17)1999 MCM B: Unlawful Assembly (18)2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control (18)2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments (19)2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (20)2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...). (21)2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (23)2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (23)2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (24)2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (24)2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (25)2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (25)2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (26)2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (26)2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (27)2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (28)2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (29)2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (29)2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (30)2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (30)2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (30)2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (30)2010 MCM A: The Sweet Spot (32)2010 MCM B: Criminology (32)2011 MCM A: Snowboard Course (33)2011 MCM B: Repeater Coordination (33)2012 MCM A: The Leaves of a Tree (33)2012 MCM B: Camping along the Big Long River (34)2013 MCM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan (34)2013 MCM B: Water, Water, Everywhere (35)1985 MCM A: Animal PopulationsChoose a fish or mammal for which appropriate data are available to model it accurately. Model the animal's natural interactions with its environment by expressing population levels of different groups in terms of the significant parameters of the environment. Then adjust the model to account for harvesting in a form consistent with the actual method by which the animal is harvested. Include any outside constraints imposed by food or space limitations that are supported by the data.Consider the value of the various quantities involved, the number harvested, and the population size itself, in order to devise a numerical quantity that represents the overall value of the harvest. Find a harvesting policy in terms of population size and time that optimizes the value of the harvest over a long period of time. Check that the policy optimizes that value over a realistic range of environmental conditions.1985 MCM B: Strategic Reserve ManagementCobalt, which is not produced in the US, is essential to a number of industries. (Defense accounted for 17% of the cobalt production in 1979.) Most cobalt comes from central Africa, a politically unstable region. The Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpiling Act of 1946 requires a cobalt reserve that will carry the US through a three-year war. The government built up a stockpile in the 1950s, sold most of it off in the early 1970s, and then decided to build it up again in the late 1970s, with a stockpile goal of 85.4 million pounds. About half of this stockpile had been acquired by 1982.Build a mathematical model for managing a stockpile of the strategic metal cobalt. You will need to consider such questions as:▪How big should the stockpile be?▪At what rate should it be acquired?▪What is a reasonable price to pay for the metal?You will also want to consider such questions as:▪At what point should the stockpile be drawn down?▪At what rate should it be drawn down?▪At what price is it reasonable to sell the metal?▪How should it be allocated?Useful Information on CobaltThe government has projected a need ot 25 million pounds of cobalt in 1985.The U.S. has about 100 million pounds of proven cobalt deposits. Production becomes economically feasible when the price reaches $22/lb (as occurred in 1981). It takes four years to get operations rolling, and thsn six million pounds per year can be produced.In 1980, 1.2 million pounds of cobalt were recycled, 7% of total consumption.1986 MCM A: Hydrographic DataThe table below gives the depth Z of water in feet for surface points with rectangular coordinates X, Y in yards [table of 14 data points omitted]. The depth measurements were taken at low tide. Your ship has a draft of five feet. What region should you avoid within the rectangle (75,200) x (-50, 150)?1986 MCM B: Emergency-Facilities LocationThe township of Rio Rancho has hitherto not had its own emergency facilities. It has secured funds to erect two emergency facilities in 1986, each of which will combine ambulance, fire, and police services. Figure 1 indicates the demand [figure omitted], or number of emergencies per square block, for 1985. The ―L‖ region in the north is an obstacle, while the rectangle in the south is a part with shallow pond. It takes an emergency vehicle an average of 15 seconds to go one block in the N-S direction and 20 seconds in the E-W direction. Your task is to locate the two facilities so as to minimize the total response time.Assume that the demand is concentrated at the center of the block and that the facilities will be located on corners.▪Assume that the demand is uniformly distributed on the streets bordering each block and that the facilities may be located anywhere on the streets.1987 MCM A: The Salt Storage ProblemFor approximately 15 years, a Midwestern state has stored salt used on roads in the winter in circular domes. Figure 1 shows how salt has been stored in the past. The salt is brought into and removed from the domes by driving front-end loaders up ramps of salt leading into the domes. The salt is piled 25 to 30 ft high, using the buckets on the front-end loaders.Recently, a panel determined that this practice is unsafe. If the front-end loader gets too close to the edge of the salt pile, the salt might shift, and the loader could be thrown against the retaining walls that reinforce the dome. The panel recommended that if the salt is to be piled with the use of the loaders, then the piles should be restricted to a matimum height of 15 ft.Construct a mathematical model for this situation and find a recommended maximum height for salt in the domes.1987 MCM B: Parking Lot DesignThe owner of a paved, 100' by 200' , corner parking lot in a New England town hires you to design the layout, that is, to design how the ``lines are to be painted. You realize that squeezing as many cars into the lot as possible leads to right-angle parking with the cars aligned side by side. However, inexperienced drivers have difficulty parking their cars this way, which can give rise to expensive insurance claims. To reduce the likelihood of damage to parked vehicles, the owner might then have to hire expert drivers for ``valet parking. On the other hand, most drivers seem to have little difficulty in parking in one attempt if there is a large enough ``turning radius'' from the access lane. Of course, the wider the access lane, the fewer cars can be accommodated in the lot, leading to less revenue for the parking lot owner.1988 MCM A: The Drug Runner ProblemTwo listening posts 5.43 miles apart pick up a brief radio signal. The sensing devices were oriented at 110 degrees and 119 degrees, respectively, when the signal was detected; and they are accurate to within 2 degrees. The signal came from a region of active drug exchange, and it is inferred that there is a powerboat waiting for someone to pick up drugs. it is dusk, the weather is calm, and there are no currents. A small helicopter leaves from Post 1 and is able to fly accurately along the 110 degree angle direction. The helicopter's speed is three times the speed of the boat. The helicopter will be heard when it gets within 500 ft of the boat. This helicopter has only one detection device, a searchlight. At 200 ft, it can just illuminate a circular region with a radius of 25 ft.▪Develop an optimal search method for the helicopter.▪Use a 95% confidence level in your calculations.1988 MCM B: Packing Railroad FlatcarsTwo railroad flatcars are to be loaded with seven types of packing crates. The crates have the same width and height but varying thickness (t, in cm) and weight (w, in kg). Table 1 gives, for each crate, the thickness, weight, and number available [table omitted]. Each car has 10.2 meters of length available for packing the crates (like slices of toast) and can carry up to 40 metric tons. There is a special constraint on the total number of C_5, C_6, and C_7 crates because of a subsequent local trucking restriction: The total space (thickness) occupied by these crates must not exceed 302.7 cm. Load the two flatcars (see Figure 1) so as to minimize the wasted floor space [figure omitted].1989 MCM A: The Midge Classification ProblemTwo species of midges, Af and Apf, have been identified by biologists Grogan and Wirth on the basis of antenna and wing length (see Figure 1). It is important to be able to classify a specimen as Af of Apf, given the antenna and wing length.1. Given a midge that you know is species Af or Apf, how would you go about classifying it?2. Apply your method to three specimens with (antenna, wing) lengths(1.24,1.80),(1.28,1.84),(1.40,2.04).3. Assume that the species is a valuable pollinator and species Apf is a carrier of adebilitating disease. Would you modify your classification scheme and if so, how?1989 MCM B: Aircraft QueueingA common procedure at airports is to assign aircraft (A/C) to runways on a first-come-first-served basis. That is, as soon as an A/C is ready to leave the gate (―push-back‖), the pilot calls ground control and is added to the queue. Suppose that a control tower has access to a fast online database with the following information for each A/C:▪the time it is scheduled for pushback;▪the time it actually pushes back; the number of passengers who are scheduled to make a connection at the next stop, as well as the time to make that connection; and▪the schedule time of arrival at its next stop Assume that there are seven types of A/C with passenger capacities varying from 100 to 400 in steps of 50. Develop and analyze amathematical model that takes into account both the travelers' and airlines' satisfaction.1990 MCM A: The Brain-Drug ProblemResearches on brain disorders test the effects of the new medical drugs – for example, dopamine against Parkinson's disease – with intracerebral injections. To this end, they must estimate the size and the sape of the spatial distribution of the drug after the injection, in order to estimate accurately the region of the brain that the drug has affected.The research data consist of the measurements of the amounts of drug in each of 50 cylindrical tissue samples (see Figure 1 and Table 1). Each cylinder has length 0.76 mm and diameter 0.66 mm. The centers of the parallel cylinders lie on a grid with mesh 1mm X 0.76mm X 1mm, so that the sylinders touch one another on their circular bases but not along their sides, as shown in the accompanying figure. The injection was made near the center of the cylinder with the highest scintillation count. Naturally, one expects that there is a drug also between the cylinders and outside the region covered by the samples.Estimate the distribution in the region affected by the drug.One unit represents a scintillation count, or 4.753e-13 mole of dopamine. For example, the table shows that the middle rear sylinder contails 28353 units.Table 1. Amounts of drug in each of 50 cylindrical tissue samples.Rear vertical sectionFront vertical section1990 MCM B: Snowplow RoutingThe solid lines of the map (see Figure 1) represent paved two-lane county roads in a snow removal district in Wicomico County, Maryland [figure omitted]. The broken lines are state highways. After a snowfall, two plow-trucks are dispatched from a garage that is about 4 miles west of each of the two points (*) marked on the map. Find an efficient way to use the two trucks to sweep snow from the county roads. The trucks may use the state highways to access the county roads. Assume that the trucks neither break down nor get stuck and that the road intersections require no special plowing techniques.1991 MCM A: Water Tank FlowSome state water-right agencies require from communities data on the rate of water use, in gallons per hour, and the total amount of water used each day. Many communities do not have equipment to measure the flow of water in or out of the municipal tank. Instead, they can measure only the level of water in the tank, within 0.5% accuracy, every hour. More importantly, whenever the level in the tank drops below some minimum level L, a pump fills the tank up to the maximum level, H; however, there is no measurement of the pump flow either. Thus, one cannot readily relate the level in the tank to the amount of water used while the pump is working, which occurs once or twice per day, for a couple of hours each time. Estimate the flow out of the tank f(t) at all times, even when the pump is working, and estimate the total amount of water used during the day. Table 1 gives real data, from an actual small town, for one day[ table omitted]. The table gives the time, in, since the first measurement, and the level of water in the tank, in hundredths of a foot. For example, after 3316 seconds, the depth of water in the tank reached 31.10 feet. The tank is a vertical circular cylinder, with a height of 40 feet and a diameter of 57 feet. Usually, the pump starts filling the tank when the level drops to about 27.00 feet, and the pump stops when the level rises back to about 35.50 feet.1991 MCM B: The Steiner Tree ProblemThe cost for a communication line between two stations is proportional to the length of the line. The cost for conventional minimal spanning trees of a set of stations can often be cut by introducing―phantom‖ stations and then constructing a new Steiner tree. This device allows costs to be cut by up to 13.4% (= 1- sqrt(3/4)). Moreover, a network with n stations never requires more than n-2 points to construct the cheapest Steiner tree. Two simple cases are shown in Figure 1.For local networks, it often is necessary to use rectilinear or ―checker-board‖ distances, instead of straight Euclidean lines. Distances in this metric are computed as shown in Figure 2.Suppose you wish to design a minimum costs spanning tree for a local network with 9 stations. Their rectangular coordinates are: a(0,15), b(5,20), c(16,24), d(20,20), e(33,25), f(23,11), g(35,7), h(25,0) i(10,3). You are restricted to using rectilinear lines. Moreover, all ―phantom‖ stations must be located at lattice points (i.e., the coordinates must be integers). The cost for each line is its length.1. Find a minimal cost tree for the network.2. Suppose each stations has a cost w*d^(3/2), where d=degree of the station. If w=1.2, find aminimal cost tree.3. Try to generalize this problem1992 MCM A: Air-Traffic-Control Radar PowerYou are to determine the power to be radiated by an air-traffic-control radar at a major metropolitan airport. The airport authority wants to minimize the power of the radar consistent with safety andcost. The authority is constrained to operate with its existing antennae and receiver circuitry. The only option that they are considering is upgrading the transmitter circuits to make the radar more powerful. The question that you are to answer is what power (in watts) must be released by the radar to ensure detection of standard passenger aircraft at a distance of 100 kilometers.1992 MCM B: Emergency Power RestorationPower companies serving coastal regions must have emergency response systems for power outages due to storms. Such systems require the input of data that allow the time and cost required for restoration to be estimated and the ―value‖ of the outage judged by objective criteria. In the past, Hypothetical Electric Company (HECO) has been criticized in the media for its lack of a prioritization scheme.You are a consultant to HECO power company. HECO possesses a computerized database with real time access to service calls that currently require the following information:▪time of report,▪type of requestor,▪estimated number of people affected, and▪location (x,y).Cre sites are located at coordinates (0,0) and (40,40), where x and y are in miles. The region serviced by HECO is within -65 < x < 60 and -50 < y < 50. The region is largely metropolitan with an excellent road network. Crews must return to their dispatch site only at the beginning and end of shift. Company policy requires that no work be initiated until the storm leaves the area, unless the facility is a commuter railroad or hospital, which may be processed immediately if crews are available.HECO has hired you to develop the objective criteria and schedule the work for the storm restoration requirements listed in Table 1 using their work force described in Table 2. Note that the first call was received at 4:20 A.M. and that the storm left the area at 6:00 A.M. Also note that many outages were not reported until much later in the day.HECO has asked for a technical report for their purposes and an ―executive summary‖ i n laymen's terms that can be presented to the media. Further, they would like recommendations for the future. To determine your prioritized scheduling system, you will have to make additional assumptions. Detail those assumptions. In the future, you may desire additional data. If so, detail the information desired.Table 1. Storm restoration requirements. (table incomplete)Table 2. Crew descriptions.1993 MCM A: Optimal CompostingAn environmentally conscious institutional cafeteria is recycling customers' uneaten food into compost by means of microorganisms. Each day, the cafeteria blends the leftover food into a slurry, mixes the slurry with crisp salad wastes from the kitchen and a small amount of shredded newspaper, and feeds the resulting mixture to a culture of fungi and soil bacteria, which digest slurry, greens, and papers into usable compost. The crisp green provide pockets of oxygen for the fungi culture, and the paper absorbs excess humidity. At times, however, the fungi culture is unable or unwilling to digest as much of the leftovers as customers leave; the cafeteria does not blame the chef for the fungi culture's lack of appetite. Also, the cafeteria has received offers for the purchase of large quantities of it compost. Therefore, the cafeteria is investigating ways to increase its production of compost. Since it cannot yet afford to build a new composting facility, the cafeteria seeks methods to accelerate the fungi culture's activity, for instance, by optimizing the fungiculture's environment (currently held at about 120 F and 100% humidity), or by optimizing the composition of the moisture fed to the fungi culture, or both.Determine whether any relation exists between the proportions of slurry, greens, and paper in the mixture fed to the fungi culture, and the rate at which the fungi culture composts the mixture. if no relation exists, state so. otherwise, determine what proportions would accelerate the fungi culture's activity. In addition to the technical report following the format prescribed in the contest instructions, provide a one-page nontechnical recommendation for implementation for the cafeteria manager. Table 1 shows the composition of various mixtures in pounds of each ingredient kept in separate bins, and the time that it took the fungi to culture to compost the mixtures, from the date fed to the date completely composted [table omitted].1993 MCM B: Coal-Tipple OperationsThe Aspen-Boulder Coal Company runs a loading facility consisting of a large coal tipple. When the coal trains arrive, they are loaded from the tipple. The standard coal train takes 3 hours to load, and the tipple's capacity is 1.5 standard trainloads of coal. Each day, the railroad sends three standard trains to the loading facility, and they arrive at any time between 5 A.M. and 8 P.M. local time. Each of the trains has three engines. If a train arrives and sits idle while waiting to be loaded, the railroad charges a special fee, called a demurrage. The fee is $5,000 per engine per hour. In addition, a high-capacity train arrives once a week every Thursday between 11 A.M. and 1 P.M. This special train has five engines and holds twice as much coal as a standard train. An empty tipple can be loaded directly from the mine to its capacity in six hours by a single loading crew. This crew (and its associated equipment) cost $9,000 per hour. A second crew can be called out to increase the loading rate by conducting an additional tipple-loading operation at the cost of $12,000 per hour. Because of safety requirements, during tipple loading no trains can be loaded. Whenever train loading is interrupted to load the tipple, demurrage charges are in effect.The management of the Coal Company has asked you to determine the expected annual costs of this tipple's loading operations. Your analysis should include the following considerations:▪How often should the second crew be called out?▪What are the expected monthly demurrage costs?▪If the standard trains could be scheduled to arrive at precise times, what daily schedule would minimize loading costs? Would a third tipple-loading crew at $12,000 per hour reduce annual operations costs?▪Can this tipple support a fourth standard train every day?1994 MCM A: Concrete Slab FloorsThe U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is considering constructing dwellings of various sizes, ranging from individual houses to large apartment complexes. A principal concern is to minimize recurring costs to occupants, especially the costs of heating and cooling. The region inwhich the construction is to take place is temperate, with a moderate variation in temperature throughout the year.Through special construction techniques, HUD engineers can build dwellings that do not need to rely on convection- that is, there is no need to rely on opening doors or windows to assist in temperature variation. The dwellings will be single-story, with concrete slab floors as the only foundation. You have been hired as a consultant to analyze the temperature variation in the concrete slab floor to determine if the temperature averaged over the floor surface can be maintained within a prescribed comfort zone throughout the year. If so, what size/shape of slabs will permit this?Part 1, Floor Temperature: Consider the temperature variation in a concrete slab given that the ambient temperature varies daily within the ranges given Table 1. Assume that the high occurs at noon and the low at midnight. Determine if slabs can be designed to maintain a temperature averaged over the floor surface within the prescribed comfort zone considering radiation only. Initially, assume that the heat transfer into the dwelling is through the exposed perimeter of the slab and that the top and bottom of the slabs are insulated. Comment on the appropriateness and sensitivity of these assumptions. If you cannot find a solution that satisfies Table 1, can you find designs that satisfy a Table 1 that you propose?Part 2, Building Temperature: Analyze the practicality of the initial assumptions and extend the analysis to temperature variation within the single-story dwelling. Can the house be kept within the comfort zone?Part 3, Cost of Construction: Suggest a design that considers HUD's objective of reducing or eliminating heating and cooling costs, considering construction restrictions and costs.1994 MCM B: Network DesignIn your company, information is shared among departments on a daily basis. This information includes the previous day's sales statistics and current production guidance. It is important to get this information out as quickly as possible. [Network diagram (with 5 nodes and 7 capacitated edges) omitted.]We are interested in scheduling transfers in an optimal way to minimize the total time it takes to complete them all. This minimum total time is called the makespan. Consider the three following situations for your company: [Three more network diagrams (on roughly 20 nodes each) omitted.]1995 MCM A: Helix ConstructionA small biotechnological company must design, prove, program and test a mathematical algorithm to locate ―in real time‖ all the intersections of a helix and a plane in general positions in space. Design, justify, program and test a method to compute all the intersections of a plane and a helix, both in general positions (at any locations and with any orientations) in space. A segment of the helix may represent, for example, a helicoidal suspension spring or a piece of tubing in a chemical or medical apparatus. Theoretical justification of the proposed algorithm is necessary to verify the solution from several points of view, for instance, through mathematical proofs of parts of the algorithm, and through tests of the final program with known examples. Such documentation and tests will be required by government agencies for medical use.1995 MCM B: Faculty CompensationAluacha Balaclava College, and undergraduate facility, has just hired a new Provost whose first priority is the institution of a fair and reasonable faculty-compensation plan. She has hired your consulting team to design a compensation system that reflects the following circumstances and principles: [Three paragraphs of details omitted] Design a new pay system, first withoutcost-of-living increases. Incorporate cost-of-living increases, and then finally, design a transition process for current faculty that will move all salaries towards your system without reducing anyone's salary. The Provost requires a detailed compensation system plan for implementation, as well as a brief, clear, executive summary outlining the model, its assumptions, strengths, weaknesses and expected results, which she can present to the Board and faculty. [A detailed table of current salaries is omitted.]1996 MCM A: Submarine TrackingThe world's oceans contain an ambient noise field. Seismic disturbances, surface shipping, and marine mammals are sources that, in different frequency ranges, contribute to this field. We wish to consider how this ambient noise might be used to detect large maving objects, e.g., submarines located below the ocean surface. Assuming that a submarine makes no intrinsic noise, develop a method for detecting the presence of a moving submarine, its speed, its size, and its direction of travel, using only information obtained by measuring changes to the ambient noise field. Begin with noise at one fixed frequency and amplitude.1996 MCM B: Paper JudgingWhen determining the winner of a competition like the Mathematical Contest in Modeling, there are generally a large number of papers to judge. Let's say there are P=100 papers. A group of J judges is collected to accomplish the judging. Funding for the contest contrains both the number of judges that can be obtained and the amount of time they can judge. For example if P=100, then J=8 is typical.。
美赛历年题目_pdf
马剑整理历年美国大学生数学建模赛题目录MCM85问题-A 动物群体的管理 (3)MCM85问题-B 战购物资储备的管理 (3)MCM86问题-A 水道测量数据 (4)MCM86问题-B 应急设施的位置 (4)MCM87问题-A 盐的存贮 (5)MCM87问题-B 停车场 (5)MCM88问题-A 确定毒品走私船的位置 (5)MCM88问题-B 两辆铁路平板车的装货问题 (6)MCM89问题-A 蠓的分类 (6)MCM89问题-B 飞机排队 (6)MCM90-A 药物在脑内的分布 (6)MCM90问题-B 扫雪问题 (7)MCM91问题-B 通讯网络的极小生成树 (7)MCM 91问题-A 估计水塔的水流量 (7)MCM92问题-A 空中交通控制雷达的功率问题 (7)MCM 92问题-B 应急电力修复系统的修复计划 (7)MCM93问题-A 加速餐厅剩菜堆肥的生成 (8)MCM93问题-B 倒煤台的操作方案 (8)MCM94问题-A 住宅的保温 (9)MCM 94问题-B 计算机网络的最短传输时间 (9)MCM-95问题-A 单一螺旋线 (10)MCM95题-B A1uacha Balaclava学院 (10)MCM96问题-A 噪音场中潜艇的探测 (11)MCM96问题-B 竞赛评判问题 (11)MCM97问题-A Velociraptor(疾走龙属)问题 (11)MCM97问题-B为取得富有成果的讨论怎样搭配与会成员 (12)MCM98问题-A 磁共振成像扫描仪 (12)MCM98问题-B 成绩给分的通胀 (13)MCM99问题-A 大碰撞 (13)MCM99问题-B “非法”聚会 (14)MCM2000问题-A空间交通管制 (14)MCM2000问题-B: 无线电信道分配 (14)MCM2001问题- A: 选择自行车车轮 (15)MCM2001问题-B 逃避飓风怒吼（一场恶风...） .. (15)MCM2001问题-C我们的水系-不确定的前景 (16)MCM2002问题-A风和喷水池 (16)MCM2002问题-B航空公司超员订票 (16)MCM2002问题-C (16)MCM2003问题-A: 特技演员 (18)MCM2003问题-B: Gamma刀治疗方案 (18)MCM2003问题-C航空行李的扫描对策 (19)MCM2004问题-A：指纹是独一无二的吗？ (19)MCM2004问题-B：更快的快通系统 (19)MCM2004问题-C安全与否？ (19)MCM2005问题A.水灾计划 (19)MCM2005B.Tollbooths (19)MCM2005问题C：不可再生的资源 (20)MCM2006问题A: 用于灌溉的自动洒水器的安置和移动调度 (20)MCM2006问题B: 通过机场的轮椅 (20)MCM2006问题C : 抗击艾滋病的协调 (21)MCM2007问题B ：飞机就座问题 (24)MCM2007问题C：器官移植：肾交换问题 (24)MCM2008问题A:给大陆洗个澡 (28)MCM2008问题B：建立数独拼图游戏 (28)MCM85问题-A 动物群体的管理在一个资源有限，即有限的食物、空间、水等等的环境里发现天然存在的动物群体。
英文——历届美国数学建模竞赛赛题(2001-2009).
目录2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (2)2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...) (3)2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (5)2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (5)2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (6)2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (7)2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (8)2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (8)2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (9)2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (9)2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (10)2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (10)2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (12)2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (12)2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (13)2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (13)2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (13)2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (14)2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel.The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments.(Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade.A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the twocoastal-bound lanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-boundtraffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastalregion was ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhapscounty-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast.Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turnaround traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish moretemporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leavingColumbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats,campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residentsof Georgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predictedlandfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 andcompounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2002 MCM A: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area.Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.2002 MCM B: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation: Less flights by airlines from point A to point B Heightened security at and around airports Passengers' fear Loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling “bumped”passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2003 MCM A: The Stunt PersonAn exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.).Your job is to:∙determine what size boxes to use∙determine how many boxes to use∙determine how the boxes will be stacked∙determine if any modifications to the boxes would help∙generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heightsNote that, in “Tomorrow Never Dies”, the James Bond character on a motorcycle jumps over a helicopter.2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment PlanningStereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a “shot.” Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points.The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.1.Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.2.Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.3.Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and criticalorgan.4.Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissuesor organs.5.Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerancedoses.6.Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.In gamma unit treatment planning, we have the following constraints:1.Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.2.Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).3.Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible.But at least 90% of the target volume must be covered by shots.e as few shots as possible.Your tasks are to formulate the optimal treatment planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique?It is a commonplace belief that the thumbprint of every human who has ever lived is different. Develop and analyze a model that will allow you to assess the probability that this is true. Compare the odds (that you found in this problem) of misidentification by fingerprint evidence against the odds of misidentification by DNA evidence.2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System“QuickPass” systems are increasingly appearing to reduce people's time waiting in line, whether it is at tollbooths, amusement parks, or elsewhere. Consider the design of a QuickPass system for an amusement park. The amusement park has experimented by offering QuickPasses for several popular rides as a test. The idea is that for certain popular rides you can go to a kiosk near that ride and insert your daily park entrance ticket, and out will come a slip that states that you can return to that ride at a specific time later. For example, you insert your daily park entrance ticket at 1:15 pm, and the QuickPass states that you can come back between 3:30 and 4:30 pm when you can use your slip to enter a second, and presumably much shorter, line that will get you to the ride faster. To prevent people from obtaining QuickPasses for several rides at once, the QuickPass machines allow you to have only one active QuickPass at a time. You have been hired as one of several competing consultants to improve the operation of QuickPass. Customers have been complaining about some anomalies in the test system. For example, customers observed that in one instance QuickPasses were being offered for a return time as long as 4 hours later. A short time later on the same ride, the QuickPasses were given for times only an hour or so later. In some instances, the lines for people with Quickpasses are nearly as long and slow as the regular lines.The problem then is to propose and test schemes for issuing QuickPasses in order to increase people's enjoyment of the amusement park. Part of the problem is to determine what criteria to use in evaluating alternative schemes. Include in your report a non-technical summary for amusement park executives who must choose between alternatives from competing consultants.2005 MCM A: Flood PlanningLake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam.Two particular questions:Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?2005 MCM B: TollboothsHeavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway, Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas. Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas. Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza. Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza. Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza. When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll.Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza. Explicitly consider the scenario wherethere is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane. Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of “optimal” is up to you to determine.2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for IrrigationThere are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of “hand move” irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to insure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation system is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals.Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. You should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a schedule to move the pipes, including where to move them.A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When put together the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo- Pascal’s and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possible.2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at AirportsOne of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who arenot able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheel chair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing.Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheel chairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheel chairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports the time required to move across the airport is nontrivial. The wheel chairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheel chairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline.Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheel chairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheel chairs throughout each day in a cost effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term.Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheel chairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances.Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights.Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.2007 MCM A: GerrymanderingGerrymandering The United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state’s population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way of determining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look “unnatural” by some standards.Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely “baseline” exercise to create the “simplest” shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of “simple” is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New York.2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating ProblemAirlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward.Apart from consideration of the passengers’ wait time, from the airline’s point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day.The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time.Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85–210), midsize (210–330), and large (450–800).Prepare an executive summary, not to exceed two single-spaced pages, in which you set out your conclusions to an audience of airline executives, gate agents, and flight crews.An article appeared in the NY Times Nov 14, 2006 addressing procedures currently being followed and the importance to the airline of finding better solutions. The article can be seen at:/2006/11/14/business/14boarding.html2008 MCM A: Take a BathConsider the effects on land from the melting of the north polar ice cap due to the predicted increase in global temperatures. Specifically, model the effects on the coast of Florida every ten years for the next 50 years due to the melting, with particular attention given to large metropolitan areas. Propose appropriate responses to deal with this. A careful discussion of the data used is an important part of the answer.2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku PuzzlesDevelop an algorithm to construct Sudoku puzzles of varying difficulty. Develop metrics to define a difficulty level. The algorithm and metrics should be extensible to a varying number of difficulty levels. You should illustrate the algorithm with at least 4 difficulty levels. Your algorithm should guarantee a unique solution. Analyze the complexity of your algorithm. Your objective should be to minimize the complexity of the algorithm and meet the above requirements.2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic CircleMany cities and communities have traffic circles—from large ones with many lanes in the circle (such as at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and the Victory Monument in Bangkok) to small ones with one or two lanes in the circle. Some of these traffic circles position a stop sign or a yield sign on every incoming road that gives priority to traffic already in the circle; some position a yield sign in the circle at each incoming road to give priority to incoming traffic; and some position a traffic light on eachincoming road (with no right turn allowed on a red light). Other designs may also be possible.The goal of this problem is to use a model to determine how best to control traffic flow in, around, and out of a circle. State clearly the objective(s) you use in your model for making the optimal choice as well as the factors that affect this choice. Include a Technical Summary of not more than two double-spaced pages that explains to a Traffic Engineer how to use your model to help choose the appropriate flow-control method for any specific traffic circle. That is, summarize the conditions under which each type of traffic-control method should be used. When traffic lights are recommended, explain a method for determining how many seconds each light should remain green (which may vary according to the time of day and other factors). Illustrate how your model works with specific examples.2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell PhoneThis question involves the “energy” consequences of the cell phone revolution. Cell phone usage is mushrooming, and many people are using cell phones and giving up their landline telephones. What is the consequence of this in terms of electricity use? Every cell phone comes with a battery and a recharger.Requirement 1Consider the current US, a country of about 300 million people. Estimate from available data the number H of households, with m members each, that in the past were serviced by landlines. Now, suppose that all the landlines are replaced by cell phones; that is, each of the m members of the household has a cell phone. Model the consequences of this change for electricity utilization in the current US, both during the transition and during the steady state. The analysis should take into account the need for charging the batteries of the cell phones, as well as the fact that cell phones do not last as long as landline phones (for example, the cell phones get lost and break).Requirement 2Consider a second “Pseudo US”—a country of about 300 million people with about the same economic status as the current US. However, this emerging country has neither landlines nor cell phones. What is the optimal way of providing phone service to this country from an energy perspective? Of course, cell phones have many social consequences and uses that landline phones do not allow. A discussion of the broad and hidden。
美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题AB题中文
A 题热水澡一个人进入浴缸洗澡放松。
浴缸的热水由一个水龙头放出。
然而浴缸不是一个可以水疗泡澡的缸，没有辅助加热系统和循环喷头，仅仅就是一个简单的盛水容器。
过一会，水温就会显著下降。
因此必须从热水龙头里面反复放水以加热水温。
浴缸的设计就是当水达到浴缸的最大容量，多余的水就会通过一个溢流口流出。
做一个有关浴缸水温的模型，从时间和地点两个方面来确定在浴缸中泡澡的人能采用的最佳策略，从而泡澡过程中能保持水温并在不浪费太多水的情况下使水温尽量接近最初的水温。
用你的模型来确定你的策略多大程度上依赖于浴缸的形状和容量，浴缸中的人的体型/体重/体温，以及这个人在浴缸中做出的动作。
如果这个人在最开始放水的时候加入了泡泡浴添加剂，这将会对你的模型结果有什么影响？要求提交一页MCM的总结，此外你的报告必须包括一页给浴缸用户看的非技术性的解释，其中描述了你的策略并解释了在泡澡过程中为什么保持平均的水温会非常困难。
B题太空垃圾地球轨道周围的小碎片的数量受到越来越多的关注。
据估计，目前大约有超过50万片太空碎片被视为是宇宙飞行器的潜在威胁并受到跟踪，这些碎片也叫轨道碎片。
2009年2月10号俄罗斯卫星科斯莫斯-2251与美国卫星iridium-33相撞的时候，这个问题在新闻媒体上就愈发受到广泛讨论。
已经提出了一些方法来清除这些碎片。
这些方法包括小型太空水流喷射器和高能量激光来瞄准具体的碎片，还有大型卫星来清扫碎片等等。
这些碎片数量和大小不一，有油漆脱离的碎片，也有废弃的卫星。
碎片高速转动使得定位清除变得困难。
建一个随时间变化的模型来确定一个最佳选择或组合的选择提供给一家私人公司让它以此为商业机遇来解决太空碎片问题。
你的模型应该包括对成本、风险、收益的定量和/或定性分析以及其他重要因素的分析。
你的模型应该既能够评估单个的选择也能够评估组合的选择，且能够探讨一些重要的”what if ”情景。
用你的模型来确定是否存在这样的机会，在经济上很有吸引力；或是根本不可能有这样的机会。
历年美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题
PROBLEM A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass RuleIn countries where driving automobiles on the right is the rule (that is, USA, China and most other countries except for Great Britain, Australia, and some former British colonies), multi-lane freeways often employ a rule that requires drivers to drive in the right-most lane unless they arepassing another vehicle, in which case they move one lane to the left,pass, and return to their former travel lane.Build and analyze a mathematical model to analyze the performance of this rule in light and heavy traffic. You may wish to examine tradeoffs between traffic flow and safety, the role of under- or over-posted speed limits (that is, speed limits that are too low or too high), and/or other factors that may not be explicitly called out in this problem statement. Is this rule effective in promoting better traffic flow? If not, suggest and analyze alternatives (to include possibly no rule of this kind at all) that might promote greater traffic flow, safety, and/or other factors that you deem important.In countries where driving automobiles on the left is the norm, argue whether or not your solution can be carried over with a simple change of orientation, or would additional requirements be needed.Lastly, the rule as stated above relies upon human judgment for compliance. If vehicle transportation on the same roadway was fully under the control of an intelligent system – either part of the road network or imbedded in the design of all vehicles using the roadway – to what extent would this change the results of your earlier analysis?PROBLEM B: College Coaching LegendsSports Illustrated, a magazine for sports enthusiasts, is looking for the ―best all time college coach‖ male or female for the previous century. Build a mathematical model to choose the best college coach or coaches (past or present) from among either male or female coaches in such sports as college hockey or field hockey, football, baseball or softball, basketball, or soccer. Does it make a difference which time line horizon that you use in your analysis, i.e., does coaching in 1913 differ from coaching in 2013? Clearly articulate your metrics for assessment. Discuss how your model can be applied in general across both genders and all possible sports. Present your model’s top 5 coaches in each of 3 different sports.In addition to the MCM format and requirements, prepare a 1-2 page article for Sports Illustrated that explains your results and includes a non-technical explanation of your mathematical model that sports fans will understand.PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie PanWhen baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven. Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.Assume1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.2. Each pan must have an area of A.3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different valuesof W/L and p.In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.PROBLEM B: Water, Water, EverywhereFresh water is the limiting constraint for development in much of the world. Build a mathematical model for determining an effective, feasible, andcost-efficient water strategy for 2013 to meet the projected water needs of [pick one country from the list below] in 2025, and identify the best water strategy. In particular, your mathematical model must address storage and movement; de-salinization; and conservation. If possible, use your model to discuss the economic, physical, and environmental implications of your strategy. Provide a non-technical position paper to governmental leadership outlining your approach, its feasibility and costs, and why it is the ―best water strategy choice.‖Countries: United States, China, Russia, Egypt, or Saudi ArabiaPROBLEM A: The Leaves of a Tree"How much do the leaves on a tree weigh?" How might one estimate the actual weight of the leaves (or for that matter any other parts of the tree)? How might one classify leaves? Build a mathematical model to describe and classify leaves. Consider and answer the following:• Why do leaves have the various shapes that they have?• Do the shapes ―minimize‖ overlapping individual shadows that are cast, so as to maximize exposure? Does the distribution of leaves within the ―volume‖ of the tree and its branches effect the shape?