2020年12月12日托福阅读答案解析

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2020年12月12日托福阅读答案解析12月12日托福阅读词汇题汇总:

master=skillfully

at solving problem

hierarchy=ranking

rudimentary=simple

to a degree=to some extent

initiate=introduce

exceptional=extraordinary

install=put in place

valid=well founded

lost favor=does not preferred

master

duration=length

12月12日托福阅读第一篇

题材划分:生命科学

主要内容:讲learning standard test set,就是如何测试不同种类动物的intelligence。

不同物种的智商不一样。人们很想知道动物的智商和人类有什么不同,遇事通过动物学习水平来检测。

前三段都是讲的这个test是怎么操作的。最先举的例子好像是猴子和什么,做的对比实验。第一次让它从三角形和长方形里选,选三

角形就给奖励,选正方形就不给;第二次从圆形和多边形里选,依旧是选圆形给奖励,选择多边形不给。后面持续变化通过大量实验来看这

种动物的improvements,就比如这种动物在实行第几十次测试时准确率增加了多少。一种猴子经过了三十次测试准确率就达到百分之九十了,然后这个测试的结果表明智商高的动物大脑也大。于是大家都觉

得能够参考。

后面三段都在反驳这个方法不可取。又举了一个澳大利亚的mouse like的动物的例子,同样做类似上面的实验,第一次区分ab第二次区分黑白。这种动物大脑很小但是测试结果很高,是因为他们生活在wide open areas,很容易被捕食者发现,他们要避免天地还要抓很敏捷的昆虫做实物,所以这方面水平很强。然后这里有个句子简化题,

大意是说动物的process different,不能说明学习水平,也不能用之前的实验来测试。然后还说了海豚虽然做这个实验成绩很低,但是如

果把visual的图形换成auditory的声音就会很好,所欲这个实验不

可取是因为首先实验produce中很小的difference都会造成result

的很大不同,而且这些difference都是不可避免的。其次,对某些动物不适用。

相似TPO练习推荐:

TPO-11 Begging by Nestlings

相关背景知识:

Although humans have been the primary focus of

intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular species, and comparing

abilities between species. They study various measures of

problem solving, as well as numerical and verbal reasoning abilities. Some challenges in this area are defining intelligence so that it has the same meaning across species (e.g. comparing intelligence between literate humans and illiterate animals), and also operationalizing a measure that accurately compares mental ability across different species and contexts.

Wolfgang K栀氀攀爀's research on the intelligence of apes is an example of research in this area. Stanley Coren's book, The Intelligence of Dogs is a notable book on the topic of dog intelligence.[18] (See also: Dog intelligence.) Non-human animals particularly noted and studied for their intelligence include chimpanzees, bonobos (notably the language-using Kanzi) and other great apes, dolphins, elephants and to some extent parrots, rats and ravens.

Cephalopod intelligence also provides important comparative study. Cephalopods appear to exhibit characteristics of significant intelligence, yet their nervous systems differ radically from those of backboned animals. Vertebrates such as mammals, birds, reptiles and

fish have shown a fairly high degree of intellect that varies according to each species. The same is true with arthropods.

12月12日托福阅读第二篇

题材划分:国家发展史

主要内容:中世纪欧洲政府的变革。

宗教变得影响力越来越小,政府的管辖范围越来越大。法国葡萄

牙等一些国家创造了nation这个定义。国家边界变得更清晰了。荷兰和英国建立了parliament,具有立法权。说贵族地位下降,官僚体系

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