--欧盟20052073EC食品微生物标准中文版
食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章
食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005/EC 号规章摘要食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005 号规章主要内容1、制定一个用来确定食品加工企业可接受的微生物标准和食品安全微生物限量标准;2、食品加工企业遵照执行、主管当局验证符合性;3、该标准包括依标准设定值(见附录)进行检验、检验方法和执行纠偏措施。
主体框架(总计12条,其中主要相关的7条)第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法前言测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。
当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。
80/777/EEC(13)的章程关于微生物的标准的有关规定。
第2条定义微生物学的标准是定义产品中微生物的可接受水平。
此可接受水平是基于单位质量、体积、面积或批次产品中的微生物和它们的毒素及代谢物的不存在或存在一定数量。
食品安全标准是对适合在市场上流通的一种食品或一批食品的可接受水平。
即食食品指生产的或经营的可直接食用的食品,此食品不须再经加热或经别的有效杀灭或降低有关微生物使其降到可接受的水平的过程。
过程卫生标准指产品生产过程可接受的标准。
此标准不适用于市场上的产品,标准设定了污染值,超过此值,就应采取措施确保过程的卫生并符合食品法。
“批”指一组或一批特定的产品,其在实际上同一环境条件下的特定过程获得的和在确定生产期内的特定地方生产的一系列可以确认的产品。
欧盟指令-1
(EC)2073/2005: 食品微生物标准
(EC)89/107:食品添加剂 (EC)98/83:水质标准
自2005年1月1日起此法规成为适用于食品法律所有领域的一般性要求而全面实 施,并且适用于欧盟各成员国。 此法规又称“一般食品法律”(GENERAL FOOD LAW)
欧盟法规(EC) No 178/2002(EC 28 January 2002) 摘要
第一章:法规的范围和定义
相应的定义如: 食品(其界定了食品和非食品);食品经营者;风险; 风险分析;风险评估,风险管理;风险沟通;危害; 可追溯性;初级生产等对我们理解欧盟法规的要求很重要。
目前辖区内企业现状: 企业有溯源意识 标识内容不够全面、完整。 建立统一的溯源标识十分必要
欧盟法规(EC) No 178/2002(EC 28 January 2002) 摘要(第三、四章节内容)
法规的第三章内容:建立食品安全局: -描述了食品安全局的使命和任务、组织机构、运作等有详细 的规定和方案。 第四章内容:建立欧盟内的快速预警系统,应急管理
欧盟法规(EC) No 178/2002(EC 28 January 2002) 摘要(第二章节内容)
第四部分:食品法律的基本要求 第17条款:责任
1、经营者为第一责任人 2、成员国和欧盟官方责任:监控和验证食品与饲料经营者在 生产、加工、销售各环节都执行了有关要求。 我国食品安全法 总则 第三条 食品生产经营者应当依照法律、法规和食 品安全标准从事生产经营活动,对社会和公众负责,保证 食品安全,接受社会监督,承担社会责任。 第九章:法律责任
第18条款:可追溯性
1、所有的生产,加工和销售阶段,食品、饲料、食用动物及其他打算或
欧盟食品污染物限量标准(中文版)-翻译了(EC)18812006 欧盟食品污染物限量
最大限量(mg NO3/kg)
10.1-3.31收获 4.1-9.30收获 3000 2500 2000
1.3
பைடு நூலகம்
新鲜生菜(莴苣)(有防护和室外生长的莴 苣)不包括1.4中列出的莴苣
4500 4000 3500 2500 2500 2000 200
1.4 1.5
冰型生菜 为婴儿和儿童加工的谷物制品和婴幼儿食品 (3)(4)
2
4
2 5 —
4 10 —
2.1.9 2.1.10 2.1.11 2.1.12 2.2 2.2.1
2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6
以下调味料种类:辣椒粉(干制水果和其他, 包括辣椒、辣椒粉);胡椒粉(其他水果、包 括白胡椒和黑胡椒)肉豆蔻(肉豆蔻的种 子);姜提取物(姜);姜黄(姜黄粉) 为婴儿和儿童加工的谷物制品和婴幼儿食品 (3)(7) 婴幼儿奶粉和较大婴幼儿奶粉、包括婴幼儿牛 奶和较大婴幼儿奶(4、8) 专用于婴幼儿的有特殊医疗目的(9、10)的 食疗食品 赭曲霉素A 未加工的谷物 所有经未加工谷物制成的产品,包括加工谷物 制品和直接供人类食用的谷物(2.2.9、 2.2.10中列出的除外) 干燥藤本科植物水果(黑醋栗、葡萄干、无子 葡萄干) 炒咖啡豆、炒咖啡粉不包括速溶咖啡 速溶咖啡 葡萄酒(包括汽酒、不包括烈酒和酒精度不小 于15%的酒)和果酒(11)
鳝鱼(鳗类)肌肉及其他制品 生乳(6)及奶制品,包括乳脂 鸡蛋及蛋制品(6) 下列动物脂肪: 牛、羊 禽类 猪
第六部分:多环芳香族碳氢化合物
食品(1) 苯并[a]芘 专供人类直接食用或作为食品配料的油及脂 6.1.1 (可可油除外) 6.1.2 熏肉及熏肉制品 6.1.3 6.1.4 鱼肉(24、24),其他熏制鱼
食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 20732005 号规章
欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005/EC 号规章摘要食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005 号规章主要内容1、制定一个用来确定食品加工企业可接受的微生物标准和食品安全微生物限量标准;2、食品加工企业遵照执行、主管当局验证符合性;3、该标准包括依标准设定值(见附录)进行检验、检验方法和执行纠偏措施。
主体框架(总计12条,其中主要相关的7条)第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法前言测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。
当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。
80/777/EEC(13)的章程关于微生物的标准的有关规定。
第2条定义微生物学的标准是定义产品中微生物的可接受水平。
此可接受水平是基于单位质量、体积、面积或批次产品中的微生物和它们的毒素及代谢物的不存在或存在一定数量。
食品安全标准是对适合在市场上流通的一种食品或一批食品的可接受水平。
即食食品指生产的或经营的可直接食用的食品,此食品不须再经加热或经别的有效杀灭或降低有关微生物使其降到可接受的水平的过程。
过程卫生标准指产品生产过程可接受的标准。
此标准不适用于市场上的产品,标准设定了污染值,超过此值,就应采取措施确保过程的卫生并符合食品法。
“批”指一组或一批特定的产品,其在实际上同一环境条件下的特定过程获得的和在确定生产期内的特定地方生产的一系列可以确认的产品。
货架期指使用截至日期之前的一段时间或耐受存储的最小日期,同2000/13/EC指令中第9和10条款中的定义。
欧盟食品微生物标准
(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。
鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。
该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。
食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。
(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。
(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。
为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。
(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。
微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。
(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。
微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。
因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。
(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。
这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。
因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。
此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。
欧盟最新食品农药残留限量标准研究
欧盟最新食品农药残留限量标准研究王文君; 陈琼【期刊名称】《《WTO经济导刊》》【年(卷),期】2015(000)002【总页数】3页(P90-92)【作者】王文君; 陈琼【作者单位】湖北省标准化研究院【正文语种】中文欧洲标准一向被视为国际上对环境保护和健康要求最高的标准,2014年7月下旬,欧盟委员会健康与消费者总司修改了第(EC)No396/2005号法规中有关二氯丙烯、甲羧除草醚、精二甲吩草胺、调环酸、甲苯氟磺胺及氟乐灵等6种农药的最大残留限量(MRL),又一次抬高了食品的市场准入要求。
这意味着从法规开始生效之日起即2015年元月左右,向欧盟出口农食产品的企业将会面临检验成本的上升、农残壁垒提高等诸多考验。
本文从农食产品领域公认的国际标准、其他国家标准,以及我国农药残留的国家标准等角度,比对分析欧洲标准提出的6种农药残留限值是一个什么标准水平,并且进一步探讨我国面临农食产品出口壁垒的应对策略。
2014年7月下旬,欧盟委员会健康与消费者总司公布了最新的农残法规修订结果,修改了第(EC) No396/2005号法规中有关二氯丙烯、甲羧除草醚、精二甲吩草胺、调环酸、甲苯氟磺胺及氟乐灵等6种农药的最大残留限量(MRL),具体标准限值如下:目前法规修订案已经在欧盟理事会的例行会议中获得通过。
按照正常程序,法规历经公布和评议后,将从2015年1月1日起正式实施。
从我国农食产业发展的基本国情来看,一旦农残壁垒措施发挥效力,出口欧盟的农食产品企业势将面临严峻考验。
欧盟此次对(EC)No396/2005号法规的修订并非农食产品农药残留的首次修订,但是涉及到的产品范围非常广泛。
从海关HS编码分类来看,此次修订影响到的农食产品大类有粮谷、动物源性食品、以及包括植物和蔬菜在内的植物源性食品,在这些大类目下又涵盖了近百种我国大面积种植的农食产品。
我国“农残”标准和欧盟新标准之间存差距。
我国农食产品标准和国外技术标准之间存在差距。
欧盟2005-87-EC 饲料中不良物质要求
委员会指令 2005/87/EC2005年12月5日修改欧盟第2002/32/EC号指令附件I中动物饲料中不良物质—铅、氟和镉欧共体委员会。
根据缔结的欧共体条约。
根据2002年5月7日的欧盟指令2002/32/EC号中对动物饲料中不良物质的规定,尤其是第8条。
根据2003年9月22日的欧盟指令第1831/2003号中对动物营养中使用的添加剂的规定,尤其是第13条。
1.欧盟指令2002/32/EC号规定,禁止将不良物质含量超过附件I中最大限量的产品用作动物饲料。
2.当欧盟指令2002/32/EC号被采用时,委员会认为基于最新的科学风险评估并考虑禁止在动物饲料中使用有害产品,附件I中的条款应被修订。
3.2004年6月2日,欧洲食品安全局食品链污染物科学专家小组采纳了委员会关于铅是动物饲料中的不良物质的观点。
4.食物中的铅污染一直备受关注。
铅在很大程度上富积在肝和肾,肌肉组织中的残留量很低,进入奶制品中的有限。
因此动物食品不是人类摄入铅的主要来源。
5.对急性铅中毒牛和羊被认为是最为敏感的动物种类,由于饲喂来自污染区域的物质或是偶然食用含铅物质,导致个体中毒的事件已有所报道。
然而,欧盟制定的商业饲料中的铅标准尚不能诱发铅中毒的临床表现。
6.现存的法律关于铅在用于动物饲料的产品中的规定是总体上确保这些产品不会对人类和动物健康有害或严重影响畜产品.7.牛和羊是被认为是最敏感的动物,而青饲料是她们日粮中主要的组成部分,为了尽可能的降低青饲料中铅的最大含量,重新修订标准是很有必要的。
8.在含痕量元素粘和剂、抗块结剂的预混料中规定铅的最大含量标准是适合的,预混料中铅的最大限量的制定考虑的是添加剂中铅含量的最高水平而未将各种不同动物品种对铅的敏感性考虑在内。
为了保护动物和公众健康,预混料生产商有责任确保符合预混料的最大含量标准,此外预混料的使用说明也要符合配合饲料和全价饲料的最大限量要求。
9.2004年9月22日,欧洲食品安全局食品链污染物科学专家小组采纳了关于氟是动物饲料中不良物质的观点。
EC 1441 2007 欧盟微生物限量中文版
疗目的的干膳食食品(14)
阪崎氏肠杆菌
采样计划 (1)
n
c
5
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
限量 (2)
m
M
在 25 g 中未发现
25g中不含有 25g中不含有 25g中不含有
分析参考方法 (3)
标准应用时期
凝固-呈阳性反应的葡 萄球菌CRL欧洲筛检
方法(13)
EN/ISO 6579
超市货架期内产品 超市货架期内产品
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
限量 (2)
m
M
25g中不含有 100 cfu/g (5)
25g中不含有(7)
100 cfu/g 25 g中不含有
从2006年1月1日 10 g中不含有 从2010年1月1日 25g中不含有 10g中不含有 10g中不含有 25g中不含有
从2006年1月1日 10g中不含有 从2010年1月1日 25g中不含有 25g中不含有 25g 中不含有
EN/ISO 6579
超市货架期内产品
ISO/TS 22964
超市货架期内产品
1.25 活双壳类软体动物和活棘皮类, 有被膜腹足 大肠杆菌(15) 动物
1.26 含大量组氨酸鱼类的鱼制品 (17)
组胺
1 (16)
0
9 (18)
2
230 MPN/100 g 新鲜的有内阀门
的液体
100 mg/kg
国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005_34_EC决议有关事项的通知
国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005/34/EC决议有关事项的通知【法规类别】出口动物产品畜医卫生检疫【发文字号】国质检食函[2005]207号【失效依据】国家质量监督检验检疫总局公告2016年第55号――关于公布现行有效规范性文件和废止部分规范性文件的公告【发布部门】国家质量监督检验检疫总局【发布日期】2005.04.14【实施日期】2005.04.14【时效性】失效【效力级别】部门规范性文件国家质量监督检验检疫总局关于欧盟委员会2005/34/EC决议有关事项的通知(2005年4月14日国质检食函[2005]207号)各直属检验检疫局:近期,欧盟向总局通报欧盟委员会发布的2005/34/EC决议。
该决议对从第三国进口的动物源性产品中检出药物残留问题做出了新的规定,尤其是针对检出禁用物质残留,但低于欧盟制定的最低执法限量(Minimum Required Performance Limits,MRPL)的情况,虽允许产品进入食物链,但将被记录在案。
一旦在6个月内同一来源、同一禁用物质出现4次或以上的记录时,欧委会将向输出国进行通报并采取相应的措施(详见附件)。
请各局加强对输欧动物源性产品的检验检疫,特别是对氯霉素、硝基呋喃代谢物、孔雀石绿、甲孕酮等禁用药物的检测,一旦发现产品中含有禁用物质残留,不管其残留水平是否低于欧盟制定的最低执法限量,一律不准出口。
附件:1.欧委会2005/34/EC决议(英文略)2.欧委会2005/34/EC决议参考译文附件2:参考译文欧盟委员会,根据欧共体成立条约,考虑到理事会97/78/EC(1997年12月18日)指令,该指令制定了对从第三国进入欧盟产品进行兽医检查的组织进行管理的原则,特别是第4(5)条款和第17(7)条款。
考虑到欧盟议会和理事会(EC)No 882/2004(2004年4月29日)规章,即实施官方控制以确保遵守饲料食品法、动物健康与动物福利规则,特别是第11(4)条款和第63(1)(e)条款,鉴于:(1)97/78/EC指令要求从第三国进口的每一批货物都应接受兽医控制。
欧盟食品微生物标准
L 322/12 EN Official Journal of the European UnionCOMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1441/2007of 5 December 20077.12.2007amending Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygieneof foodstuffs (1), and in particular Article 4(4) thereof,Whereas:(1) Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15November 2005 on microbiological criteria for food-stuffs (2) lays down microbiological criteria for certainmicro-organisms and the implementing rules to becomplied with by food business operators when im-plementing the general and specific hygiene measuresreferred to in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No852/2004. Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 alsoprovides that food business operators are to ensurethat foodstuffs comply with the relevant microbiological criteria set out in Annex I to that Regulation.(2) Chapters 1 and 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No2073/2005 set out food safety criteria and processhygiene criteria regarding dried infant formulae anddried dietary foods for special medical purposesintended for infants below six months of age (driedinfant formulae and dried dietary foods). Part 2.2 ofChapter 2 of that Annex provides that where driedinfant formulae and dried dietary foods are tested andEnterobacteriaceae are detected in any of the sampleunits, the batch is to be tested for Enterobacter sakazakiiand Salmonella.(3) On 24 January 2007, the Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ Panel) of the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA) issued an opinion with regard toEnterobacteriaceae as indicators of Salmonella andEnterobacter sakazakii. It concluded that it is not possible(1) OJ L 139, 30.4.2004, p. 1, as corrected by OJ L 226, 25.6.2004,p. 3.(2) OJ L 338, 22.12.2005, p. 1.to establish a correlation between Enterobacteriaceae andSalmonella, and no universal correlation between Entero-bacteriaceae and Enterobacter sakazakii exists. At individualplant level, a correlation between Enterobacteriaceae andEnterobacter sakazakii may however be established.(4) Therefore the requirement laid down in Regulation(EC) No 2073/2005 as regards the testing of driedinfant formulae and dried dietary foods for Salmonellaand Enterobacter sakazakii where Enterobacteriaceae aredetected in any of the sample units should no longerapply. Part 2.2 of Chapter 2 of Annex I to that Regu-lation should therefore be amended accordingly.(5) In line with the opinion on the microbiological risks ininfant formulae and follow-on formulae issued by theBIOHAZ Panel of EFSA on 9 September 2004, micro-biological criteria on Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceaeshould be laid down for dried follow-on formulae.(6) The BIOHAZ Panel of EFSA issued an opinion on Bacilluscereus and other Bacillus spp. in foodstuffs on 26 and 27January 2005. It concluded that one of the major controlmeasures is to control temperature and to establish asystem based on hazard analysis and critical controlpoint principles. Dehydrated foods, in which thepresence of spores of pathogenic Bacillus spp. isfrequent, might permit the growth of Bacillus cereusonce rehydrated in warm water. Some dehydratedfoods, including dried infant formulae and dried dietaryfoods, are consumed by potentially fragile consumers. In line with the EFSA opinion, the numbers of Bacillus cereusspores in dried infant formulae and dried dietary foodsshould be as low as possible during processing and aprocess hygiene criterion should be laid down inaddition to good practices designed to reduce delaybetween preparation and consumption.(7) Chapter 1 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005provides for the analytical reference method for staphy-lococcal enterotoxins in certain cheeses, milk powder andwhey powder. That method has been revised by theCommunity reference laboratory for coagulase positivestaphylococci. The reference to that analytical referencemethod should therefore be amended. Chapter 1 ofAnnex I to that Regulation should therefore beamended accordingly.7.12.2007 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 322/13(8) Chapter 3 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005sets out sampling rules for carcasses of cattle, pig, sheep,goats and horses for Salmonella analyses. Pursuant tothose rules the sampling area is to cover a minimumof 100 cm2per site selected. However, neither thenumber of sampling sites nor the minimum total areaof sampling is specified. In order to improve theimplementation of these rules in the Community, it isappropriate to further specify in Regulation (EC) No2073/2005 that the areas most likely to be contaminatedshould be selected for sampling and that the totalsampling area should be increased. Chapter 3 ofAnnex I to that Regulation should therefore beamended accordingly.(9) In the interests of clarity of Community legislation, it isappropriate to replace Annex I to Regulation (EC) No2073/2005 by the text set out in the Annex to thisRegulation. (10) The measures provided for in this Regulation are inaccordance with the opinion of the StandingCommittee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 1Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 is replaced by the text in the Annex to this Regulation.Article 2This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 5 December 2007.For the CommissionMarkos KYPRIANOUMember of the CommissionL 322/14 ENChapter 1.Chapter 2.Official Journal of the European UnionANNEX‘ANNEX IMicrobiological criteria for foodstuffsFood safety criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Process hygiene criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.12.20072.1 Meat and products thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.2 Milk and dairy products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3 Egg products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.4 Fishery products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.5 Vegetables, fruits and products thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter3. Rules for sampling and preparation of test samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1 General rules for sampling and preparation of test samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.2 Bacteriological sampling in slaughterhouses and at premises producing minced meat and meatpreparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/15C h a p t e r 1. F o o d s a f e t y c r i t e r i aeeeeeeeeL 322/16 EN Official Journal of the European Union 7.12.2007e e e e e e e e e e7.12.2007 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 322/17e e e e e e e eL 322/18ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007e1 (2 ) F o r p o i n t s 1.1-1.25 m = M . (3 ) T h e m o s t r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e u s e d . (4 ) R e g u l a r t e s t i n g a g a i n s t t h e c r i t e r i o n i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n n o r m a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s : — t h o s e w h i c h h a v e r e c e i v e d h e a t t r e a t m e n t o r o t h e r p r o c e s s i n g e f f e c t i v e t o e l i m i n a t e L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s , w h e n r e c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s n o t p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h i s t r e a t m e n t (f o r e x a m p l e , p r o d u c t s h e a t t r e a t e d i n t h e i r f i n a l p a c k a g e ), — f r e s h , u n c u t a n d u n p r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b l e s a n d f r u i t s , e x c l u d i n g s p r o u t e d s e e d s , — b r e a d , b i s c u i t s a n d s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s , — b o t t l e d o r p a c k e d w a t e r s , s o f t d r i n k s , b e e r , c i d e r , w i n e , s p i r i t s a n d s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s , — s u g a r , h o n e y a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y , i n c l u d i n g c o c o a a n d c h o c o l a t e p r o d u c t s , — l i v e b i v a l v e m o l l u s c s . (5 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l a p p l y i f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r i s a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t w i l l n o t e x c e e d t h e l i m i t 100 c f u /g t h r o u g h o u t t h e s h e l f -l i f e . T h e o p e r a t o r m a y f i x i n t e r m e d i a t e l i m i t s d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s t h a t m u s t b e l o w e n o u g h t o g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e l i m i t o f 100 c f u /g i s n o t e x c e e d e d a t t h e e n d o f s h e l f -l i f e . (6 ) 1 m l o f i n o c u l u m i s p l a t e d o n a P e t r i d i s h o f 140 m m d i a m e t e r o r o n t h r e e P e t r i d i s h e s o f 90 m m d i a m e t e r . (7 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l a p p l y t o p r o d u c t s b e f o r e t h e y h a v e l e f t t h e i m m e d i a t e c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o d u c i n g f o o d b u s i n e s s o p e r a t o r , w h e n h e i s n o t a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t w i l l n o t e x c e e d t h e l i m i t o f 100 c f u /g t h r o u g h o u t t h e s h e l f -l i f e . (8 ) P r o d u c t s w i t h p H ≤ 4,4 o r a w ≤ 0,92, p r o d u c t s w i t h p H ≤ 5,0 a n d a w≤ 0,94, p r o d u c t s w i t h a s h e l f -l i f e o f l e s s t h a n f i v e d a y s s h a l l b e a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o b e l o n g t o t h i s c a t e g o r y . O t h e r c a t e g o r i e s o f p r o d u c t s c a n a l s o b e l o n g t o t h i s c a t e g o r y , s u b j e c t t o s c i e n t i f i c j u s t i f i c a t i o n . ( 9 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l a p p l y t o m e c h a n i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d m e a t (M S M ) p r o d u c e d w i t h t h e t e c h n i q u e s r e f e r r e d t o i n p a r a g r a p h 3 o f C h a p t e r I I I o f S e c t i o n V o f A n n e x I I I t o R e g u l a t i o n (E C ) N o 853/2004 o f t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t a n d o f t h e C o u n c i l . ( 10 ) E x c l u d i n g p r o d u c t s w h e n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n d e m o n s t r a t e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t , d u e t o t h e r i p e n i n g t i m e a n d a wo f t h e p r o d u c t w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , t h e r e i s n o s a l m o n e l l a r i s k . ( 11 ) O n l y i c e c r e a m s c o n t a i n i n g m i l k i n g r e d i e n t s . ( 12 ) P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t i n g o f t h e b a t c h o f s e e d s b e f o r e s t a r t i n g t h e s p r o u t i n g p r o c e s s o r t h e s a m p l i n g m u s t b e c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e s t a g e w h e r e t h e h i g h e s t p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g S a l m o n e l l a i s e x p e c t e d . ( 13 ) R e f e r e n c e : C o m m u n i t y r e f e r e n c e l a b o r a t o r y f o r c o a g u l a s e p o s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i . E u r o p e a n s c r e e n i n g m e t h o d f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f s t a p h y l o c o c c a l e n t e r o t o x i n s i n m i l k a n d m i l k p r o d u c t s . ( 14 ) P a r a l l e l t e s t i n g f o r E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d , u n l e s s a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e m i c r o -o r g a n i s m s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t a n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t l e v e l . I f E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a r e d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e p r o d u c t s a m p l e s t e s t e d i n s u c h a p l a n t , t h e b a t c h m u s t b e t e s t e d f o r E . s a k a z a k i i . I t s h a l l b e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y w h e t h e r s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s b e t w e e n E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i . ( 15 ) E . c o l i i s u s e d h e r e a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f f a e c a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n . ( 16 ) A p o o l e d s a m p l e c o m p r i s i n g a m i n i m u m o f 10 i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s . ( 17 ) P a r t i c u l a r l y f i s h s p e c i e s o f t h e f a m i l i e s : S c o m b r i d a e , C l u p e i d a e , E n g r a u l i d a e , C o r y f e n i d a e , P o m a t o m i d a e , S c o m b r e s o s i d a e . ( 18 ) S i n g l e s a m p l e s m a y b e t a k e n a t r e t a i l l e v e l . I n s u c h a c a s e t h e p r e s u m p t i o n l a i d d o w n i n A r t i c l e 14(6) o f R e g u l a t i o n (E C ) N o 178/2002, a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h t h e w h o l e b a t c h i s t o b e d e e m e d u n s a f e , s h a l l n o t a p p l y . ( 19 ) R e f e r e n c e s : 1 . M a l l e P ., V a l l e M ., B o u q u e l e t S . A s s a y o f b i o g e n i c a m i n e s i n v o l v e d i n f i s h d e c o m p o s i t i o n . J . A O A C I n t e r n a t . 1996, 79, 43-49. 2. D u f l o s G ., D e r v i n C . , M a l l e P ., B o u q u e l e t S . R e l e v a n c e o f m a t r i x e f f e c t i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b i o g e n i c a m i n e s i n p l a i c e ( P l e u r o n e c t e s p l a t e s s a ) a n d w h i t i n g ( M e r l a n g u s m e r l a n g u s . J . A O A C I n t e r n a t . 1999, 82, 1097-1101.7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/19I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t sT h e l i m i t s g i v e n r e f e r t o e a c h s a m p l e u n i t t e s t e d , e x c l u d i n g l i v e b i v a l v e m o l l u s c s a n d l i v e e c h i n o d e r m s , t u n i c a t e s a n d g a s t r o p o d s i n r e l a t i o n t o t e s t i n g E . c o l i , w h e r e t h e l i m i t r e f e r s t o a p o o l e d s a m p l e .T h e t e s t r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e b a t c h t e s t e d ( 1 ).L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s i n r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s a n d f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s i n r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e g r o w t h o f L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s b e f o r e t h e f o o d h a s l e f t t h e i m m e d i a t e c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o d u c i n g f o o d b u s i n e s s o p e r a t o r w h e n h e i s n o t a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t et h a t t h e p r o d u c t w i l l n o t e x c e e d t h e l i m i t o f 100 c f u /g t h r o u g h o u t t h e s h e l f -l i f e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .L . m o n o c y t o g e n e s i n o t h e r r e a d y -t o -e a t f o o d s a n d E . c o l i i n l i v e b i v a l v e m o l l u s c s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ t h e l i m i t ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a n y o f t h e v a l u e s a r e > t h e l i m i t .S a l m o n e l l a i n d i f f e r e n t f o o d c a t e g o r i e s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .S t a p h y l o c o c c a l e n t e r o t o x i n s i n d a i r y p r o d u c t s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f i n a l l t h e s a m p l e u n i t s t h e e n t e r o t o x i n s a r e n o t d e t e c t e d ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e e n t e r o t o x i n s a r e d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .E n t e r o b a c t e r s a k a z a k i i i n d r i e d i n f a n t f o r m u l a e a n d d r i e d d i e t a r y f o o d s f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s b e l o w 6 m o n t h s o f a g e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .H i s t a m i n e i n f i s h e r y p r o d u c t s f r o m f i s h s p e c i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a h i g h a m o u n t o f h i s t i d i n e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e f u l f i l l e d :1. t h e m e a n v a l u e o b s e r v e d i s ≤ m2. a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M3. n o v a l u e s o b s e r v e d e x c e e d t h e l i m i t o f M ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e m e a n v a l u e o b s e r v e d e x c e e d s m o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M o r o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M .___________( 1 ) T h e t e s t r e s u l t s m a y b e u s e d a l s o f o r d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e h a z a r d a n a l y s i s a n d c r i t i c a l c o n t r o l p o i n t p r i n c i p l e s o r g o o d h y g i e n e p r o c e d u r e o f t h e p r o c e s s .L 322/20ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007C h a p t e r 2. P r o c e s s h y g i e n e c r i t e r i a2.1 M e a t a n d p r o d u c t s t h e r e o fr f r f r f r f r s f r f f f r f f f7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/21f f f f f ( 2 ) F o r p o i n t s 2.1.3-2.1.5 m = M . ( 3 ) T h e m o s t r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e u s e d . ( 4 ) T h e l i m i t s (m a n d M ) s h a l l a p p l y o n l y t o s a m p l e s t a k e n b y t h e d e s t r u c t i v e m e t h o d . T h e d a i l y m e a n l og sh a l l b e c a l c u l a t e d b y fi r s t t a k i n g a l o g v a l u e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l t e s t r e s u l t a n d t h e n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e m e a n o f t h e s e l o g v a l u e s . ( 5 ) T h e 50 s a m p l e s s h a l l b e d e r i v e d f r o m 10 c o n s e c u t i v e s a m p l i n g s e s s i o n s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s a m p l i n g r u l e s a n d f r e q u e n c i e s l a i d d o w n i n t h i s R e g u l a t i o n . ( 6 ) T h e n u m b e r o f s a m p l e s w h e r e t h e p r e s e n c e o f s a l m o n e l l a i s d e t e c t e d . T h e c v a l u e i s s u bj e c t t o r e v i e w i n o r d e r t o t ak e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e p r o g r e s s m a d e i n r e d u c i n g t h e s alm on e l l a p r e v a l e n c e . M e m b e r S t a t e so r r e g i o n s h a v i n g l o w s a l m o n e l l ap r e v a l e n c e m a y u s e l o w e r c v a l u e s e v e n b e f o r e t h e r e v i e w . ( 7 ) T h i s c r i t e r i o n s h a l l n o t a p p l y t o m i n c e d m e a t p r o d u c e d a t r e t a i l l e v e l w h e n t h e s h e l f -l i f e o f t h e p r o d u c t i s l e s s t h e n 24 h o u r s . ( 8 ) E . c o l i i s u s e d h e r e a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f f a e c a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n . ( 9 ) T h e s e c r i t e r i a a p p l y t o m e c h a n i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d m e a t (M S M ) p r o d u c e d w i t h t h e t e c h n iq u e sr e f e r r e d t o i n p a r a g r a p h 3 o f C h a p t e r I I I o f S e c t i o n V o f A n n e x I I I t o R e g u l a t i o n (E C ) N o 853/2004 o f t h e E u r o p e a n P a r l i a m e n t a n d o f t h e C o u n c i l .L 322/22ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t sT h e l i m i t s g i v e n r e f e r t o e a c h s a m p l e u n i t t e s t e d , e x c l u d i n g t e s t i n g o f c a r c a s e s w h e r e t h e l i m i t s r e f e r t o p o o l e d s a m p l e s .T h e t e s t r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o c e s s t e s t e d .E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d a e r o b i c c o l o n y c o u n t i n c a r c a s e s o f c a t t l e , s h e e p , g o a t s , h o r s e s a n d p i g s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e d a i l y m e a n l o g i s ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f t h e d a i l y m e a n l o g i s b e t w e e n m a n d M ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e d a i l y m e a n l o g i s > M. S a l m o n e l l a i n c a r c a s e s :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f S a l m o n e l l a i s d e t e c t e d i n a m a x i m u m o f c /n s a m p l e s ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f S a l m o n e l l a i s d e t e c t e d i n m o r e t h a n c /n s a m p l e s .A f t e r e a c h s a m p l i n g s e s s i o n , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e l a s t t e n s a m p l i n g s e s s i o n s s h a l l b e a s s e s s e d i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e n n u m b e r o f s a m p l e s .E . c o l i a n d a e r o b i c c o l o n y c o u n t i n m i n c e d m e a t , m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s a n d m e c h a n i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d m e a t (M S M ):— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M .7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/232.2 M i l k a n d d a i r y p r o d u c t sf s f s d --L 322/24ENOfficial Journal of the European Union7.12.2007f l- 1 ( 2 ) F o r p o i n t s 2.2.7, 2.2.9 a n d 2.2.10 m = M . ( 3 ) T h e m o s t r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e u s e d . ( 4 ) T h e c r i t e r i o n s h a l l n o t a p p l y t o p r o d u c t s i n t e n d e d f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g i n t h e f o o d i n d u s t r y . ( 5 ) E . c o l i i s u s e d h e r e a s a n i n d i c a t o r f o r t h e l e v e l o f h y g i e n e . ( 6 ) F o r c h e e s e s w h i c h a r e n o t a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e g r o w t h o f E . c o l i , t h e E . c o l i c o u n t i s u s u a l l y t h e h i g h e s t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e r i p e n i n g p e r i o d , a n d f o r c h e e s e s w h i c h a r e a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h e g r o w t h o f E . c o l i , i t i s n o r m a l l y a t t h e e n d o f t h e r i p e n i n g p e r i o d . ( 7 ) E x c l u d i n g c h e e s e s w h e r e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n d e m o n s t r a t e , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t d o e s n o t p o s e a r i s k o f s t a p h y l o c o c c a l e n t e r o t o x i n s . ( 8 ) O n l y i c e c r e a m s c o n t a i n i n g m i l k i n g r e d i e n t s . ( 9 ) P a r a l l e l t e s t i n g f o r E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i s h a l l b e c o n d u c t e d , u n l e s s a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e m i c r o -o r g a n i s m s h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t a n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t l e v e l . I f E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a r e d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e p r o d u c t s a m p l e s t e s t e d i n s u c h a p l a n t , t h e b a t c h h a s t o b e t e s t e d f o r E . s a k a z a k i i . I t s h a l l b e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y w h e t h e r s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t s b e t w e e n E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e a n d E . s a k a z a k i i . ( 10 ) 1 m l o f i n o c u l u m i s p l a t e d o n a P e t r i d i s h o f 140 m m d i a m e t e r o r o n t h r e e P e t r i d i s h e s o f 90 m m d i a m e t e r .7.12.2007ENOfficial Journal of the European UnionL 322/25I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t sT h e l i m i t s g i v e n r e f e r t o e a c h s a m p l e u n i t t e s t e d .T h e t e s t r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l q u a l i t y o f t h e p r o c e s s t e s t e d .E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e i n d r i e d i n f a n t f o r m u l a e , d r i e d d i e t a r y f o o d s f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s b e l o w s i x m o n t h s o f a g e a n d d r i e d f o l l o w -o n f o r m u l a e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i u m i s d e t e c t e d i n a n y o f t h e s a m p l e u n i t s .E . c o l i , E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e (o t h e r f o o d c a t e g o r i e s ) a n d c o a g u l a s e -p o s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M .P r e s u m p t i v e B a c i l l u s c e r e u s i n d r i e d i n f a n t f o r m u l a e a n d d r i e d d i e t a r y f o o d s f o r s p e c i a l m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s i n t e n d e d f o r i n f a n t s b e l o w s i x m o n t h s o f a g e :— s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f a l l t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— a c c e p t a b l e , i f a m a x i m u m o f c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e ≤ m ,— u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e v a l u e s o b s e r v e d a r e > M o r m o r e t h a n c /n v a l u e s a r e b e t w e e n m a n d M .。
QS认证
2005年起,欧盟最新颁布针对与食品接触物质的指令2004/1935/EC 「全称:Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 October 2004」。
该指令已取代以下两项指令:80/590/EEC 及89/109/EEC。
λ Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004列明与食品接触的物质与89/109/EEC相若。
这些产品/物质必须符合以下的条件:符合良好制造规范(Good Manufacturing Practice,GMP);当产品接触食品时,不可:− 释出对人体健康构成危险的成分− 导致食品的成分产生不能接受的改变− 降低食品所带来的感官特性(使食品的味道,气味,颜色等改变)SGS轻工产品实验室根据欧盟指令的要求,为您提供相关的食品级安全测试,各种差品材质包括塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、不粘涂层等,确保产品能安全使用。
测试内容包括:通过了欧盟食品级安全指令的产品可在包装表面显示以下的标志,表示“产品可用于食品包装”。
产品(例如:炊具,餐具,食品包装,与食品接触的电镀器具等)投入市场时,可在与食品接触的材料或物品上显示这个标志.附加标识要求:♣80/590/EEC指令提出当与食品接触的产品投入市场时, 以下标识需清楚:- “for food use” 或“food grade symbol”文字- 特殊使用、安全使用的说明及预防措施需列出(例如:不能于微波炉使用; 不适用于脂肪类食品)- 充足的资料以供追踪物品来源之用- 使用「有效active」和「智能intelligent」材料的资料- 公司资料:1) 名称或商标2) 注册公司,制造商,代理商或零售商地址♣文字部分清晰明了商标清楚♣新的指令Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004对与食品接触的新材料包括「有效active」及「智能intelligent」材料有特定的要求:「有效active」材料􀂾 指维持或改善包装后食品的品质的新材料􀂾 此新材料以不改变食品的组成份或感官特性为前提「智能intelligent」材料􀂾 指用于监测经包装后的食品状态的新材料任何拟生产与食品接触的新材料,必须事先向欧盟有关当局注册申请,经过批核后使用。
欧盟食品级EC1935-2004中英文11
REGULATION (EC) No 1935/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 27 October 2004on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EECand 89/109/EEC2004年10月27日发布关于食品接触类原料和物料的欧盟1935/2004指令,同时撤销原欧洲共同体80/590和89/109指令THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,欧洲议会与理事会Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,and in particular Article 95 thereof,注意到建立欧洲共同体的《条约》,特别是第96条Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,注意到委员会的提案Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic andSocial Committee (1),注意到欧洲经济和社会委员会的意见(1)Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251of the Treaty (2),按照《条约》第251条规定的程序(2)Whereas:鉴于(1) Council Directive 89/109/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (3) established general principles for eliminating the differences between the laws of the Member States as regards those materials and articles and provided for the adoption of implementing directives concerning specific groups of materials and articles (specific directives). This approach was successful and should be continued.理事会1988年12月21日的指令89 /109 /EEC关于统一各成员国材料和制品用于接触食品的法律,为消除各成员国关于这些原料和物料制定的差异,以及为特定材料和物品(具体指令)提供通过执行的指令而建立的一般原则。
欧盟食品微生物标准
欧盟食品微生物标准欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。
鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。
该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。
食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。
(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。
(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。
为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。
(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。
微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。
(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。
微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。
因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。
(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。
这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。
因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。
此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。
食品经营者采取措施确保标准中所定义的过程的可接受性,这些措施包括原材料、卫生、温度以及产品保存期的控制。
中国、美国和欧盟霉菌毒素的限量标准
中国、美国和欧盟霉菌毒素的限量标准饲料级原料中被限量的霉菌毒素种类有关饲料和饲料原料中霉菌毒素的限量标准,各个国家和地区重点关注和监控的真菌毒素主要有黄曲霉毒素(AF),玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN),赭曲霉毒素A(OTA),伏马毒素(Fumonisin),植物单端孢霉烯族毒素:呕吐毒素(DON)、T-2毒素、HT-2毒素等。
目前,我国、欧盟及美国颁布的相关法规均未覆盖所有真菌毒素的种类。
如美国主要关注的是强制性的黄曲霉毒素,欧盟所关注的是黄曲霉毒素,其中也有叫指南限量和建议限量,这是国外对霉菌毒素的一些限量标准(陈茹2013),详见表1。
中国限量标准我国颁发的国家标准GB13078-2001,GB13078.2-2006,GB13078.3-2007,GB21693-2008和农业行业标准NY5072-2001,对饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素和T-2毒素进行了限量规定,详见表2。
欧盟限量标准欧盟委员会指令2002/32/EC规定了饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1的最高限量,在欧盟委员会建议,2006/576/EC中发布了饲用农产品和饲料中呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A和伏马毒素的指南限量,并要求加强对T-2毒素和HT-2毒素的危害信息收集、研究和检测方法开发[Europeancommission,2006],详见表3。
美国限量标准美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)主要关注5种真菌毒素:黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素A。
FDA制定了饲料及原料中黄曲霉毒素的执行限量(FDA,1994),详见表4。
对伏马毒素和呕吐毒素分别提出了指南限量(FDA,2001)和建议容忍限量(FDA,2010),详见表5和表6。
FDA对于玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素A尚未制定饲料中的具体限量要求。
欧盟限量标准欧盟委员会指令2002/32/EC规定了饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1的最高限量,在欧盟委员会建议,2006/576/EC中发布了饲用农产品和饲料中呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A和伏马毒素的指南限量,并要求加强对T-2毒素和HT-2毒素的危害信息收集、研究和检测方法开发[Europeancommission,2006],详见表3。
欧盟提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案
欧盟提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案
佚名
【期刊名称】《企业标准化》
【年(卷),期】2005()9
【摘要】2005年7月19日,欧盟委员会健康消费者保护总司提出有关食品微生物限量标准的法规草案。
草案中规定了碎肉,肉类加工品由的沙门氏菌[salmonella];方便食品中李斯特菌[Listeria monocytogenes];某些乳制品中葡萄球菌[staphylococcal enterotoxins];某些水产品中组胺[histamine]的食品安全标准。
还规定了屠宰动物胴体内沙门氏菌[salmonella]及若干种干酪内葡萄球菌[staphylocccal]的卫生处理标准。
【总页数】1页(P69-69)
【关键词】食品微生物;欧盟委员会;限量标准;法规;食品安全标准;沙门氏菌;葡萄球菌;李斯特菌;方便食品
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS201.3;F116.7
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EC-2073-2005微生物限量标准