• Speaking of profiles, is leaf shape (general characteristics) related to tree profile/branching structure?• How would you estimate the leaf mass of a tree? Is there a correlation between the leaf mass and the size characteristics of the tree (height, mass, volume defined by the profile)?In addition to your one page summary sheet prepare a one page letter to an editor of a scientific journal outlining your key findings.PROBLEM B: Camping along the Big Long RiverVisitors to the Big Long River (225 miles) can enjoy scenic views and exciting white water rapids. The river is inaccessible to hikers, so the only way to enjoy it is to take a river trip that requires several days of camping. River trips all start at First Launch and exit the river at Final Exit, 225 miles downstream. Passengers take either oar- powered rubber rafts, which travel on average 4 mph or motorized boats, which travel on average 8 mph. The trips range from 6 to 18 nights of camping on the river, start to finish.. The government agency responsible for managing this river wants every trip to enjoy a wilderness experience, with minimal contact with other groups of boats on the river. Currently, X trips travel down the Big Long River each year during a six month period (the rest of the year it is too cold for river trips). There are Y camp sites on the Big Long River, distributed fairly uniformly throughout the river corridor. Given the rise in popularity of river rafting, the park managers have been asked to allow more trips to travel down the river. They want to determine how they might schedule an optimal mix of trips, of varying duration (measured in nights on the river) and propulsion (motor or oar) that will utilize the campsites in thebest way possible. In other words, how many more boat trips could be added to the Big Long River’s rafting season? The river managers have hired you to advise them on ways in which to develop the best schedule and on ways in which to determine the carrying capacity of the river, remembering that no two sets of campers can occupy the same site at the same time. In addition to your one page summary sheet, prepare a one page memo to the managers of the river describing your key findings.2011 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Snowboard CourseDetermine the shape of a snowboard course (currently known as a ―halfpipe‖) to maximize the production of ―vertical air‖ by a skilled snowboarder. "Vertical air" is the maximum vertical distance above the edge of the halfpipe. Tailor the shape to optimize other possible requirements, such as maximum twist in the air.What tradeoffs may be required to develop a ―practical‖ course?PROBLEM B: Repeater CoordinationThe VHF radio spectrum involves line-of-sight transmission and reception. This limitation can be overcome by ―repeaters,‖ which pick up weak signals, amplify them, and retransmit them on a different frequency. Thus, using a repeater, low-power users (such as mobile stations) can communicate with one another in situations where direct user-to-user contact would not be possible. However, repeaters can interfere with one another unless they are far enough apart or transmit on sufficiently separated frequencies.In addition to geographical separation, the ―continuous tone-coded squelch system‖ (CTCSS), sometimes nicknamed ―private line‖ (PL), technology can be used to mitigate interference problems. This system associates to each repeater a separate subaudible tone that is transmitted by all users who wish to communicate through that repeater. The repeater responds only to received signals with its specific PL tone. With this system, two nearby repeaters can share the same frequency pair (for receive and transmit); so more repeaters (and hence more users) can be accommodated in a particular area.For a circular flat area of radius 40 miles radius, determine the minimum number of repeaters necessary to accommodate 1,000 simultaneous users. Assume that the spectrum available is 145 to 148 MHz, the transmitter frequency in a repeater is either 600 kHz above or 600 kHz below the receiver frequency, and there are 54 different PL tones available.How does your solution change if there are 10,000 users?Discuss the case where there might be defects in line-of-sight propagation caused by mountainous areas.2010 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Sweet SpotExplain the ―sweet spot‖ on a baseball bat.Every hitter knows that there is a spot on the fat part of a baseball bat where maximum power is transferred to the ball when hit. Why isn’t this spot at the end of the bat? A simple explanation based on torque might seem to identify the end of the bat as the sweet spot, but this is known to be empirically incorrect. Develop a model that helps explain this empirical finding.Some playe rs believe that ―corking‖ a bat (hollowing out a cylinder in the head of the bat and filling it with cork or rubber, then replacing a wood cap) enhances the ―sweet spot‖ effect. Augment your model to confirm or deny this effect. Does this explain why Major League Baseball prohibits ―corking‖?Does the material out of which the bat is constructed matter? That is, does this model predict different behavior for wood (usually ash) or metal (usually aluminum) bats? Is this why Major League Baseball prohibits metal bats?PROBLEM B: CriminologyIn 1981 Peter Sutcliffe was convicted of thirteen murders and subjecting a number of other people to vicious attacks. One of the methods used to narrow the search for Mr. Sutcliffe was to find a ―center of mass‖ of the locations of the attacks. In the end, the suspect happened to live in the same town predicted by this technique. Since that time, a number of more sophisticated techniques have been developed to determine the ―geographical profile‖ of a suspected serialcriminal based on the locations of the crimes.Your team has been asked by a local police agency to develop a method to aid in their investigations of serial criminals. The approach that you develop should make use of at least two different schemes to generate a geographical profile. You should develop a technique to combine the results of the different schemes and generate a useful prediction for law enforcement officers. The prediction should provide some kind of estimate or guidance about possible locations of the next crime based on the time and locations of the past crime scenes. If you make use of any other evidence in your estimate, you must provide specific details about how you incorporate the extra information. Your method should also provide some kind of estimate about how reliable the estimate will be in a given situation, including appropriate warnings.In addition to the required one-page summary, your report should include an additionaltwo-page executive summary. The executive summary should provide a broad overview of the potential issues. It should provide an overview of your approach and describe situations when it is an appropriate tool and situations in which it is not an appropriate tool. The executive summary will be read by a chief of police and should include technical details appropriate to the intended audience2009 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Designing a Traffic CircleMany cities and communities have traffic circles—from large ones with many lanes in the circle (such as at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and the Victory Monument in Bangkok) to small ones with one or two lanes in the circle. Some of these traffic circles position a stop sign or a yield sign on every incoming road that gives priority to traffic already in the circle; some position a yield sign in the circle at each incoming road to give priority to incoming traffic; and some position a traffic light on each incoming road (with no right turn allowed on a red light). Other designs may also be possible.The goal of this problem is to use a model to determine how best to control traffic flow in, around, and out of a circle. State clearly the objective(s) you use in your model for making the optimal choice as well as the factors that affect this choice. Include a Technical Summary of not more than two double-spaced pages that explains to a Traffic Engineer how to use your model to help choose the appropriate flow-control method for any specific traffic circle. That is, summarize the conditions under which each type of traffic-control method should be used. When traffic lights are recommended, explain a method fordetermining how many seconds each light should remain green (which may vary according to the time of day and other factors). Illustrate how your model works with specific examples.PROBLEM B: Energy and the Cell PhoneThis question involves the ―energy‖ consequences of the cell phone revolution. Cell phone usage is mushrooming, and many people are using cell phones and giving up their landline telephones. What is the consequence of this in terms of electricity use? Every cell phone comes with a battery and a recharger.Requirement 1Consider the current US, a country of about 300 million people. Estimate from available data the number H of households, with m members each, that in the past were serviced by landlines. Now, suppose that all the landlines are replaced by cell phones; that is, each of the m members of the household has a cell phone. Model the consequences of this change for electricity utilization in the current US, both during the transition and during the steady state. The analysis should take into account the need for charging the batteries of the cell phones, as well as the fact that cell phones do not last as long as landline phones (for example, the cell phones get lost and break).Requirement 2Consider a second ―Pseudo US‖—a country of about 300 million people with about the same economic status as the current US. However, this emerging country has neither landlines nor cell phones. What is the optimal way of providing phone service to this country from an energy perspective? Of course, cell phones have many social consequences and uses that landline phones do not allow. A discussion of the broad and hidden consequences of having only landlines, only cell phones, or a mixture of the two is welcomed.Requirement 3Cell phones periodically need to be recharged. However, many people always keep their recharger plugged in. Additionally, many people charge their phones every night, whether they need to be recharged or not. Model the energy costs of this wasteful practice for a Pseudo US based upon your answer to Requirement 2. Assume that the Pseudo US supplies electricity from oil. Interpret your results in terms of barrels of oil.Requirement 4Estimates vary on the amount of energy that is used by various recharger types (TV, DVR, computer peripherals, and so forth) when left plugged in but not charging the device. Useaccurate data to model the energy wasted by the current US in terms of barrels of oil per day. Requirement 5Now consider population and economic growth over the next 50 years. How might a typical Pseudo US grow? For each 10 years for the next 50 years, predict the energy needs for providing phone service based upon your analysis in the first three requirements. Again, assume electricity is provided from oil. Interpret your predictions in term of barrels of oil.2008 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Take a BathConsider the effects on land from the melting of the north polar ice cap due to the predicted increase in global temperatures. Specifically, model the effects on the coast of Florida every ten years for the next 50 years due to the melting, with particular attention given to large metropolitan areas. Propose appropriate responses to deal with this. A careful discussion of the data used is an important part of the answer.PROBLEM B: Creating Sudoku PuzzlesDevelop an algorithm to construct Sudoku puzzles of varying difficulty. Develop metrics to define a difficulty level. The algorithm and metrics should be extensible to a varying number of difficulty levels. You should illustrate the algorithm with at least 4 difficulty levels. Your algorithm should guarantee a unique solution. Analyze the complexity of your algorithm. Your objective should be to minimize the complexity of the algorithm and meet the above requirements.2007 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: GerrymanderingThe United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state's population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way ofdetermining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look "unnatural" by some standards.Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely "baseline" exercise to create the "simplest" shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of "simple" is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New York.PROBLEM B: The Airplane Seating ProblemAirlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward.Apart from consideration of the passengers' wait time, from the airline's point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day.The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time.Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85-210), midsize (210-330), and large (450-800).Prepare an executive summary, not to exceed two single-spaced pages, in which you set out your conclusions to an audience of airline executives, gate agents, and flight crews.Note: The 2 page executive summary is to be included IN ADDITION to the reports required by the contest guidelines.An article appeared in the NY Times Nov 14, 2006 addressing procedures currently being followed and the importance to the airline of finding better solutions. The article can be seen at:/2006/11/14/business/14boarding.html2006 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for IrrigationThere are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of "hand move" irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to insure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation system is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals.Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. You should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a schedule to move the pipes, including where to move them.A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When put together the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo- Pascal's and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possiblePROBLEM B: Wheel Chair Access at AirportsOne of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who are not able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheel chair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing.Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheel chairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheel chairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports the time required tomove across the airport is nontrivial. The wheel chairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheel chairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline.Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheel chairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheel chairs throughout each day in a cost effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term.Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheel chairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances.Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights. Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.2005 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Flood PlanningLake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam.Two particular questions:Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?PROBLEM B: TollboothsHeavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway , Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas. Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas. Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza. Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza. Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza. When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll.Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza. Explicitly consider the scenario where there is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane. Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of "optimal" is up to you to determine.以上是2005年——2014年美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题更多试题详见/undergraduate/contests/matrix/index.html。
2004、2010、2011、2012美国数学建模数学竞赛试题及翻译、分析
2004年A题题目是研究人的指纹相同导致确认身份时产生错误的可能性和因为DNA相同导致产生错误的可能性。
这道题与生物有关。
2004年，美国提出了“科技展望——生物盾国家纳米技术”，针对微分子进行研究，与人体相关的DNA也就成为焦点。
指纹是区分人的重要参数，它由DNA决定，由于现在自然环境改变，人体的DNA也有可能发生变异，这样引起相同指纹出现也是有可能的。
研究这种变异的可能性有利于刑事案件的侦破，提高政府的防御能力等。
本题目可以采用机理分析法来建模。
可以采用计算机模拟人体染色体中的基因排列进而检验、统计排列结果与指纹形成情况B题题目：现在的快通系统在收费站、娱乐公园和其他的地方，正在越来越频繁的使用，来减少人们排队等候的时间，现在我们考虑为一个娱乐公园所设计的快通系统，在一次测试中，这个公园在几个游客比较多的景点旁都设置的快通系统，这个系统的设计创意是对于那些比较热门的景点，可以到旁边的一个机器，将其门票插入后出来一张纸条，上面写着具体的你可以回来时间段，比如说你把你的门票在1：15插到机子里，系统就会告诉你，你可以在3:30-4:30回来，这个时候队伍就比较短，你可以凭你的纸条加入这个队伍，很快就可以进入景点，为了防止游客同时在几个景点使用这个系统。
系统的机器只允许你一次在一个景点排队等候。
现在你是几个被公园雇佣的互相竞争的一个，你的职责是改善快通系统的运行。
很多游客都在抱怨测试期间系统的异常现象，比如说有一次系统提供的回到景点的时间是4小时以后，但是才过一会儿，在相同景点系统提供的时间只有1小时。
在另外一些时候根据快通系统组织起来的游客的等候队伍，就和普通的队伍一样长一样慢。
现在的问题是要提出并且测试一个模型，这个模型能让快通系统的等候纸条的发放能增加人们在公园的乐趣的目的。
问题的一部分就是首先决定衡量不同模型的标准，在你提交的报告里还要附带一份技术性的总结，以便公园的领导在不同的顾问所提出的模型中选择。
2000-2013 mcm美国大学生数学建模竞赛原版题目
