高中英语语法 主谓一致
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主谓一致
主谓一致,指主语与谓语之间在数与人称上保持一致。其中,最重要的是数的一致,即主语的单/复数决定谓语的单/复数。
如:I bought three watches yesterday. -(e)s)
He watches TV every day. (watch是动词,单数时加-(e)s)
主谓一致有三大原则:
1. 语法一致:主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式。
例如:The number of errors was surprising. 错误之多是惊人的。
We love our motherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。
2. 意义一致:谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形态来决定,而是取决于主语所表达的内在含义。主语形式虽为单数,但在意义上却为复数,谓语动词应采取复数形式;主语形式虽为复数,但在意义上视为单数,谓语动词应采取单数形式。
例如:The crowd were fighting for their lives. 这些人正为生存而战斗。
Three years in a strange land seems like a long time. 在异乡生活的三年仿佛是很长的时间。
3. 就近一致:谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数的形式,来决定其自身的数的形式。
例如:Not only his children but also he wants to go there.
Either my wife or I am going to work there.
使用主谓一致原则,首先得找到句子的主语。谓语左边紧挨着的词或短语,并非就是主语。常见有三种情况妨碍我们找到主语:
1. 定语或状语(如介词短语)的干扰。主语后常跟的定语或状语有:①表示增加的:with, along with, together with;as well as, as much as;in addition to, accompanied by, besides, plus等。②表示减去的:but (除去),except等。③表示补充说明的:such as, like, including, rather than等。这些定语或状语后接的名词不属于主语。如:
●The man (together) with his children sits on the sofa watching TV. (主语是The man)
●The teacher as well as the students was excited. (主语是The teacher)
2. 主语被省略。常见于“所有格或物主代词+(省略掉的名词)”。如:
●The doctor’s is on this side of the street. (The doctor’s=The doctor’s house,所以谓语用单数)
●Your shoes are black, mine are brown. (mine=my shoes,所以谓语用复数)
3. 倒装句。如:
●South of the city is a large stadium. (主语是stadium,所以谓语用单数)
●In front of the girl are some flowers. (主语是flowers,所以谓语用复数)
下面进行详细讲解:
1. 语法一致:一般地,单数形式表示单数意义,所以谓语用单数;复数形式表示复数意义,所以谓语用复数。如:
A tree has fallen across the road.一株树倒下横在路上。
Little streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。
2. 单复数同形的名词:deer,sheep,fish以及各个国家的人(如Chinese, Japanese)等。这些名词作主语时,谓语的数分两种情况:表示单数意义时,其谓语用单数;表示复数意义时,其谓语用复数。如:
This sheep is mine and those sheep are mine, too. 这只羊是我的,那群羊也是我的。
There are some sheep in the woods. 树林里有一些羊。
★3.主语为集合名词时:
(1)必须用复数的情形:police(警察),people(人),cattle(牛,牲口), clothes(衣服), militia(民兵), poultry(家禽)等集合名词作主语时,谓语总是用复数。如:
My clothes were soaked.我的衣服都湿透了。
The police are looking into the complaint.警察在了解这项投诉。
Too few people are interested in such music nowadays.如今对这种音乐有兴趣的人太少了。
(2)必须用单数的情形:clothing(衣服的总称),poetry(诗歌),baggage / luggage(行李),furniture(家具),scenery(景色),jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备),machinery(机器),merchandise(商品)等不可数的集合名词用作主语时,其谓语用单数形式。如:Furniture is chiefly made of wood.家具主要是由木材制造。
Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang dynasty.中国的诗歌在唐代十分盛行。
(3)可用单数或复数的情形:family(家庭),team(队员),class(班上的全体学生),crowd(人群),government(政府),crew(全体船员或机组人员),committee(委员会),audience(听众),public(公众)等集合名词用作主语时,其谓语既可用单数,也可用复数:当它们被视为整体时,谓语用单数;当它们强调个体时,谓语用复数。如:My family is very large.我家人很多。(视为整体)
His family are waiting for him.他家里人在等他。(强调个体成员)
注:有时没有特定的上下文,用单数或复数谓语区别不大。如: