英语句法结构精粹

一、概述

在作谓语的动词用来表示动作(或情况、状态)发生时间的各种形式称为时 态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言，其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的，因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同，主要有十六这十二种时态可以列表如下：

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一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时

一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时

一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时

一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时

这些时态的形式可以用下表来表示，以do 动词为例：

一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态

现在do

doesbe (am, is are ) doinghas doing

havehas been doing

have

过去did be (was, were) doinghad donehad been doing

将来shall do

will shall (will) be doing shall (will) have doneshall (will) have been doing

过去将来should (would) doshould (would) be doingshould (would)

have done should (would) have been doing

下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。

二、各时态详解

1、一般现在时

一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。

The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。

Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。

We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。

2、现在进行时

现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。

How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？

Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。

They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.

今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。

3、一般将来时

一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。

They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。

The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.

老师要我做完作业才能回家。

4、一般过去时

一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词be 根据人

称有was和were两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。

It’s a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。

Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand.

很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。

5、现在完成时

现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：

Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。

The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.

这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。

注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：

现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如：

Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees.

到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。

I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。

6、过去进行时

过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。

At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.

那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。

They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building.

他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。

7、过去完成时

过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。

Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。

No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。

He had not learned any English before he came to the university.

上大学前他一点英语没学过。

8、一般过去将来时

一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：

When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be.

当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。

She told me that she would go on trip to Europe

the next day.

她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。

Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.

无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。

No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。

9、一般将来完成时

一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：

After we finish this text, we'll have learned twenty texts.

这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。

By the next month, I'll have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。

They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。

10、现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由have(has)been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：

I’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。

It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。

Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？

She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.

自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。

11、过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。

At last they gor the telegram they had been expecting.

最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。

三、时态强化练习

1. . My dictionary __________, I have looked for it everywhere but still_________ it.

A. has lost, don’t find B. is missing, don’t find　

C. has lost, haven’t found D. is missing, haven’t found.　

2. Mary ____________ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes

3. He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.

A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed

C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed

4. By the time he arrives in Beijing tomorrow, we __________ here for two days.

A. have been staying B. have stayed

C. shall stay D. will have stayed

5. You don’t need to describe her. I ______________ her several times.

A. had m

et B. have met C. met D. meet

6. We ________ let you use the toilet room on condition that you ___________ keep it clean and tidy.

A. will; would keep B. would; kept C. will; keep D. can’t; would keep

7. When you ____ the test, check your papers before you hand them in.

A. will finish B. will have finished

C. are finishing D. have finished

8. He has been studying here for three years, by next summer he _________.

A. will graduate B. will be graduated

C. will have graduated D. will be graduating

9. Don’t you know it’s the first time he ____ this kind of meeting? 

A. attends B. attended C. has attended D. is attending

10. She ____ for 12 years by the time she graduates from the Foreign Language Institute.

A. has studied English B. has been studying English

C. had studied English D. will have been studying English

四、时态练习详解

1.【答案】D。

【解析】前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

2.【答案】C。

【解析】割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。

3.【答案】B。

【解析】在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。

4.【答案】D。

【解析】考察学生对将来完成时态的用法。在这一时态中注意介词by，它一般用于将来时态中，题干后有for two days，又表示完成，故而使用将来完成时。

5.【答案】B。

【解析】首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

6.【答案】C。

【详细解答】一般来说，在表达将来的主从结构中，主句用一般将来时，而从句应用一般现在时。该题就符合这一特点。

7.【答案】D。

【解析】在表示“吩咐，命令，劝告”等的祈使句结构中可以和一个表示完成时的时态连用，主要用来表示一个动作结束后再开始另一动作。类似这样的用法在英语中使用相当频繁。

8.【答案】C 。

【解析】 将来完成时主要表示将来某时将会发生的事情，一般要用表示将来的时间状语，如:by 或 before 引导的介词词组或 before 引导的时间状语从句。

9.【答案】C。

【解析】在“It’s the 1st time that…”结构中，that分句中的动词用现在完成体。

10

.【答案】D。

【解析】本题考点是将来完成进行时。by+将来的时间是将来完成时的标志，而“学习” 这个动作是一直进行的，因此选D。
情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：

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(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式

(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式

(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法

一、一般情态动词

1、情态动词的完成式：

⑴ 情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：

Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。

You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.

你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。

I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.

我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。

⑵ 当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldn’t加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：

You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.

你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。

You should have finished your compositon by yesterday.

你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。

⑶ needn’t have v-ed

needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：

You needn’t have wakened me up; I don’t have to go to work today.

你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。

注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。

2、情态动词的进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式)，表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：

The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.

他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现

在还在工作。

She shouldn’t be working like that. She is still very weak.

她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.

He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.

3、情态动词的完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式)，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：

They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.

他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。

They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning.