2000 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Air traffic ControlProblem B: Radio Channel AssignmentsProblem A Air traffic ControlDedicated to the memory of Dr. Robert Machol, former chief scientist of the Federal Aviation AgencyTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analyst at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention?Requirement B: An airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector (1) at any one instant? (2) during any given interval of time?(3) during a particular time of day? How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity?Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity?In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.Problem BRadio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grid (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.Figure 1An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be allotted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1, 2, 3, ... . Each transmitter will be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided. Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assign channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several constraints on frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these constraints, what can we say about the span in,Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What can we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2001 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelProblem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Problem A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on theright.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.∙Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the windspeeds for different road grades starting from zero percent to ten percent in onepercent increments. (Road grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hilldivided by the length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional to the road grade. A riderwill lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.Problem B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound lanes of I-26into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially turning the entire I-26 intoone-way traffic, significantly improve evacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region was ordered.Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps county-by-county over some time period consistent with thepattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast. Under whatconditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more temporary shelters inColumbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats, campers, andmotor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what conditions should there berestrictions on vehicle types or numbers of vehicles brought in order to guaranteetimely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of Georgia and Florida,who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic flow?Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to comparestrategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies.Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2002 Mathematical Contest in ModelingThe ProblemsProblem AAuthors: Tjalling YpmaTitle: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area.Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.Authors: Bill Fox and Rich WestTitle: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations.Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation:Less flights by airlines from point A to point BHeightened security at and around airportsPassengers' fearLoss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and consider alternatives for handling "bumped" passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2003 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Stunt PersonAn exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.).∙determine what size boxes to use∙determine how many boxes to use∙determine how the boxes will be stacked∙determine if any modifications to the boxes would help∙generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heightsNote that, in "Tomorrow Never Dies", the James Bond character on a motorcycle jumps over a helicopter.PROBLEM B: Gamma Knife Treatment PlanningStereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a “shot.” Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points.The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.1.Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.2.Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.3.Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ.4.Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or organs.5.Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses.6.Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.In gamma unit treatment planning, we have the following constraints:1.Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.2.Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).3.Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But at least 90% ofthe target volume must be covered by shots.e as few shots as possible.Your tasks are to formulate the optimal treatment planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.2004 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Are Fingerprints Unique?It is a commonplace belief that the thumbprint of every human who has ever lived is different. Develop and analyze a model that will allow you to assess the probability that this is true. Compare the odds (that you found in this problem) of misidentification by fingerprint evidence against the odds of misidentification by DNA evidence.PROBLEM B: A Faster QuickPass System"QuickPass" systems are increasingly appearing to reduce people's time waiting in line, whether it is at tollbooths, amusement parks, or elsewhere. Consider the design of a QuickPass system for an amusement park. The amusement park has experimented by offering QuickPasses for several popular rides as a test. The idea is that for certain popular rides you can go to a kiosk near that ride and insert your daily park entrance ticket, and out will come a slip that states that you can return to that ride at a specific time later. For example, you insert your daily park entrance ticket at 1:15 pm, and the QuickPass states that you can come back between 3:30 and 4:30 pm when you can use your slip to enter a second, and presumably much shorter, line that will get you to the ride faster. To prevent people from obtaining QuickPasses for several rides at once, the QuickPass machines allow you to have only one active QuickPass at a time.You have been hired as one of several competing consultants to improve the operation of QuickPass. Customers have been complaining about some anomalies in the test system. For example, customers observed that in one instance QuickPasses were being offered for a return time as long as 4 hours later. A short time later on the same ride, the QuickPasses were given for times only an hour or so later. In some instances, the lines for people with Quickpasses are nearly as long and slow as the regular lines.The problem then is to propose and test schemes for issuing QuickPasses in order to increase people's enjoyment of the amusement park. Part of the problem is to determine what criteria to use in evaluating alternative schemes. Include in your report a non-technical summary for amusement park executives who must choose between alternatives from competing consultants.2005 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Flood PlanningLake Murray in central South Carolina is formed by a large earthen dam, which was completed in 1930 for power production. Model the flooding downstream in the event there is a catastrophic earthquake that breaches the dam.Two particular questions:Rawls Creek is a year-round stream that flows into the Saluda River a short distance downriver from the dam. How much flooding will occur in Rawls Creek from a dam failure, and how far back will it extend?Could the flood be so massive downstream that water would reach up to the S.C. State Capitol Building, which is on a hill overlooking the Congaree River?PROBLEM B: TollboothsHeavily-traveled toll roads such as the Garden State Parkway , Interstate 95, and so forth, are multi-lane divided highways that are interrupted at intervals by toll plazas. Because collecting tolls is usually unpopular, it is desirable to minimize motorist annoyance by limiting the amount of traffic disruption caused by the toll plazas. Commonly, a much larger number of tollbooths is provided than the number of travel lanes entering the toll plaza. Upon entering the toll plaza, the flow of vehicles fans out to the larger number of tollbooths, and when leaving the toll plaza,the flow of vehicles is required to squeeze back down to a number of travel lanes equal to the number of travel lanes before the toll plaza. Consequently, when traffic is heavy, congestion increases upon departure from the toll plaza. When traffic is very heavy, congestion also builds at the entry to the toll plaza because of the time required for each vehicle to pay the toll.Make a model to help you determine the optimal number of tollbooths to deploy in a barrier-toll plaza. Explicitly consider the scenario where there is exactly one tollbooth per incoming travel lane. Under what conditions is this more or less effective than the current practice? Note that the definition of "optimal" is up to you to determine.2005 ICM ProblemPROBLEM C: Nonrenewable ResourcesSelect a vital nonrenewable or exhaustible resource (water, mineral, energy, food, etc.) for which your team can find appropriate world-wide historic data on its endowment, discovery, annual consumption, and price.The modeling tasks are:ing the endowment, discoveries, and consumption data, model the depletion ordegradation of the commodity over a long horizon using resource modeling principles.2.Adjust the model to account for future economic, demographic, political andenvironmental factors. Be sure to reveal the details of your model, provide visualizations of the model’s output, and explain limitations of the model.3.Create a fair, practical "harvesting/management" policy that may include economicincentives or disincentives, which sustain the usage over a long period of time while avoiding severe disruption of consumption, degradation or rapid exhaustion of the resource.4.Develop a "security" policy that protects the resource against theft, misuse, disruption,and unnecessary degradation or destruction of the resource. Other issues that may need to be addressed are political and security management alternatives associated with these policies.5.Develop policies to control any short- or long-term "environmental effects" of theharvesting. Be sure to include issues such as pollutants, increased susceptibility to natural disasters, waste handling and storage, and other factors you deem appropriate.pare this resource with any other alternatives for its purpose. What new science ortechnologies could be developed to mitigate the use and potential exhaustion of this resource? Develop a research policy to advance these new areas2006 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for IrrigationThere are a wide variety of techniques available for irrigating a field. The technologies range from advanced drip systems to periodic flooding. One of the systems that is used on smaller ranches is the use of "hand move" irrigation systems. Lightweight aluminum pipes with sprinkler heads are put in place across fields, and they are moved by hand at periodic intervals to insure that the whole field receives an adequate amount of water. This type of irrigation system is cheaper and easier to maintain than other systems. It is also flexible, allowing for use on a wide variety of fields and crops. The disadvantage is that it requires a great deal of time and effort to move and set up the equipment at regular intervals.Given that this type of irrigation system is to be used, how can it be configured to minimize the amount of time required to irrigate a field that is 80 meters by 30 meters? For this task you are asked to find an algorithm to determine how to irrigate the rectangular field that minimizes the amount of time required by a rancher to maintain the irrigation system. One pipe set is used in the field. You should determine the number of sprinklers and the spacing between sprinklers, and you should find a schedule to move the pipes, including where to move them.A pipe set consists of a number of pipes that can be connected together in a straight line. Each pipe has a 10 cm inner diameter with rotating spray nozzles that have a 0.6 cm inner diameter. When put together the resulting pipe is 20 meters long. At the water source, the pressure is 420 Kilo- Pascal's and has a flow rate of 150 liters per minute. No part of the field should receive more than 0.75 cm per hour of water, and each part of the field should receive at least 2 centimeters of water every 4 days. The total amount of water should be applied as uniformly as possiblePROBLEM B: Wheel Chair Access at AirportsOne of the frustrations with air travel is the need to fly through multiple airports, and each stop generally requires each traveler to change to a different airplane. This can be especially difficult for people who are not able to easily walk to a different flight's waiting area. One of the ways that an airline can make the transition easier is to provide a wheel chair and an escort to those people who ask for help. It is generally known well in advance which passengers require help, but it is not uncommon to receive notice when a passenger first registers at the airport. In rare instances an airline may not receive notice from a passenger until just prior to landing.Airlines are under constant pressure to keep their costs down. Wheel chairs wear out and are expensive and require maintenance. There is also a cost for making the escorts available. Moreover, wheel chairs and their escorts must be constantly moved around the airport so that they are available to people when their flight lands. In some large airports the time required to move across the airport is nontrivial. The wheel chairs must be stored somewhere, but space is expensive and severely limited in an airport terminal. Also, wheel chairs left in high traffic areas represent a liability risk as people try to move around them. Finally, one of the biggest costs is the cost of holding a plane if someone must wait for an escort and becomes late for their flight. The latter cost is especially troubling because it can affect the airline's average flight delay which can lead to fewer ticket sales as potential customers may choose to avoid an airline.Epsilon Airlines has decided to ask a third party to help them obtain a detailed analysis of the issues and costs of keeping and maintaining wheel chairs and escorts available for passengers. The airline needs to find a way to schedule the movement of wheel chairs throughout each day in a cost effective way. They also need to find and define the costs for budget planning in both the short and long term.Epsilon Airlines has asked your consultant group to put together a bid to help them solve their problem. Your bid should include an overview and analysis of the situation to help them decide if you fully understand their problem. They require a detailed description of an algorithm that you would like to implement which can determine where the escorts and wheel chairs should be and how they should move throughout each day. The goal is to keep the total costs as low as possible. Your bid is one of many that the airline will consider. You must make a strong case as to why your solution is the best and show that it will be able to handle a wide range of airports under a variety of circumstances.Your bid should also include examples of how the algorithm would work for a large (at least 4 concourses), a medium (at least two concourses), and a small airport (one concourse) under high and low traffic loads. You should determine all potential costs and balance their respective weights. Finally, as populations begin to include a higher percentage of older people who have more time to travel but may require more aid, your report should include projections of potential costs and needs in the future with recommendations to meet future needs.2007 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: GerrymanderingThe United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall be composed of some number (currently 435) of individuals who are elected from each state in proportion to the state's population relative to that of the country as a whole. While this provides a way of determining how many representatives each state will have, it says nothing about how the district represented by a particular representative shall be determined geographically. This oversight has led to egregious (at least some people think so, usually not the incumbent) district shapes that look "unnatural" by some standards.Hence the following question: Suppose you were given the opportunity to draw congressional districts for a state. How would you do so as a purely "baseline" exercise to create the "simplest" shapes for all the districts in a state? The rules include only that each district in the state must contain the same population. The definition of "simple" is up to you; but you need to make a convincing argument to voters in the state that your solution is fair. As an application of your method, draw geographically simple congressional districts for the state of New York.PROBLEM B: The Airplane Seating ProblemAirlines are free to seat passengers waiting to board an aircraft in any order whatsoever. It has become customary to seat passengers with special needs first, followed by first-class passengers (who sit at the front of the plane). Then coach and business-class passengers are seated by groups of rows, beginning with the row at the back of the plane and proceeding forward.Apart from consideration of the passengers' wait time, from the airline's point of view, time is money, and boarding time is best minimized. The plane makes money for the airline only when it is in motion, and long boarding times limit the number of trips that a plane can make in a day.The development of larger planes, such as the Airbus A380 (800 passengers), accentuate the problem of minimizing boarding (and deboarding) time.Devise and compare procedures for boarding and deboarding planes with varying numbers of passengers: small (85-210), midsize (210-330), and large (450-800).。
数模1998-2016年历年美赛题目(中文)
2016 年美赛题目翻译Program A一个人用热水从一个水龙头里灌满一个浴缸，然后安顿在浴缸中，清洗和放松。
不幸的是，浴缸不是一个温泉式浴缸，一个二次加热系统和循环射流，而是一个简单的水容器。
过了一会儿，洗澡就明显地凉快，所以人增加了一个恒定滴热水从水龙头加热洗浴用水。
该浴缸的设计是在这样一种方式，当浴缸达到容量，多余的水通过溢流泄流。
在空间和时间上开发一个浴缸的水的温度模型，以确定最佳的策略，在浴缸的人可以采取保持温度，即使在整个浴缸和尽可能接近的初始温度，没有浪费太多的水。
使用你的模型来确定你的策略取决于浴缸的形状和体积，浴缸的形状/体积/温度，浴缸中的人的运动。
如果这个人用了一个泡泡浴剂，而最初填充浴缸，以协助清洗，这会影响你的模型的结果？除了要求的一页摘要MCM提交，你的报告必须包括一一页的非技术性解释的浴缸，描述你的策略，解释为什么它是如此难以在洗澡水温度得到均匀地保持用户Program B小碎片在轨道上绕地球金额已日益受到关注。
据估计，超过50万件的空间碎片，也被称为轨道碎片，目前都正在跟踪的潜在危害飞船。
这个问题本身在新闻媒体上变得更广泛的讨论时，俄罗斯卫星的Kosmos-2251和美国铱卫星-33 2009年2月10日，上相撞。
已经提出许多方法以除去碎屑。
这些方法包括小的，基于空间的水射流，并用于针对碎片的特定部分高能激光器和大型卫星，旨在清扫杂物，等等。
碎片的大小和质量范围从漆片的废弃卫星。
碎片“高速轨道捕获做出困难。
开发时间依赖模型来确定一个私人公司可以采取作为一个商业机会，以解决空间碎片问题的替代品的最佳替代品或组合。
您的模型应该包括成本，风险，收益定量和/或定性的估计，以及其他的重要因素。
您的模型应该能够评估独立的替代方案以及替代品的组合，并能够探索各种重要的“如果什么？”的情景。
使用你的模型，确定经济上有吸引力的机会是否存在没有这样的机会是可能的。
如果可行的商业机会的存在作为替代的解决方案，提供了用于去除碎屑的不同选项的比较，并包括特定建议作为对碎片应如何除去。
1991美国数学建模数学竞赛试题及翻译
1991 MCM A: Water Tank Flow1991 MCM A: Water Tank FlowSome state water-right agencies require from communities data on the rate of water use, in gallons per hour, and the total amount of water used each day. Many communities do not have equipment to measure the flow of water in or out of the municipal tank. Instead, they can measure only the level of water in the tank, within 0.5% accuracy, every hour. More importantly, whenever the level in the tank drops below some minimum level L, a pump fills the tank up to the maximum level, H; however, there is no measurement of the pump flow either. Thus, one cannot readily relate the level in the tank to the amount of water used while the pump is working, which occurs once or twice per day, for a couple of hours each time. Estimate the flow out of the tank f(t) at all times, even when the pump is working, and estimate the total amount of water used during the day. Table 1 gives real data, from an actual small town, for one day[ table omitted]. The table gives the time, in, since the first measurement, and the level of water in the tank, in hundredths of a foot. For example, after 3316 seconds, the depth of water in the tank reached 31.10 feet. The tank is a vertical circular cylinder, with a height of 40 feet and a diameter of 57 feet. Usually, the pump starts filling the tank when the level drops to about 27.00 feet, and the pump stops when the level rises back to about 35.50 feet.1991 MCM B: The Steiner Tree Problem史坦纳树问题The cost for a communication line between two stations is proportional to the length of the line. The cost for conventional minimal spanning trees of a set of stations can often be cut by introducing “phantom” stations and then constructing a new Steiner tree. This device allows costs to be cut by up to 13.4% (= 1- sqrt(3/4)). Moreover, a network with n stations never requires more than n-2 points to construct the cheapest Steiner tree. Two simple cases are shown in Figure 1.For local networks, it often is necessary to use rectilinear or “checker-board” distances, instead of straight Euclidean lines. Distances in this metric are computed as shown in Figure 2.Suppose you wish to design a minimum costs spanning tree for a local network with 9 stations. Their rectangular coordinates are: a(0,15), b(5,20), c(16,24), d(20,20), e(33,25), f(23,11), g(35,7), h(25,0)i(10,3). You are restricted to using rectilinear lines. Moreover, all “phantom” stations must be located at lattice points (i.e., the coordinates must be integers). The cost for each line is its length.1.Find a minimal cost tree for the network.2.Suppose each stations has a cost w*d^(3/2), where d=degree of thestation. If w=1.2, find a minimal cost tree.3.Try to generalize this problem水箱流量一些水权协会向社区获取使用水的流动速率，每小时多少加能，和每天用水的总量。
1988年美国大学生数学建模竞赛试题
MCM1988A 铁路平板车问题7种规格的包装箱要装有两辆铁路平板车上去，包装箱的宽和高相同，但厚度（t,以cm计）和重量（,ω以kg计）不同，表A-1给出了每包装箱的厚度、重量和数量，每辆车有10.2m长的地方用来装包装箱（像面包片那样），车的载重为40吨，对C5、C6、C7、规格的包装箱的总数有一个特殊的限制：这些规格箱子所占的空间（厚度）不能超过302.7cm。
试把包装箱装到两辆平板车上去（图A-6）使得浪费的空间最小。
表A-1 每种包装箱的厚度、重量和数量C 1C2C3C4C5C6C7t ω48.72000852.03000761.31000972.0500648.74000652.02000464.010008cmkg MCM1988B 毒品走私船的问题相距5.43英里的两个监听站收到一个短暂的无线电信号，收听到信号时两台测向仪分别定位于110°和119°（图A-7），测向仪的精度在2°以内，该信号来自一个毒品交易活跃的区域，据推测一只机动船正等着有人来取毒品，当时正值黄昏，风平浪静，没有潮流，一架小型直升飞机离开监听站1的升降台，并能精确地沿着110°的方向飞行，直升飞机的飞行速度是船的3倍，在离船500英尺时，船上能听到直升飞机的声音，直升飞机只有一种侦察装置——探照灯，在200英尺的地方探照灯只能照亮半径为25英尺的圆形区域。
·说明飞行员能找到正等着的毒品船的（最小）区域。
·研究一种直升飞机的最佳搜索方法。
你的计算中要有95%的置信度。
历年美国数学建模竞赛题目
历年美国数学建模竞赛题目1985 A J 动物群体的常微分方程.pdf1985 A J 动物群体的管理.pdf1985 A O An Effective Method for Harvesting Salmon.pdf1985 A O Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone National Park.pdf1985 A O Population Dynamics of Deer.pdf1985 A O Population Dynamics of The Peruvian Anchovy.pdf1985 B J B题的若干知识.pdf1985 B J 战略物资的存贮管理.rar1985 B O Managing a Cobalt Stockpile.pdf1985 B O The Problem of Managing a Strategic Reserve.pdf1986 A O Contour Interpolation of Random Data.pdf1986 A O Contouring of Hydrographic Data.pdf1986 A O Interpolating a Topographical Map of The Ocean Floor.pdf 1986 A O Spline Analysis of Hydrographic Data.pdf1986 A O 水道测量数据.pdf1986 B J 应急设施位置.pdf1986 B J 应急设施的优化选址问题.pdf1986 B J 应急设施的位置.pdf1987 A J 盐的贮存.pdf1987 A O The Salt Problem—Making a Mountain Out of Molehills.pdf 1988 A J 关于毒品走私船位置问题的数学模型.pdf1988 B J 两辆平板车的装载问题.pdf1988 B J 两辆铁路平板车的装货问题.pdf1988 B O Locating a Drug Runner Miami Vice Style.pdf1989 A J 判别分析和蠓虫分类.pdf1989 A J 蠓的分类.pdf1989 A O Neural-Network Approach to Classification Problems.pdf 1989 B J 飞机起飞的最优次序.pdf1990 A J 扩散问题的偏微分方程模型.pdf1990 A J 精神病用药问题.pdf1990 A J 试题分析.pdf1990 A O Error-Function Diffusion A Dopamine–Fick’s Model.pdf 1990 B J 扫雪问题.pdf1990 B J 扫雪问题的数学模型.pdf1991 A J 估计水箱的水流量.pdf1991 A J 估计水箱的水流量模型.pdf1991 A J 水塔水流量估计.pdf1991 A J 逼近观察数据的一些样条模型.pdf1991 B J 可靠网络中生成树的优化模型.pdf1991 B J 最小Steiner生成树.pdf1991 B J 最小费用斯坦纳树的构造.pdf1991 B O Finding Optimal Steiner Trees.pdf1991 B P 水塔流量估计.rar1992 B J 应急电力修复系统的修复计划.pdf1992 B O Development of an Emergency-Response System.pdf1993 A J 通过数学建模解决混合物转化为有机肥最佳过程问题.pdf1993 A O Coal-Tipple Operations.pdf1993 B J 倒煤台的操作方案.pdf1993 B J 煤车装卸系统的优化操作.PDF1994 A J 房屋隔热经济效益核算.pdf1994 B J 计算机网络的最小接通时间.pdf1994 B J 计算机网络的最短传输时间.pdf1994 B M 信息传递最少用时的数学模型.pdf1994 B O Talking Fast Finding the Makespan of a Communications Network.pdf1995 A C Author’s Commentary The Outstanding Helix Intersections Papers.pdf1995 A JC 单个的螺旋线.pdf1995 A O A Specialized Root-Finding Method for Rapidly Determining the Intersections of a Plane and a Helix.pdf1995 A O Planes and Helices.pdf1995 A O The Single Helix.pdf1995 B H 学院教师的付薪方案.pdf1995 B L 工资调整系统.pdf1995 B L 教员工资分配调整方案.pdf1995 B O How to Keep Your Job as Provost.pdf1995 B O Long-Term and Transient Pay Scale for College Faculty.pdf1995 B O Paying Professors What They’re Worth.pdf1995 B O The World’s Most Complicated Payroll.pdf1996 A J The Outstanding Helix Intersections Papers.pdf1996 A M 利用环境噪声场探测无自噪声潜艇.pdf1996 A O Detection of a Silent Submarine.pdf1996 A O Gone Fishin.pdf1996 A O How to Locate a Submarine.pdf1996 A O Imaging Underwater Objects with Ambient Noise.pdf1996 A P The Outstanding Submarine Location Papers.pdf1996 B J The Outstanding Contest Judging Papers A.pdf1996 B J The Outstanding Contest Judging Papers B.pdf1996 B JC 竞赛择优问题.pdf1996 B JC 竞赛评卷仿真.pdf1996 B M 快速评卷的方案设计.pdf1996 B M 竞赛评判问题.pdf1996 B O Judging a Mathematics Contest.pdf1996 B O Modeling Better Modeling Judges.pdf1996 B O Select the Winners Fast.pdf1996 B O The Inconsistent Judge.pdf1996 B O The Paper Selection Scheme Simulation Analysis.pdf1997 A H 恐龙的追逐捕食模型.pdf1997 A J The Outstanding Velociraptor Papers.pdf1997 A O A Three-Phase Model for Predator–Prey Analysis.pdf1997 A O Lunch on the Run.pdf1997 A O Modeling Optimal Predator and Prey Strategies.pdf1997 A O Pursuit–Evasion Games in the Late Cretaceous.pdf1997 A O The Geometry and the Game Theory of Chases.pdf1997 B J The Outstanding Discussion Groups Papers.pdf1997 B M The Well-Mixed Assignments.pdf1997 B M 有效讨论的最优混合解.pdf1997 B O A Greedy Algorithm for Solving Meeting Mixing Problems.pdf1997 B O An Assignment Model for Fruitful Discussions.pdf1997 B O Meetings Bloody Meetings.pdf1997 B O Using Simulated Annealing.pdf1997 B P The Outstanding Discussion Groups Papers.pdf1998 A J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Scanner Papers.pdf1998 A M A Quick Algorithm for MRI Problem.pdf1998 A M Image Reconstruction in MRI.pdf1998 A O A Method for Taking Cross Sections of Three-Dimensional Gridded Data.pdf1998 A O A Model for Arbitrary Plane Imaging, or the Brain in Pain Falls Mainly on the Plane.pdf1998 A O A Tricubic Interpolation Algorithm for MRI Image Cross Sections.pdf1998 A O MRI Slice Picturing.pdf1998 A P Proposer's Commentary The Outstanding Scanner Papers.pdf1998 B H Place Students in Deciles Reasonably.pdf1998 B O A Case for Stricter Grading.pdf1998 B O Alternatives to the Grade Point Average for Ranking Students.pdf1998 B O Grade Infation A Systematic Approach to Fair Achievement Indexing.pdf1998 B O Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Grade Inflation Papers.pdf1998 B P Practitioner's Commentary The Outstanding Grade Inflation Papers.pdf1999 A H The Assessment Metheod of Impact.pdf1999 A O Antarctic Asteroid Effects.pdf1999 A O Asteroid Impact at the South Pole A Model-Based Risk Assessment.pdf1999 A O Not an Armageddon.pdf1999 A O The Sky is Falling.pdf1999 B H How to Calculate the Lawful Capacity in the Constraied Condition.pdf1999 B H How to Calculate the Lawful Capcity in the Constrained Condition .pdf1999 B J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Lawful Capacity Papers.pdf1999 B O Determining the People Capacity of a Structur.pdf1999 B O Don't Panic.pdf1999 B O Hexagonal Unpacking.pdf1999 B O Room Capacity Analysis Using a Pair of Evacuation Models.pdf1999 B O Standing Room Only.pdf2000 A J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Air Traffic Control Papers.pdf2000 A M Channel Assignment Strategies for Cellular Phone Systems.pdf2000 A M The Model For Measuring Complexity of Air Traffic Control Predicting and Adjusting Path Conflicts.pdf2000 A O Air Traffic Control.pdf2000 A O The Iron Laws of Air Traffic Control.pdf2000 A O The Safe Distance Between Airplanes and the Complexity of an Airspace Sector.pdf 2000 A O You Make the Call Feasibility of Computerized Aircraft Control.pdf2000 B J Author Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Channel Assignment Papers.pdf2000 B O A Channel Assignment Model The Span Without a Face.pdf2000 B O Groovin'with the Big Band(width).pdf2000 B O Radio Channel Assignments.pdf2000 B O Utilize the Limited Frequency Resources Efficiently.pdf2000 B O We're Sorry,You're Outside the Coverage Area.pdf2000 C J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Elephant Population Papers.pdf2000 C O A Computational Solution for Elephant Overpopulation.pdf2000 C O EigenElephants When Is Enough,Enough.pdf2000 C O Elephant Population A Linear Model.pdf2001 A J Author-Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Bicycle Wheel Papers.pdf2001 A O A Systematic Technique for Optimal Bicycle Wheel Selection.pdf2001 A O Can’t Quite Put Our Finger On It.pdf2001 A O Selection of a Bicycle Wheel Type.pdf2001 A O Spokes or Discs.pdf2001 A P Choosing a Bicycle Wheel.zip2001 B M Strategies for Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath.zip2001 B H Hurricane Evacuation .pdf2001 B J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Hurricane Evacuation Papers.pdf2001 B M What If Another Floyd Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath.pdf2001 B M When a Hard Wind Blows the Traffic Slows.pdf2001 B O Jammin'with Floyd A Traffic Flow Analysis of South Carolina Hurricane Evacuation.pdf2001 B O Please Move Quickly and Quietly to the Nearest Freeway.pdf2001 B O Project H.E.R.O. Hurricane Evacuation Route Optimization.pdf2001 B O The Crowd Before the Storm.pdf2001 B O Traffic Flow Models and the Evacuation Problempdf.pdf2001 B P 飓风来临的最佳疏散方案.rar2001 C J Judge’s Commentary The Outstanding Zebra Mussel Papers.pdf2001 C O A Multiple Regression Model to Predict Zebra Mussel Population Growth.pdf 2001 C O Identifying Potential Zebra Mussel Colonization.pdf2001 C O Waging War Against the Zebra Mussel.pdf2002 A J Judge’s Commentary The Outstanding Wind and Waterspray Papers.pdf2002 A M Blowin'in the Wind.pdf2002 A M Fountain Spray as a Particle Model.pdf2002 A M Woner Control Beautiful Foutain.rar2002 A O A Foul Weather Fountain.pdf2002 A O Simulating a Fountain.pdf2002 A O The Fountain That Math Built.pdf2002 A O Wind and Waterspray.pdf2002 B H How much to overbook this flight.zip2002 B J Judge’s Commentary The Outstanding Airline Overbooking Papers.pdf2002 B M Whole.rar2002 B O ACE is High.pdf2002 B O Overbooking on Airlines.pdf2002 B O Probabilistically Optimized Airline Overbooking Strategies.pdf2002 B O The Airline Overbooking Problem.pdf2002 B O Things That Go Bump in the Flight.pdf2002 C M If we Scrub our land too much we may lose the LIZARDs.rar2002 C M Life Model of Florida Scrub Lizard.rar2002 C O Cleaning Up the Scrub Saving the Florida Scrub Lizard.pdf2002 C O Where's the Scrub Aye,There's the Rub.pdf2003 A H Shaken, not Stirred.pdf2003 A M The Stunt Person.rar2003 A O Cardboard Comfortable When it comes to Crashing.pdf2003 A O Safe Landings.pdf2003 A O Thinking Outside the Box and Over the Elephant.pdf2003 A O You Too Can Be James Bond.pdf2003 A P Design and Stack the Cardboard Boxes.pdf2003 A P The design of the buffer cardboard boxes.pdf2003 B M Optimization of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatment Planning.pdf2003 B O Shelling Tumors with Caution and Wiggles.pdf2003 B P Shelling Procedure and Optimization by Simulated Annealing For Sphere Packing.pdf 2003 C H Aviation Baggage Screening.pdf2003 C H Security Screening at Airport.pdf2003 C H To Screen or Not.pdf2003 C M Aviation Baggage Screening Smart Approach to Screen.rar2003 C P Aviation Baggage Screening.pdf2004 A J Editor's Commentary Fingerprint Identification .pdf2004 A J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Fingerprints Papers.pdf2004 A J Publisher's Editorial The Good Fight.pdf2004 A M Are Fingerprints Unique.pdf2004 A M Are Fingerprints Unique.rar2004 A M Fe-Fi-Fo Thumb.pdf2004 A O Can't Quite Put Our Finger On It.pdf2004 A O Not Such a Small Whorl After All.pdf2004 A O The Myth of The Myth of Fingerprints.pdf2004 A O Z Rule of Thumb Prints Beat DNA.pdf2004 B H a Faster QuickPass System.pdf2004 B H Magic Regulation Scheme for QuickPass System.pdf2004 B J Editor's Commentary Fingerprint Identification .pdf2004 B J Judges' Commentary The Quick Pass Fusaro Award Paper.pdf2004 B M Virtual Lines in Topoland with these Designs.pdf2004 B O A Myopic Aggregate-Decision Model for Reservation Systems in Amusement Parks.pdf 2004 B O An Adaptive Approach to Virtual Queing.pdf2004 B O Developing Improved Algorithms for QuickPass Systems.pdf2004 B O Developing Improved Algorithms for QuickPass Systems.pdf .pdf2004 B O KalmanQueue An Adaptive Approach to Virtual Queueing.pdf2004 B O Theme-Park Queueing Systems.pdf2004 B O Z Theme Park Simulation with a Nash-Equilibrium-Based Visitor Behavior Model.pdf 2004 B P Make Your Way Faster.pdf2004 B P Optimized QuickPass System.pdf2004 B P You Must Be at Least This Tall to Ride This Paper.pdf2004 C H ?IT Security Keep Hackers and Virus Out.pdf2004 C J Authors' Commentary The Outstanding Information Technology Security Papers.pdf 2004 C J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Information Technology Security Papers.pdf 2004 C O Catch Thieves Online IT Security.pdf2004 C O Firewalls and Beyond Engineering IT Security.pdf2004 C O It's All About the Bottom Line.pdf2004 C O Making the CIA Work for You.pdf2005 A J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Flood Planning Papers.pdf2005 A M One Two Step .pdf2005 A O Analysis of Dam Failure in the Saluda River Valley.pdf2005 A O From Lake Murray to a Dam Slurry.pdf2005 A O Through the Breach Modeling Flooding from a Dam Failure in South Carolina.pdf 2005 A O Z Catastrophic Consequences of Earthquake Destruction of the Saluda Dam.pdf 2005 B H For Whom the Booth Tolls .pdf2005 B H Is the Number of Tollbooths Optimal.pdf2005 B H Modeling Toll Plaza Behavior Using.pdf2005 B H Optimal Design of Toll Plaza.pdf2005 B H ?Pass the Plaza more Quickly .pdf2005 B J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Tollbooths Papers.pdf2005 B M Giving Queueing the Booth.pdf2005 B O A Quasi-Sequential Cellular-Automaton Approach to Traffic Modeling.pdf2005 B O A Single-Car Interaction Model of Traffic for a Highway Toll Plaza.pdf2005 B O For Whom the Booth Tolls.pdf2005 B O Lane Changes and Close Following Troublesome Tollbooth Traffic.pdf2005 B O The Booth Tolls for Thee .pdf2005 B O The Booth Tolls for Thee.pdf2005 B O The Multiple Single Server Queueing System.pdf2005 B O Two Tools for Tollbooth Optimization.pdf2005 C H A Projection of Southeast Alaskan Salmon Populations.pdf2005 C H Between a Rockfish and a Hard Plaice.pdf2005 C H The future of “black gold”.pdf2005 C H When will the oil run out.pdf2005 C J Author's Commentary The Outstanding Exhaustible Resource Papers.pdf2005 C J Editorial Where Else to Publish.pdf2005 C J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Exhaustible Resource Papers.pdf2005 C O Preventing the Hydrocalypse A Model for Predicting and Managing Worldwide Water Resource.pdf2005 C O The Coming Oil Crisis.pdf2005 C O The Petroleum Armageddon.pdf2006 A H A Simulated Annealing Approach to Irrigation.pdf2006 A H Minimizing Maintenance Cost for Hand-Moved Irrigation Systems.pdf2006 A H On Portable Irrigation Systems .pdf2006 A H Optimal Design of Irrigation Schedule.pdf2006 A J Judge's Commentary The Outstanding Irrigation Problem Papers.pdf2006 A M Optimizing a Handmove Sprinkler System .pdf2006 A M Piping Hot Weather.pdf2006 A M Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation.rar2006 A O Fastidious Farmer Algorithms (FFA).pdf2006 A O Fastidious Farmer Algorithms.pdf2006 A O Optimization of Irrigation.pdf2006 A O Z A Schedule for Lazy but Smart Ranchers.pdf2006 A O Z Developing Improved Algorithms for Irrigation Systems.pdf2006 A O Z Optimization of Irrigation.pdf2006 A O Z Sprinkle, Sprinkle, Little Yard.pdf2006 A O Z Sprinkler Systems for Dummies Optimizing a Hand-Moved Sprinkler System.pdf 2006 A P Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation .pdf2006 B H The Scheme of the Wheelchair Dispatch and Cost Analysis for Epsilon Airlines.pdf 2006 B H Transfer Suffers NEVER.pdf2006 B J Judges' Commentary The Fusaro Award Wheelchair Paper.pdf2006 B J Special Section on the MCM Judges Commentary The Fusaro Award Wheelchair Paper.pdf 2006 B M Minimal Costs for Serving Disabilities.pdf2006 B M Operational Research for Wheelchair Service Provided by Epsilon Airlines.pdf 2006 B M sly_airport.rar2006 B M When the Model Hits the Runway.pdf2006 B O A Simulation-Driven Approach for a Cost-Efficient Airport Wheelchair Assistance Service.pdf2006 B O Application of Min-Cost Flow to Airline Accessibility Services.pdf2006 B O Z A Simulation-Driven Approach for a Cost-Efficient Airport Wheelchair Assistance Service.pdf2006 B O Z Cost Minimization of Providing a Wheelchair Escort Service.pdf2006 B O Z Minimization of Cost for Transfer Escorts in an Airport Terminal.pdf2006 B O Z Profit Maximizing Allocation of Wheelchairs in a Multi-Concourse Airport.pdf 2006 C H Fighting against AIDS.pdf2006 C H War of the World Fight against AIDS.pdf2006 C J Author's Commentary The Outstanding HIV AIDS Papers.pdf2006 C J HIV The Math..pdf2006 C M AIDS A Global Crisis.pdf2006 C O AIDS Modeling a Global Crisis and Australia.pdf2006 C O Managing the HIV AIDS Pandemic 2006-2055.pdf2006 C O Managing the HIVAIDS Pandemic.pdf2006 C O The Spreading HIV AIDS Problem.pdf2006 C O The United Nations and the Quest for the Holy Grail (of AIDS).pdf2006 C O The United Nations and the Quest for the Holy Grail.pdf2007 A H Genetic Algorithm for Non-Partisan Legislative Districting.pdf2007 A O A Cluster-Theoretic Approach to Political Districting.pdf2007 A O Applying Voronoi Diagrams to the Redistricting Problem.pdf2007 A O When Topologists Are Politicians.pdf2007 B H A Practical Approach to Boarding Deboarding an A380.pdf2007 B H The Airplane Seating Problem 2.pdf2007 B H The Airplane Seating Problem.pdf2007 B H 朱姝（自动化）、朱俊华（自动化）、丁金金（信息与计算科学）.pdf2007 B H 陈侠航（数学与应用数学）何军（测控技术与仪器）杨水生（数学与应用数学）.pdf 2007 B M A Quadrilateral Approach to Congressional Districting.pdf2007 B M An Analysis of the Kidney Transplant Network.pdf2007 B O Boarding at the Speed of Flight.pdf2007 B O Novel Approaches to Airplane Boarding.pdf2007 C C Organ Transplant The Kidney Exchange Problem.pdf2007 C H Kidney Exchange.pdf2007 C H Organ Transplant The Kidney Exchange Problem 2.pdf2007 C H Organ Transplant The Kidney Exchange Problem.pdf2007 C H 王教团（信息与计算科学）周朝卫（信息与计算科学）周龙飞（信息管理与信息系统）.pdf 2007 C J Author's Commentary The Outstanding Kidney Exchange Papers.pdf2007 C J Judges' Commentary The Outstanding Kidney Exchange Papers.pdf2007 C J Write Your Own Contest Entry.pdf2007 C M More Kidney Donors More Lives Can Be Saved.pdf2007 C O Analysis of Kidney Transplant System Using Markov Process Models.pdf2007 C O Optimizing the Effectiveness of Organ Allocation.pdf2007 C P Practitioner's Commentary The Outstanding Kidney Exchange Papers.pdf。
2000-2013美国数学建模竞赛(MCM、ICM)历年试题汇总
