2024届高考一轮复习英语语法专练学案(人教版)：名词

第1讲名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows⑥ and goats⑥.
[规则感悟] 1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。

②以-th 结尾的名词加-s。

③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。

④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。

⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。

但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。

⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。

2．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。

⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。

⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。

1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。

如：
foot—feet脚goose—geese鹅
tooth—teeth牙齿mouse—mice老鼠
man—men男人woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。

如：
sheep—sheep绵羊deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法series—series系列
species—species物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。

如：
child—children 孩子ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。

如：gentleman—gentlemen绅士
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
policeman—policemen男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。

(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。

如：
analysis—analyses分析
basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机
thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。

如：birthday—birthdays生日
blackboard—blackboards黑板
bookshelf—bookshelves书架
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。

如：
book worm—book worms
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on
passer-by—passers-by
story-teller—story-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。

如：grown-up—grown-ups standby—standbys
(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。

women singers女歌手
men servants 男仆人
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。

(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do 等。

3．名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。

如：
Kate and Mary’s room
凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms
凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。

如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
对点练习
1．The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup. 2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity)．
3．The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea. 4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by)．5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys. 6．He goes to the barber’s(barber) to have his hair cut every month.
To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
[规则感悟]①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。

②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。

③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。

•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。

如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。

1．不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：
fun乐趣homework
作业
bread面包
wealth
财富
progress 进步equipment
设备
room空间
weather
天气
work工作music音乐news新闻meat肉
word消息traffic交通luck运气housework
家务
milk牛奶advice建议man人类orange 橙汁
knowledge
知识furniture
家具
baggage/
luggage
行李
information
信息
2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。

It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。

3．有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。

如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass 玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯。

对点练习
1．The far side of the moon is of particular interest(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so than the familiar near side.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
2．Filled with curiosity(curious) and hope for the future，the young man packed his bags and left for a big city.
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成survive 幸存→survival 幸存
arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/ -ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌perform 表演→performance 表演guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导exist 存在→existence 存在prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/ -tion/ -ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬solve 解决→solution 解决compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争describe 描述→description 描写repeat 重复→repetition 重复explain 解释→explanation 解释pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就develop 发展→development 发展argue争论→argument 争论；论据punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/ -ture fail失败→failure 失败press 压；挤→pressure 压力mix 混合→mixture 混合物expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师
announce播报→announcer 播音员
conduct指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常见变化choose选择→choice 选择vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种tend 倾向
→tendency 趋向；趋势，grow 生长→growth 生长marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利；流畅accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱kind 友好的
→kindness 善良cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖true 真的→truth 真相deep 深的→depth 深(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量long 长的→length 长度wide 宽的
→width 宽度
-y/-ty/ -ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实safe 安全的→safety 安全cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍responsible 负责的
→responsibility责任
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心absent 缺席的→absence 缺席present 出席的→presence 出席confident 自信的→confidence 信心convenient 方便的→convenience 便利important 重要的→importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义
对点练习
1．When the answer was no，she declined the invitation(invite)．(2022·浙江1月)
2．China has a responsibility(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022·全国乙)
3．In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage(marry) ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Historical accuracy(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ) 5．My teacher tells me that the key to success is honesty(honest).
6．She’s a great performer(perform) and she always performs great.
1．Also，technological know-how has become a requirement(require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world，as the computer has become a common tool in most professions(profession)．(2020·新高考全国Ⅱ)
2．This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3．My name is Mireya Mayor.I’m a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
4．Other American studies showed no connection(s)(connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019·浙江)。