今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。

二、特殊情态动词

除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。

The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降。

If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.

如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。

这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：

I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。

I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.

我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。

三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构

They must be in the library, aren’t they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？

They must have gone to the library, haven’t they? 他们一定去图书馆了，对吧？

They must have been to the library yesterday, didn’t they?

他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？

Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？

Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？

Don’t move, will you? 请你别动！

Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？

Let’s go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？

He used to live in the countryside, didn’t/usedn’t he? 他过去住在农村，对吧？

四、情态动词强化练习题

1. Let’s go to the movie tonight, ________?

A. are we B. let us C. shall we D. do we

2. Since you are feeling uncomfortable, you ____________.

A. had better going to see a doctor B. must go to see a doctor

C. would rather go to see a doctor D. might as well go to see a doctor

3. You shouldn’t ____ that last week and you should do it next week.

A. have done B. do C. be doing D. have to do

4. Susan must ____

quite well on the exam since she seems so confident of passing.

A. do B. have been doing C. be done D. have done

5. She didn’t answer the telephone, she ___________ asleep.

 A. must fall B) must have fallen C. should have fallen D. can have fallen

6. Tom ____________ my letter; otherwise he would have replied before now.

A. ought not have received B. shouldn’t have received

C. has been received D. couldn’t have received

7. He ____ writing the paper now. He hadn’t written a single word when I left him ten minutes ago.

A. shouldn’t be B. can’t have finished C. can’t be D. mustn’t have finished

8. Isn’t it lovely to think that I ____ myself on the sunny beach tomorrow at this time.

A. will enjoy B. am enjoying C. will be enjoying D. shall enjoy

9. There was a traffic jam, but she ____________ get to the destination in time.

A. could B. might C. ought to D. was able to

10. Now we have got so far with the project, we ___________ finish it.

A. can as well B. should as well C. would as well D. may as well

五、情态动词试题详解

1.【答案】C。

【解析】祈使句也可附加疑问句。 谓语形式通常用will, 如果前部分是let’s形式, 附加问句常用shall。

2.【答案】D。

【解析】had better后应接动词原形, B.必须,语气太强烈。sb. would rather do sth.某人宁愿做某事,与本句意思不连贯。might as well+动词原形,意为“最好还是……”。

3.【答案】A。

【解析】should后接动词完成时表示过去不该做的事情实际上已经做了,是虚拟语气用法。 接动词原形表示现在与未来的情况,因此,A为正确答案。

4.【答案】D。

【解析】must在本句中表示推断，后接完成式, 表示对过去发生的事情进行猜测。这种用法仅限于肯定形式。 如表示否定的猜测时, 则用can’t/could not表示对现在事情的否定猜测; 用have been doing 或can’t/couldn’t have been done表示对过去事情的否定猜测。因此, 答案为D。

5.【答案】B。

【解析】 “ must+have+ 过去分词”表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态作可能性最大的推测，意为“必定，已经”。 can+have+ 过去分词，表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。有本来可能做而没有做的意思，是虚拟语气用法。“ should+have+ 过去分词”表示过去应该做而实际上未来得及做的事，有本该的意思。

6.【答案】D。

【解析】选项 couldn’t have been 表示推测，符合句意。因此选D。

7.【答案】B。

【解析】A) shouldn’t do “不应该做…”；B) can’t have done “不可能做…”；C) can’t do “不会

做，不能做…”；D) mustn’t have done 结构不常用。选项B合乎题意。

8.【答案】C。

【解析】“will+不定式进行体”表示将来时间。有两种用法：1)表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。2)“单纯”表示将来要发生的动作。

9.【答案】D。

【解析】本题主要是A)和D)的辨析，be able to 与can的主要区别在于前者表示客观的能力，后者主观更多色彩更浓。本题根据时态及全句的内容，看出这是个客观的事实，因此应选D)。

10.【答案】D

【解析】may as well还是……的好，固定搭配，其它各项均无此意思。
第六节：主谓一致

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2006/10/08 10:21 北京安通学校

主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即：语法形式一致；概念一致(语言内容上一致)；毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致)。

另外，根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致，还有指代一致。

一、语法形式一致

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1、单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：

Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。

Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。

What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.

我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。

2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如：

The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.

教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的。

The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.

那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。

3、有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：

Neither likes the friends of t

he other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。

Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。

4、当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如：

The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。

The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包。

5、当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：

One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。

A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.

为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。

6、由one and a half + 复数名词或the majority of + 名词作作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如：

The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏品都容易修理。

7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如：

There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里还有好多水。

There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多鸡蛋。

8、由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：

More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。

Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。

9、如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：

Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。

Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.

到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。

10、定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如：

He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.

被选出来代表该组的人他是其中之一。

“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.

“镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。

二、概念一致(语言内容上一致)

1、有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra(管弦乐队), group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数

形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：

His family is going to move. 他准备搬家。

His family are very well. 他家人身体都好。

2、有些表示总体意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry(家禽)等。例如：

The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.

警察正在搜寻一位肤色黝黑、长胡子的高个子男人。

3、有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：

Politics is a complicated business. 政治学是一门复杂的东西。

Here is the news. 下面播送新闻。

4、用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如：

Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.

每个男孩、女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。

Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多姑娘小伙子都见过。

The old workers and the young each have their own tools.

青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。

5、表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：

Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 二十里地可是个不近的路程。

Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. 三品脱还不至于把我灌醉。

the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：

The departed was a good friend of his. 死者是他的一位好友。

三、毗邻一致(就近原则)

1、由连词or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如：

Either you or he is no telling the truth. 不是你就是他没讲真话。

Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.

不仅开关，连那些老化了电路都已经更换了。

2、在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如：

There is a desk and four benches in the office. 办公室有一张桌子，四条长凳。

There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室有两把椅子一张桌子。

四、代词的指代一致

指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。也是考试中的一个常考点。

1、

当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如：

If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. 如果有人找我，就说我一会回来。

Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每个人都认为自己是宇宙的中心。

2、由neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如：

Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都没错，对吧？

Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they? 汤姆和杰克都来了，对不对？

3、当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one’s;当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。例如：

One should never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes.

当朋友犯了疏忽的小错时不要老指责朋友的过失。

One can’t be too careful, can you (one)? 一个人无论怎么样小心都不为过，对不对？

五、主谓一致强化练习题

1. Economics, several courses of which I have taken thus far, ______ to be difficult but useful for almost all students.

A. prove B. proves C. have been proved D. are proved

2. A thousand miles no longer _______ much to us today, for modern jets can easily get us to a great distance within a matter of a few hours.

A. meant B. means C. mean D. will mean

3. The secretary and treasurer of our company ___________ the meeting.

A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is attend D. is to attend

4. Cattle___________ to graze on the village common.

A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow

5. Mathematics as well as other subjects ____ a science.

A. was B. is C. are D. belong to

6. Either of these young ladies ____ perfectly qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French.

A. were B. are C. is D. have been

7. Large quantities of water __________ cooling purposes.

A. are needed for B. is needed to C. are needed to D. is needed for

8. Copper as well as most metals____.

A. is a good conductor B. is a good insulator

C. are good conductors D. are good insulators

9. There used to be some trees by the lake, ____ ?

A. was there B. were there C. weren’t there D. wasn’t there

10. Cattle____ to graze on the village common.

A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow

六、主谓一致练习详解

1.【答案】B。

【解析】该句考察学生主、谓语一致。其中several courses of which I have taken thus far为设置的干扰项。由于主语为表示学科的单数名词，故谓语应是单

数形式。

2.【答案】B。

【解析】表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。

3.【答案】D。

【解析】C项结构错误，可先排除；由and所连接的两个名词，如果and后面的名词前没有冠词，谓语要用单数。故D项为正确答案。

4.【答案】A。

【解析】cattle 是集体名词，在形式上是单数，但在句中往往作复数用，谓语动词用复数。这类名词常见的有：clergy mankind, militia, police, people, poultry等。

5.【答案】B。

【解析】此题主语是Mathematics，学科做主语时，是表示单数的意义的词，故只能在A、B两项中选择，而A时态不对，D. belong to属于。

6.【答案】C。

【解析】 当 either, each, neither, everyone等不定代词作主语时，其后谓语需用第三人称单数。例如：a. Neither of these books is very new.这两本书都不新。b. Each of the students brings a dictionary.学生各自带字典来。c. Every man and woman is eligible to vote.每个男人或女人都有资格投票。

7.【答案】B。

【解析】表示数量的名词应做单数看待。

8.【答案】A。

【解析】as well as 在此并不是表示与主语并列关系，该句主语仅仅是copper。因此，选项A是正确的(conductor 导体，insulator绝缘体)。

9.【答案】C。

【解析】There used to 句型上相当于there be句型，所以此处用be提问。动词的数应与后面的名词一致。

10.【答案】A。

【解析】cattle 是集体名词，在形式上是单数，但在句中往往作复数用，谓语动词用复数。这类名词常见的有：clergy mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等。

句子一般分为简单句，并列句和复合句。复合句就是指有主、从句的句子。从句是指用于复合句中担当某个句子成份的主谓结构。虽然从句自身的句子结构是完整的，但不能将它视为独立的句子，因为它离开了主句就无法独立、完整地表达意思。因此按其所能表达的意义而言，从句只能相当于一个词或一个词组。其共同的特点是只能采用陈述结构，而不能使用倒装(也就是疑问句)结构。

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英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。

一、名词性从句

1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点

名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、 同位语从句和宾语从句。 其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。

第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。

2、主语从句

That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.

地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。

(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)

Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )

他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。

(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)

Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。

What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.

学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。

What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。

Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。

(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)

When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.

2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。

(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)

How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.

古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。

(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)

同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：

It is reported that… 椐报道 …

It must be pointed out that … 必须指出的是 …

It is likely that … 很可能的是 ..;.

It is a good thing that… 很好的是 …

It happens that … 碰巧的是 …

3、表语从句

that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但as if却 可以。如：

My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。

The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。

All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.

所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。

4、同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点

同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。

The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.

我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。

The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比较-定语从句)

令球迷

们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。

There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.

有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。

Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。

5、名词性从句的考点

1、考生要明确下列四个概念

1)名词从句通常由连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)引出。

2)连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句，而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。

3)用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加that。

4)名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。

2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)

3、what 和that引导名词性从句的差别

___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What B.That C.How D. Where

【答案】 A。

【解析】很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what 和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？

1)当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：

Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。)

把它留给我，我来看看怎么做。

What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。

What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语

从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。

What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。)

生活中最重要的不是钱。

But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。

What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。

(2)what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相当于“the person that……”等。例如：

He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)

他已经不是过去的他了。

She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)

她不是5年前的她了。

2)that

当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。

令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。

Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引导宾语从句) 在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人，你相信吗？

We heard the news that our team had won. (that引导同位语从句)

我听到我们队获胜的消息。

Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)

另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。

But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)

一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人，而不是体贴政府。

二、定语从句

1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：

用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。

关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as

关系副词：when, where, why

2、关系代词的用法

(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：

All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。

(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用wh

ich, who，或whom。例如：

He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。

(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。

(4) 非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。

(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。

(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：

The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：

Is there anyone here who will go with you?

3、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。

He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。

We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。

I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。

This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。

另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。

that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。

Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

4、限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它

与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：

This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

5、As在定语从句中的用法

1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：

The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：

As is expected, the England team won the football match.

The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.

6、介词+关系代词的用法

“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:

(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。

This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.

这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。

This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.

这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。

(2) from where为 “介词＋关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：

We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.

(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：

This is the boy whom she has taken care of.

He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.

他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。

三、状语从句

1、概述

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用

法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。

2、状语从句分类及常用连词：

类 别 连 词

时间状语从句　when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.

地点状语从句　where, wherever

原因状语从句　because, since, as, for, now that, etc.

目的状语从句　in order that, so that, that, etc.

结果状语从句　so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.

条件状语从句　if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.

让步状语从句　though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.

比较状语从句　as…as, so…as, than, etc.

方式状语从句　as, as if, as though, etc.

3、状语从句的句法功能及考点

1)时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

当约翰在看电视的时候，他妻子在煮饭。

The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.

孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。

2)地点状语从句

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般说来，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重。

Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你到哪去，都应该好好工作。

3)原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, since

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊，事业有成。

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

既然大家都到齐了，咱们就开会吧。

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

高额的个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。

Considering that he is no more than 1

2 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。

4)目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。

5)结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 这是一个好机会，我们不能让它溜走。

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。

6)条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless,

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

如果总裁同意了，我们将立刻实施我们的计划。

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定会成功。

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。

7)让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

即使天气很恶劣，那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。

He won’t listen whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听。

8)比较状语从句

常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。

The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。

T

he more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。

Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

9)方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how

特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。

She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板。

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。

四、强调句

一、概述

强调句型是语法的一项重要内容，也是考试中的一个难点。尤其是其易与名词性从句、定语从句相混淆，就更增加了难度。现结合近年来的考试试题等剖析一下强调句型的考查热点，以期有助于大家克服这一难点。

强调句型是：It is + 被强调部分 + that .. 。该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。

It was on Monday night that all this happened. 所有这一切发生在周一晚上。

It’s me that he blamed. 他怪的是我。

二、强调句型的考察热点

1)考查对强调句型结构的识别

强调句型的基本结构形式为: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子的其余部分。如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态 (一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等), 用It is ... that ...。例如:

1)It is the ability to do the job________matters not where you come from or what you are.

A. one B. that C. what D. it

【答案】B。

【解析】如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态 (一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等), 则用It was ... that ...。例如:

2)It was between 1989 and 1999 ________ great changes took place in our hometown.

A. when B. that C. which D. because

【答案】B。

2)考查强调句型的疑问句式

变换句型是增加试题难度的手段之一, 强调句型结构本身就让学生“有些糊涂”, 若再使用其疑问式就更有些让学生“头疼”了。

一般疑问句式: Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

特殊疑问句式: 特殊疑问词+is/was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

3. Was________his illness________he didn’t go to see the film?

A. necessary; when B. that important of; why

C. even if; for D. it because of; that