目录2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (3)2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control (3)2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments (3)2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough? (5)2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (7)2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (7)2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...). (8)2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain Future (10)2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (14)2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (14)2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (14)2002 ICM: Scrub Lizards (15)2003 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (19)2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (19)2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (19)2003 ICM: Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question (20)2004 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (24)2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (24)2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (24)2004 ICM: To Be Secure or Not to Be? (24)2005 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (25)2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (25)2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (25)2005 ICM: Nonrenewable Resources (25)2006 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (27)2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (27)2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (27)2006 ICM: Trade-offs in the fight against HIV/AIDS (28)2007 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (32)2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (32)2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (32)2007 ICM: Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem (33)2008 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (38)2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (38)2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (38)2008 ICM: Finding the Good in Health Care Systems (38)2009 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (40)2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (40)2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (40)2009 ICM: Creating Food Systems: Re-Balancing Human-Influenced Ecosystems41 2010年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (42)2010 MCM A: The Sweet Spot (42)2010 MCM B: Criminology (43)2010 ICM: The Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch (44)2011年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (45)2011 MCM A: Snowboard Course (45)2011 MCM B: Repeater Coordination (45)2011 ICM: Environmentally and Economically Sound (46)2012年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (48)2012 MCM A: The Leaves of a Tree (48)2012 MCM B: Camping along the Big Long River (50)2012 ICM: Modeling for Crime Busting (51)2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (59)2013 MCM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan (59)2013 MCM B: Water, Water, Everywhere (61)2013 ICM: NetworkModeling of Earth's Health (62)2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2000 MCM A: Air Traffic ControlTo improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analysit at the FAA has posed the following problems.Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention? Requirement B: And airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector1.at any one instant?2.during any given interval of time?3.during a particular time of day?How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity? Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity? In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.2000 MCM B: Radio Channel AssignmentsWe seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grix (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be alloted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1,2,3, … . Each transmitter wil be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided.Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assugn channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.Requirement A: There are several contrainsts on the frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these contraints, what can we say about the span in Figure 1?Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What cna we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough?“Ultimately, if a habitat is undesirably changed by elephants, then their removal should be considered -even by culling.”National Geographic (Earth Almanac) –December 1999 A large National Park in South Africa contains approximately 11,000 elephants. Management policy requires a healthy environment that can maintain a stable herf of 11,000 elephants. Each year park rangers count the elephant population. During the past 20 years whole herds have been removed to keep the population as close to 11,000 as possible. The process involved shooting (for the most part) and occasionally relocating approximately 600 to 800 elephants per year.Recently, there has been a public outcry against the shooting of these elephants. In addition, it is no longer feasible to relocate even a small population of elephants each year. A contraceptive dart, however, has been developed that can prevent a mature elephant cow from conceiving for a period of two years.Here is some information about eh elephants in the Park:∙There is very little emigration of immigration of elephants.∙The gender ratio is very close to 1:1 and control measures have endeavored to maintain parity.∙The gender ratio of newborn calves is also about 1:1. Twins are born about 1.35% of the time.∙Cows first conceive between the ages of 10 and 12 and produce, on average, a calf every 3.5 years until they reach an age of about 60.Gestation is approximately 22 months.∙The contraceptive dart causes an elephant cow to come into oestrus every month (but not conceiving). Elephants usually have courtship only once in 3.5 years, so the monthly cycle can cause additional stress.∙ A cow can be darted every year without additional detrimental effects. A mature elephant cow will not be able to conceive for 2 years after thelast darting.∙Between 70% and 80% of newborn calves survive to age 1 year.Thereafter, the survival rate is uniform across all ages and is very high(over 95%), until about age 60; it is a good assumption that elephantsdie before reading age 70.There is no hunting and negligible poaching in the Park.The park management has a rough data file of the approximate ages and gender of the elephants they have transported out of the region during the past 2 years. This data is available on website: icm2000data.xls. Unfortunately no data is available for the elephants that have been shot or remain in the Park.Your overall task is to develop and use models to investigate how the contraceptive dart might be used for population control. Specifically:Task 1: Develop and use a model to speculate about the likely survival rate for elephants aged 2 to 60. Also speculate about the current age structure of the elephant population.Task 2: Estimate how many cows would need to be darted each year to keep the population fixed at approximately 11,000 elephants. Show how the uncertainty in the data at your disposal affects your estimate. Comment on any changes in the age structure of the population and how this might affect tourists. (You may want to look ahead about 30-60 years.)Task 3: If it were feasible to relocate between 50 and 300 elephants per year, how would this reduce the number of elephants to be darted? Comment on the trade-off between darting and relocation.Task 4: Some opponents of darting argue that if there were a sudden loss of a large number of elephants (due to disease or uncontrolled poaching), even if darting stopped immediately, the ability of the population to grow again would be seriously impeded. Investigate and respond to this concer.Task 5: The management in the Park is skeptical about modeling. In particular, they argue that a lack of complete data makes a mockery of any attempt to use models to guide their decision. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the park management that responds to their concerns and provides advice. Also suggest ways to increase the park managers confidence in your model and your conclusions.Task 6: If your model works, other elephant parks in Africa would be interested in using it. Prepare a darting plan for parks of various sizes (300-25,000 elephants), with slightly different survival rates and transportation possibilities.2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle WheelCyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades startingfrom zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments. (Roadgrade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by thelength of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportionalto the road grade. A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.∙Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.∙Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-boundlanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentiallyturning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improveevacuation traffic flow?2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal regionwas ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under analternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhapscounty-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast.Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish moretemporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats,campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under whatconditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers ofvehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation?6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents ofGeorgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls ofHurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation trafficflow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used tocompare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain FutureZebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, are small, fingernail-sized, freshwater mollusks unintentionally introduced to North America via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel. Since their introduction in the mid 1980s, they have spread through all of the Great Lakes and to an increasing number of inland waterways in the United States and Canada. Zebra mussels colonize on various surfaces,such as docks, boat hulls, commercial fishing nets, water intake pipes and valves, native mollusks and other zebra mussels. Their only known predators, some diving ducks, freshwater drum, carp, and sturgeon, are not numerous enough to have a significant effect on them. Zebra mussels have significantly impacted the Great Lakes ecosystem and economy. Many communities are trying to control or eliminate these aquatic pests. SOURCE: Great Lakes Sea Grant Network /.Researchers are attempting to identify the environmental variables related to the zebra mussel infestation in North American waterways. The relevant factors that may limit or prevent the spread of the zebra mussel are uncertain. You will have access to some reference data to include listings of several chemicals and substances in the water system that may affect the spread of the zebra mussel throughout waterways. Additionally, you can assume individual zebra mussels grow at a rate of 15 millimeters per year with a life span between 4 - 6 years. The typical mussel can filter 1 liter of water each day.Requirement A: Discuss environmental factors that could influence the spread of zebra mussels.Requirement B: Utilizing the chemical data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem1.xls, and the mussel population data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 1.xls model the population growth of zebra mussels in Lake A. Be sure to review the Information about the collection of the zebra mussel data. Requirement C: Utilizing additional data on Lake A from another scientist provided at :ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem2.xls and additional mussel population data provided at:ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 2.xls corroborate the reasonableness of your model from Requirement B. As a result of this additional data, adjust your earlier model. Analyze the performance of your model. Discuss the sensitivity of your model. Requirement D: Utilizing the Chemical data from two lakes (Lake B and Lake C) in the United States provided atap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeB.xls and ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeC.xls determine if these lakes are vulnerable to the spread of zebra mussels. Discuss your prediction.Requirement E: The community in the vicinity of Lake B (in requirement D) is considering specific policies for the de-icing of roadways near the lake duringthe winter season. Provide guidance to the local government officials regarding a policy on “de-icing agents.”In your guidance include predictions on the long-term impact of de-icing on the zebra mussel population. Requirement F: It has been recommended by a local community in the United States to introduce round goby fish. Zebra mussels are not often eaten by native fish species so they represent a dead end ecologically. However, round gobies greater than 100 mm feed almost exclusively on zebra mussels. Ironically, because of habitat destruction, the goby is endangered in its native habitat of the Black and Caspian Seas in Russia. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the local community leaders that responds to their recommendation to introduce the round goby. Also suggest ways to help reduce the growth of the mussel within and among waterways.Information about the collection of the zebra mussel dataThe developmental state of the Zebra mussel is categorized by three stages: veligers (larvae), settling juveniles, and adults. Veligers (microscopic zebra mussel larvae) are free-swimming, suspended in the water for one to three weeks, after which they begin searching for a hard surface to attach to and begin their adult life. Looking for zebra mussel veligers is difficult because they are not easily visible by the naked eye. Settled juvenile zebra mussels can be felt on smooth surfaces like boats and motors. An advanced zebra mussel infestation can cover a surface, even forming thick mats sometimes reaching very high densities. The density of juveniles was determined along the lake using three 15×15 cm settling plates. The top plate remained in the water for the entire sampling season (S - seasonal) to estimate seasonal accumulation. The middle and bottom plates are collected after specific periods (A –alternating ) of time denoted by “Lake Days”in the data files.The settling plates are placed under the microscope and all juveniles on the undersides of the plate are counted and densities are reported as juveniles/m^2.2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2002 MCM A: Wind and WatersprayAn ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area. Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.2002 MCM B: Airline OverbookingYou're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations. Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation: Less flights by airlines from point A to point B Heightened security at and around airports Passengers' fear Loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to dateBuild a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, andconsider alternatives for handling “bumped”passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.2002 ICM: Scrub LizardsThe Florida scrub lizard is a small, gray or gray-brown lizard that lives throughout upland sandy areas in the Central and Atlantic coast regions of Florida. The Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants classified the scrub lizard as endangered.You will find a fact sheet on the Florida Scrub Lizard at/undergraduate/contests/mcm/contests/2002/problem s/icm2002data/scrublizard.pdfThe long-term survival of the Florida scrub lizard is dependent upon preservation of the proper spatial configuration and size of scrub habitat patches.Task 1: Discuss factors that may contribute to the loss of appropriate habitat for scrub lizards in Florida. What recommendations would you make to the state of Florida to preserve these habitats and discuss obstacles to the implementation of your recommendations?Task 2: Utilize the data provided in Table 1 to estimate the value for Fa (the average fecundity of adult lizards); Sj (the survivorship of juvenile lizards- between birth and the first reproductive season); and Sa (the average adult survivorship).Table 1Summary data for a cohort of scrub lizards captured and followed for 4 consecutive years. Hatchling lizards (age 0) do not produce eggs during the summer they are born. Average clutch size for all other females is proportional to body size according to the function y = 0.21*(SVL)-7.5, where y is the clutch size and SVL is the snout-to-vent length in mm.Year Age Total NumberLivingNumber of LivingFemalesAvg. Female Size(mm)1 0 972 495 30.32 1 180 92 45.83 2 20 11 55.84 3 2 2 56.0Task 3: It has been conjectured that the parameters Fa , Sj , and Sa , are related to the size and amount of open sandy area of a scrub patch. Utilize the data provided in Table 2 to develop functions that estimate Fa, Sj , and Sa for different patches. In addition, develop a function that estimates C, the carrying capacity of scrub lizards for a given patch.Table 2Summary data for 8 scrub patches including vital rate data for scrub lizards. Annual female fecundity (Fa), juvenile survivorship (Sj), and adult survivorship (Sa) are presented for each patch along with patch size and the amount of open sandy habitat.Patch Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha) Fa Sj Sa Density (lizards/ha)a 11.31 4.80 5.6 0.12 0.06 58b 35.54 11.31 6.6 0.16 0.10 60c 141.76 51.55 9.5 0.17 0.13 75d 14.65 7.55 4.8 0.15 0.09 55e 63.24 20.12 9.7 0.17 0.11 80f 132.35 54.14 9.9 0.18 0.14 82g 8.46 1.67 5.5 0.11 0.05 40h 278.26 84.32 11.0 0.19 0.15 115Task 4: There are many animal studies that indicate that food, space, shelter, or even reproductive partners may be limited within a habitat patch causing individuals to migrate between patches. There is no conclusive evidence on why scrub lizards migrate. However, about 10 percent of juvenile lizards do migrate between patches and this immigration can influence the size of the population within a patch. Adult lizards apparently do not migrate. Utilizing the data provided in the histogram below estimate the probability of lizards surviving the migration between any two patches i and patch j.Table 3HistogramMigration data for juvenile lizards marked, released, and recaptured up to 6 months later. Surveys for recapture were conducted up to 750m from release sites.Task 5: Develop a model to estimate the overall population size of scrub lizards for the landscape given in Table 3. Also, determine which patches are suitable for occupation by scrub lizards and which patches would not support a viable population.Patch size and amount of open sandy habitat for a landscape of 29 patches located on the Avon Park Air Force Range. See:/undergraduate/contests/icm/2002problem/map.jpg for a map of the landscape.Patch Identification Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha)1 13.66 5.382 32.74 11.913 1.39 0.234 2.28 0.765 7.03 3.626 14.47 4.387 2.52 1.998 5.87 2.499 22.27 8.44。
历届美国中学生数学竞赛试题及解答
历届美国中学生数学竞赛试题及解答
下面是近几届美国中学生数学竞赛试题及解答：
一、2019：
1、求解下列不等式（2 + 2·3² < 5·3）？
答案：2 + 2·3² < 5·3
2、如何快速计算三角形面积？
答案：三角形面积可以用公式：S=½·a·h，其中a为三角形的底边，h 为三角形高度。
二、2018：
1、求复数（1+i）³的模和辐角？
答案：复数（1+i）³的模为2，辐角为2π/3。
2、什么是余弦定理？
答案：余弦定理是一种三角形的定理，它规定了三角形的两条边的长度和它们之角之间的关系：C²=a² +b² -2ab·cosC。
三、2017：
1、如何快速求解圆面积？
答案：圆面积可以用公式：S=πr²，其中r为圆半径。
2、求解下列方程（x²-5x=3）？答案：x²-5x=3， x=2 或 3。
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? 对正常组织或器官的整个体积照射要剂量总和最小
对指定的正常组织点的剂量要限制在忍耐剂量以下?