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents►B COMMISSION REGULATION(EC)No2073/2005of15November2005on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)(OJ L338,22.12.2005,p.1)Amended by:Official JournalNo page date►M1Commission Regulation(EC)No1441/2007of5December2007L322127.12.2007 Corrected by:►C1Corrigendum,OJ L278,10.10.2006,p.32(2073/2005)►C2Corrigendum,OJ L283,14.10.2006,p.62(2073/2005)COMMISSION REGULATION(EC)No2073/2005of15November2005on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Regulation(EC)No852/2004of the European Parliament and of the Council of29April2004on the hygiene of foodstuffs(1),and in particular Articles4(4)and12thereof,Whereas:(1)A high level of protection of public health is one of the funda-mental objectives of food law,as laid down in Regulation(EC) No178/2002of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28January2002laying down the general principles and requirements of food law,establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety(2).Microbiological hazards in foodstuffs form a major source of food-borne diseases in humans.(2)Foodstuffs should not contain micro-organisms or their toxins ormetabolites in quantities that present an unacceptable risk for human health.(3)Regulation(EC)No178/2002lays down general food safetyrequirements,according to which food must not be placed on the market if it is unsafe.Food business operators have an obli-gation to withdraw unsafe food from the market.In order to contribute to the protection of public health and to prevent differing interpretations,it is appropriate to establish harmonised safety criteria on the acceptability of food,in particular as regards the presence of certain pathogenic micro-organisms.(4)Microbiological criteria also give guidance on the acceptability offoodstuffs and their manufacturing,handling and distribution processes.The use of microbiological criteria should form an integral part of the implementation of HACCP-based procedures and other hygiene control measures.(5)The safety of foodstuffs is mainly ensured by a preventiveapproach,such as implementation of good hygiene practice and application of procedures based on hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP)principles.Microbiological criteria can be used in validation and verification of HACCP procedures and other hygiene control measures.It is therefore appropriate to set microbiological criteria defining the acceptability of the processes,and also food safety microbiological criteria setting a limit above which a foodstuff should be considered unacceptably contaminated with the micro-organisms for which the criteria are set.(6)According to Article4of Regulation(EC)No852/2004,foodbusiness operators are to comply with microbiological criteria.This should include testing against the values set for the criteria through the taking of samples,the conduct of analyses and the implementation of corrective actions,in accordance with food law and the instructions given by the competent authority.It is therefore appropriate to lay down implementing measuresconcerning the analytical methods,including,where necessary, the measurement uncertainty,the sampling plan,the microbio-logical limits,the number of analytical units that should comply with these limits.Furthermore,it is appropriate to lay down implementing measures concerning the foodstuff to which the criterion applies,the points of the food chain where the criterion applies,as well as the actions to be taken when the criterion is not met.The measures to be taken by the food business operators in order to ensure compliance with criteria defining the acceptability of a process may include,among other things,controls of raw materials,hygiene,temperature and shelf-life of the product.(7)Regulation(EC)No882/2004of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of29April2004on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules(1)requires the Member States to ensure that official controls are carried out regularly,ona risk basis and with appropriate frequency.Those controlsshould take place at appropriate stages of the production, processing and distribution of food to ensure that the criteria laid down in this Regulation are complied with by food business operators.(8)The Communication from the Commission on the CommunityStrategy for setting microbiological criteria for foodstuffs(2) describes the strategy to lay down and revise the criteria in Community legislation,as well as the principles for the devel-opment and application of the criteria.This strategy should be applied when microbiological criteria are laid down.(9)The Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating toPublic Health(SCVPH)issued an opinion on23September 1999on the evaluation of microbiological criteria for food products of animal origin for human consumption.It highlighted the relevance of basing microbiological criteria on formal risk assessment and internationally approved principles.The opinion recommends that microbiological criteria should be relevant and effective in relation to consumer health protection.The SCVPH proposed,while awaiting formal risk assessments,certain revised criteria as interim measures.(10)The SCVPH issued at the same time a separate opinion onListeria monocytogenes.That opinion recommended that it be an objective to keep the concentration of Listeria monocytogenes in food below100cfu/g.The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF)agreed with these recommendations in its opinion of22 June2000.(11)The SCVPH adopted an opinion on Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio-parahaemolyticus on19and20September2001.It concluded that currently available scientific data do not support setting specific criteria for pathogenic V.vulnificus and parahaemo-lyticus in seafood.However,it recommended that codes of practice should be established to ensure that good hygiene practice has been applied.(12)The SCVPH issued an opinion on Norwalk-like viruses(NLVs,noroviruses)on30-31January2002.In that opinion it concluded that the conventional faecal indicators are unreliable for demon-strating the presence or absence of NLVs and that the reliance on faecal bacterial indicator removal for determining shellfish puri-fication times is unsafe practice.It also recommended using E.coli rather than faecal coliforms to indicate faecal contamination in shellfish harvesting areas,when applying bacterial indicators.(13)On27February2002the SCF adopted an opinion on specifi-cations for gelatine in terms of consumer health.It concluded that the microbiological criteria set in Chapter4of Annex II to Council Directive92/118/EEC of17December1992laying down animal health and public health requirements governing trade in and imports into the Community of products not subject to the said requirements laid down in specific Community rules referred to in Annex A(I)to Directive 89/662/EEC and,as regards pathogens,to Directive90/425/ EEC(1)in terms of consumer health were excessive,and considered it sufficient to apply a mandatory microbiological criterion for salmonella only.(14)The SCVPH issued an opinion on verotoxigenic E.coli(VTEC)in foodstuffs on21and22January2003.In its opinion it concluded that applying an end-product microbiological standard for VTEC O157is unlikely to deliver meaningful reductions in the associated risk for the consumers.However, microbiological guidelines aimed at reducing the faecal contam-ination along the food chain can contribute to a reduction in public health risks,including VTEC.The SCVPH identified the following food categories where VTEC represents a hazard to public health:raw or undercooked beef and possibly meat from other ruminants,minced meat and fermented beef and products thereof,raw milk and raw milk products,fresh produce,in particular sprouted seeds,and unpasteurised fruit and vegetable juices.(15)On26and27March2003the SCVPH adopted an opinion onstaphylococcal enterotoxins in milk products,particularly in cheeses.It recommended revising the criteria for coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheeses,in raw milk intended for processing and in powdered milk.In addition,criteria for staphy-lococcal enterotoxins should be laid down for cheeses and powdered milk.(16)The SCVPH adopted an opinion on salmonellae in foodstuffs on14and15April2003.According to the opinion,food categories possibly posing a high risk to public health include raw meat and some products intended to be eaten raw,raw and undercooked products of poultry meat,eggs and products containing raw eggs, unpasteurised milk and some products thereof.Sprouted seeds and unpasteurised fruit juices are also of concern.It recom-mended that the decision on the need for microbiological criteria should be taken on the basis of its ability to protect the consumers and its feasibility.(17)The Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards(BIOHAZ Panel)ofthe European Food Safety Authority(EFSA)issued an opinion on the microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae on9September2004.It concluded that Salmonella and Enterobacter sakazakii are the micro-organisms of greatest concern in infant formulae,formulae for special medical purposes and follow-on formulae.The presence of these pathogens constitutes a considerable risk if conditions after reconstitution permit multiplication.Enterobacteriaceae,which are more often present,could be used as an indicator for risk.Monitoring and testing of Enterobacteriaceae was recommended in both the manufacturing environment and the finished product by the EFSA.However,besides pathogenic species the family Entero-bacteriaceae includes also environmental species,which often appear in the food manufacturing environment without posingany health hazard.Therefore,the family Enterobacteriaceae can be used for routine monitoring,and if they are present testing of specific pathogens can be started.(18)International guidelines for microbiological criteria in respect ofmany foodstuffs have not yet been established.However,the Commission has followed the Codex Alimentarius guideline ‘Principles for the establishment and application of microbio-logical criteria for foods CAC/GL21—1997’and in addition, the advice of the SCVPH and the SCF in laying down micro-biological criteria.Existing Codex specifications in respect of dried milk products,foods for infants and children and the histamine criterion for certain fish and fishery products have been taken account.The adoption of Community criteria should benefit trade by providing harmonised microbiological requirements for foodstuffs and replacing national criteria. (19)The microbiological criteria set for certain categories of food ofanimal origin in Directives that were repealed by Directive 2004/41/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21April2004repealing certain Directives concerning food hygiene and health conditions for the production and placing on the market of certain products of animal origin intended for human consumption and amending Council Directives89/662/ EEC and92/118/EEC and Council Decision95/408/EC(1) should be revised and certain new criteria set in the light of the scientific advice.(20)The microbiological criteria laid down in Commission Decision93/51EEC of15December1992on the microbiological criteria applicable to the production of cooked crustaceans and molluscan shellfish(2)are incorporated in this Regulation.It is therefore appropriate to repeal that Decision.Since Commission Decision 2001/471/EC of8June2001laying down rules for the regular checks on the general hygiene carried out by the operators in establishments according to Directive64/433/EEC on health conditions for the production and marketing of fresh meat and Directive71/118/EEC on health problems affecting the production and placing on the market of fresh poultrymeat(3)is repealed with effect from the1January2006,it is appropriate to incorporate microbiological criteria set for carcases in this Regu-lation.(21)The producer or manufacturer of a food product has to decidewhether the product is ready to be consumed as such,without the need to cook or otherwise process it in order to ensure its safety and compliance with the microbiological criteria.According to Article3of Directive2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of20March2000on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labelling,presen-tation and advertising of foodstuffs(4),the instructions for use ofa foodstuff are compulsory on the labelling when it would beimpossible to make appropriate use of the foodstuff in the absence of such instructions.Such instructions should be taken into account by food business operators when deciding appro-priate sampling frequencies for the testing against microbiological criteria.(22)Sampling of the production and processing environment can be auseful tool to identify and prevent the presence of pathogenic micro-organisms in foodstuffs.(1)OJ L157,30.4.2004,p.33,corrected by OJ L195,2.6.2004,p.12.(2)OJ L13,21.1.1993,p.11.3(23)Food business operators should decide themselves the necessarysampling and testing frequencies as part of their procedures based on HACCP principles and other hygiene control procedures.However,it may be necessary in certain cases to set harmonised sampling frequencies at Community level,particularly in order to ensure the same level of controls to be performed throughout the Community.(24)Test results are dependent on the analytical method used,andtherefore a given reference method should be associated with each microbiological criterion.However,food business operators should have the possibility to use analytical methods other than the reference methods,in particular more rapid methods,as long as the use of these alternative methods provides equivalent results.Moreover,a sampling plan needs to be defined for each criterion in order to ensure harmonised imple-mentation.It is nevertheless necessary to allow the use of other sampling and testing schemes,including the use of alternative indicator organisms,on condition that these schemes provide equivalent guarantees of food safety.(25)Trends in test results should be analysed,as they are able toreveal unwanted developments in the manufacturing process enabling the food business operator to take corrective actions before the process is out of control.(26)The microbiological criteria set in this Regulation should be opento review and revised or supplemented,if appropriate,in order to take into account developments in the field of food safety and food microbiology.This includes progress in science,technology and methodology,changes in prevalence and contamination levels,changes in the population of vulnerable consumers,as well as the possible outputs from risk assessments.(27)In particular,criteria for pathogenic viruses in live bivalvemolluscs should be established when the analytical methods are developed sufficiently.There is a need for development of reliable methods for other microbial hazards too, e.g.Vibrio parahaemolyticus.