使关键体积所需的最大剂量达到最小?
在Gamma单元治疗方案中，有以下限制：
禁止“shot”伸展到目标以外?
禁止“shot”交迭（避免热点）?
? 用有效的剂量覆盖尽可能多的目标体积，但至少90%目标体积要被“shot”覆盖
你的任务是设计一个算法，随着风力条件的变化，运用风速计给出的数据来调整由喷泉射出的水流。
AMCM2002问题-B航空公司超员订票
你备好行装准备去旅行，访问New York城的一位挚友。在检票处登记之后，航空公司职员告诉说，你的航班已经超员订票。乘客们应当马上登记以便确定他们是否还有一个座位。
任务1. 提供一个给出风速的表格，在这种速度下实体后轮所需要的体能少于辐条后轮。这个表格应当包括相应于从百分之零到百分之十增量为百分之一的不同公路陡度的风速。（公路陡度定义为一座山丘的总升高除以公路长度。如果把山丘看作一个三角形，它的陡度是指山脚处倾角的正弦。）一位骑手以初始速度45kph从山脚出发，他的减速度与公路陡度成正比。对于百分之五的陡度，骑上100米车速要下降8kph左右。
2005A.水灾计划
南卡罗来纳州中部的磨累河是由北部的一个巨大水坝形成的，这是在1930年为了发电而修建的，模拟一起洪水淹没下游的事件，这起事件是由于一次灾难性的地震损毁了水坝造成的。
两个问题：
Rawls Creek是水坝下游流入Saluda河的一条终年流动的河流，则当水坝损毁后在Rawls Creek将会出现多大的洪流，洪水的波及面将有多大？
AMCM2002问题-A风和喷水池
在一个楼群环绕的宽阔的露天广场上，装饰喷泉把水喷向高空。刮风的日子，风把水花从喷泉吹向过路行人。喷泉射出的水流受到一个与风速计（用于测量风的速度和方向）相连的机械装置控制，前者安装在一幢邻近楼房的顶上。这个控制的实际目标，是要为行人在赏心悦目的景象和淋水浸湿之间提供可以接受的平衡：风刮得越猛，水量和喷射高度就越低，从而较少的水花落在水池范围以外。
AMCM2004问题-B：更快的快通系统
现在的快通系统在收费站、娱乐公园和其他的地方，正在被越来越频繁的使用，来减少人们排队等候的时间，现在我们考虑为一个娱乐公园所设计的快通系统，在一次测试当中，这个公园在几个游客比较多的景点旁边都设置了快通系统，这个系统的设计创意是对于那些比较热门的景点，可以到旁边的一个机器，将门票插入后出来一张纸条，上面写着在具体的时间段你可以回来，比如说你把你的门票在1：15查到机子里，系统就告诉你你可以在3：30－4：30回来，这个时候队伍就比较短，你可以凭你的纸条加入这个队伍，很快就可以进入景点，为了防止游客同时在几个景点使用这个系统。系统的机器只允许你一次在一个景点排队等待。
在I-26公路旁边有若干较小的高速公路从海岸延伸到内陆。在什么条件下，把车辆流转向这些道路会改善撤离交通？
在Columbia建立更多临时收容所来减少离开Columbia的车辆，这会对撤离交通状况有什么影响？
在1999年，离开海岸的许多家庭一路上携带他们的船只，露营设备和汽车住宅。许多家庭驾驶他们的所有汽车。在什么条件下，应当对携带的车辆类型或车辆数目加以限制以求保证适时撤离？
任务2. 提供一个例证，说明这个表格怎样用于一条时间试验路线。
任务3. 请判明这个表格是不是一件决定车轮配置的适当工具，并且关于如何作出这个决定提出其他建议。
AMCM2001问题-B 逃避飓风怒吼（一场恶风…）
1999年，在Floyd飓风预报登陆之前，撤离南卡罗来纳州沿海地区的行动导致一场永垂青史的交通拥塞。车水马龙停滞在州际公路I-26上，那是内陆上从Charleston通往该州中心Columbia相对安全处所的主要干线。正常时轻松的两个小时驱车路要用上18个小时才能开到头。许多车竟然沿途把汽油消耗净尽。幸运的是，Floyd飓风掉头长驱北上，这次放过了南卡罗来纳州，但是，公众的喧嚷正在迫使该州官员们寻找各种办法，以求避免这场交通恶梦再度出现。
这里有一张南卡罗来纳州的简化地图。Charleston有近500,000人，Myrtle Beach有200,000人左右，而另一个250,000人分散在沿岸其余地区。（如果查找，更精确的数据随处可用。
州与州之间有两条车辆往来的次级公路，自然大都市地区除外，那里有三条。Columbia，又一个500,000人左右的大都市地区，没有充足的旅店空间为撤退者提供食宿（包括沿其他路线来自大北边的一些人），所以，若干车辆继续撤离，沿着I-26公路开往Spartanburg市；沿着I-77公路北上Charlotte市；而且沿着I-20公路东进Atlanta市。在1999年，从Columbia开往西北方向的车辆行进得非常慢。对这个问题建立一个模型，调查研究哪种策略可以降低在1999年观察到的拥挤。这里有一些问题需要加以考虑：
根据当前情况，考虑超员订票问题：
航空公司安排较少的从A地到B地航班
机场及其外围加强安全性
乘客的恐惧
航空公司的收入迄今损失达数千万美元
建立数学模型，用来检验各种超员订票方案对于航空公司收入的影响，以求找到一个最优订票策略，就是说，航空公司对一个特定的航班订票应当超员的人数，使得公司的收入达到最高。确保你的模型反映上述问题，而且考虑处理“延误”乘客的其他办法。此外，书写一份简短的备忘录给航空公司的CEO（首席执行官），概述你的发现和分析。
航空公司一向清楚，预订一个特定航班的乘客们只有一定的百分比将实际乘坐那个航班。因而，大多数航空公司超员订票?也就是，他们办理超过飞机定员的订票手续。而有时，需要乘坐一个航班的乘客是飞机容纳不下的，导致一位或多位乘客被挤出而不能乘坐他们预订的航班。
航空公司安排延误乘客的方式各有不同。有些得不到任何补偿，有些改订到其他航线的稍后航班，而有些给予某种现金或者机票折扣。
用尽可能少的“shot”?
你的任务是用球体填充问题模型来建立最优的Gamma刀治疗方案，并且提出一个求解的算法. 在设计算法时你要记住: 它必须是相当有效率的。
AMCM2004问题-A：指纹是独一无二的吗？
人们普遍认为世界上每一个活人的指纹都是不一样的，请设计一个模型，并且用该模型分析以上说法正确的可能性，比较一下因为指纹相同导致确认身份时产生错误的可能性和因为DNA相同导致产生错误的可能性。
AMCM2003问题-B: Gamma刀治疗方案
立体定位放射外科, 用单一高剂量离子化射束在X光机精确界定下照射颅内的一个小的3D脑瘤, 与此同时, 并没有处方剂量的任何显著份额伤及周边的脑组织. 在这个领域中,一般有三种形式的射束可以采用，分别是Gamma刀单元, 带电重粒子射束, 以及来自直线加速器的外用高能光子束.
历届美国数学建模竞赛赛题（2001-2006）
AБайду номын сангаасCM2001问题- A: 选择自行车车轮
有不同类型的车轮可以让自行车手们用在自己的自行车上。两种基本的车轮类型是分别用金属辐条和实体圆盘组装而成（见图1）。辐条车轮较轻，但实体车轮更符合空气动力学原理。对于一场公路竞赛，实体车轮从来不会用作自行车的前轮但可以用作后轮。
现在你是几个被公园雇佣的相互竞争的一个，你的职责是改善快通系统的运行。很多游客都在抱怨测试期间系统的异常现象，比如说有一次系统提供的回到景的时间是4小时以后，但是才过一小会，在相同的景点系统提供的时间只有1小时。在另外一些时候根据快通系统组织起来的游客的等候队伍，就和普通的队伍一样长一样慢。
现在的问题是要提出并且测试一个模型，这个模型能让快通系统的等候纸条的发放能增加人们在公园的乐趣的目的。问题的一部分就是首先要决定衡量不同模型的标准，在你提交的报告里还要附带一份非技术性的总结，以便公园的领导，在不同的顾问所提的模型当中选择。
AMCM2003问题-A: 特技演员
影片在拍摄中, 一个激动人心的动作场景将要摄入镜头, 而你是特技协调员! 一位特技演员驾驶着摩托车跨越一头大象，随后跌落在借以缓冲的一堆纸箱上. 你需要保护特技演员,而且, 也要使用相对而言较少的纸箱（较低的花费, 不能进入镜头, 等等）。
你的工作如下：
倾力解决这个问题的主要提议是I-26公路上的车辆转向疏散，因此，包括通往海岸的多条次级公路在内，从两个侧面疏导车流在内陆从Charleston开往Columbia 。
把提议付诸实施的计划已经由South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division准备好（而且贴在互联网上）。从Myrtle Beach和Hilton Head通往内地的主干道上车辆转向疏散的方案也在规划中。
确定所用纸箱的大小?
确定所用纸箱的数目?
确定纸箱的堆放办法?
还请确定, 通过对纸箱的各种调整, 是否会有所帮助?
请把你的研究推广到不同组合重量（特技演员 & 摩托车）和不同跨越高度的情形
留心一下, 在影片“明日帝国”中，角色James Bond 驾驶着摩托车飞过一架直升机。
Gamma刀单元具备的单一高剂量离子化射束, 是201个钴-60单位源通过厚重的盔状物发射出来的。所有的201条射束同时交会于一个等中心(最大放射剂量点)，从而在有效剂量的水平上形成一个近似球形的剂量分布. 照射这个等中心来达到处方剂量称为一个“shot”.
多个shot可以表述为不同的球. 四个可以互换的外部校准的盔状物分别具有4，8，14和18mm的射束通道直径, 都可以用来照射不同尺寸的体积. 对于大于一个“shot”的目标体积，可以用多个shot来覆盖整个目标. 实际上, 大多数目标体积要用1到15个“shot”加以处理. 在这里,目标体积是一个有界的通常包含数百万个点的三维数字图象。
S.C.国会大厦大楼在一座小山上，在S.C.国会大厦大楼能俯视Congaree 河。洪水能如此巨大顺流以致于水将扩展到S.C.国会大厦大楼吗？