(28)It has been demonstrated that the implementation of controlprogrammes can markedly contribute to a reduction of the prevalence of salmonella in production animals and products thereof.The purpose of Regulation(EC)No2160/2003of the European Parliament and of the Council of17November2003 on the control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic agents(1)is to ensure that proper and effective measures are taken to control salmonella at relevant stages of the food chain.Criteria for meat and products thereof should take into account the expected improvement in the salmonella situation at the level of primary production.(29)For certain food safety criteria,it is appropriate to grant theMember States a transitional derogation,enabling them to comply with less stringent criteria but provided that the foodstuffs would only be marketed on the national market.The Member States should notify the Commission and other Member States where this transitional derogation is used.(30)The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordancewith the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food ChainHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article1Subject-matter and scopeThis Regulation lays down the microbiological criteria for certain micro-organisms and the implementing rules to be complied with by food business operators when implementing the general and specific hygiene measures referred to in Article4of Regulation(EC)No 852/2004.The competent authority shall verify compliance with the rules and criteria laid down in this Regulation in accordance with Regulation(EC)No882/2004,without prejudice to its right to undertake further sampling and analyses for the purpose of detecting and measuring other micro-organisms,their toxins or metabolites,either as a verification of processes,for food suspected of being unsafe,or in the context of a risk analysis.This Regulation shall apply without prejudice to other specific rules for the control of micro-organisms laid down in Community legislation and in particular the health standards for foodstuffs laid down in Regulation (EC)No853/2004of the European Parliament and of the Council(1), the rules on parasites laid down under Regulation(EC)No854/2004of the European Parliament and of the Council(2)and the microbiological criteria laid down under Council Directive80/777/EEC(3).Article2DefinitionsThe following definitions shall apply:(a)‘micro-organisms’means bacteria,viruses,yeasts,moulds,algae,parasitic protozoa,microscopic parasitic helminths,and their toxins and metabolites;(b)‘microbiological criterion’means a criterion defining the accept-ability of a product,a batch of foodstuffs or a process,based on the absence,presence or number of micro-organisms,and/or on the quantity of their toxins/metabolites,per unit(s)of mass,volume, area or batch;(c)‘food safety criterion’means a criterion defining the acceptability ofa product or a batch of foodstuff applicable to products placed onthe market;(d)‘process hygiene criterion’a criterion indicating the acceptable func-tioning of the production process.Such a criterion is not applicable to products placed on the market.It sets an indicative contamination value above which corrective actions are required in order to maintain the hygiene of the process in compliance with food law;(e)‘batch’means a group or set of identifiable products obtained froma given process under practically identical circumstances andproduced in a given place within one defined production period;(f)‘shelf-life’means either the period corresponding to the periodpreceding the‘use by’or the minimum durability date,as defined respectively in Articles9and10of Directive2000/13/EC;(g)‘ready-to-eat food’means food intended by the producer or themanufacturer for direct human consumption without the need for cooking or other processing effective to eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level micro-organisms of concern;(h)‘food intended for infants’means food specifically intended forinfants,as defined in Commission Directive91/321/EEC(1);(i)‘food intended for special medical purposes’means dietary food forspecial medical purposes,as defined in Commission Directive 1999/21/EC(2);(j)‘sample’means a set composed of one or several units or a portion of matter selected by different means in a population or in an important quantity of matter,which is intended to provide infor-mation on a given characteristic of the studied population or matter and to provide a basis for a decision concerning the population or matter in question or concerning the process which has produced it; (k)‘representative sample’means a sample in which the characteristics of the batch from which it is drawn are maintained.This is in particular the case of a simple random sample where each of the items or increments of the batch has been given the same prob-ability of entering the sample;(l)‘compliance with microbiological criteria’means obtaining satis-factory or acceptable results set in Annex I when testing against the values set for the criteria through the taking of samples,the conduct of analyses and the implementation of corrective action,in accordance with food law and the instructions given by the competent authority.Article3General requirements1.Food business operators shall ensure that foodstuffs comply with the relevant microbiological criteria set out in Annex I.To this end the food business operators at each stage of food production,processing and distribution,including retail,shall take measures,as part of their procedures based on HACCP principles together with the implemen-tation of good hygiene practice,to ensure the following:(a)that the supply,handling and processing of raw materials and food-stuffs under their control are carried out in such a way that the process hygiene criteria are met,(b)that the food safety criteria applicable throughout the shelf-life ofthe products can be met under reasonably foreseeable conditions of distribution,storage and use.2.As necessary,the food business operators responsible for the manufacture of the product shall conduct studies in accordance with Annex II in order to investigate compliance with the criteria throughout the shelf-life.In particular,this applies to ready-to-eat foods that are able to support the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and that may pose a Listeria monocytogenes risk for public health.Food businesses may collaborate in conducting those studies. Guidelines for conducting those studies may be included in the guides to good practice referred to in Article7of Regulation(EC)No 852/2004.Article4Testing against criteria1.Food business operators shall perform testing as appropriate against the microbiological criteria set out in Annex I,when they arevalidating or verifying the correct functioning of their procedures based on HACCP principles and good hygiene practice.2.Food business operators shall decide the appropriate sampling frequencies,except where Annex I provides for specific sampling frequencies,in which case the sampling frequency shall be at least that provided for in Annex I.Food business operators shall make this decision in the context of their procedures based on HACCP principles and good hygiene practice,taking into account the instructions for use of the foodstuff.The frequency of sampling may be adapted to the nature and size of the food businesses,provided that the safety of foodstuffs will not be endangered.Article5Specific rules for testing and sampling1.The analytical methods and the sampling plans and methods in Annex I shall be applied as reference methods.2.Samples shall be taken from processing areas and equipment used in food production,when such sampling is necessary for ensuring that the criteria are met.In that sampling the ISO standard18593shall be used as a reference method.Food business operators manufacturing ready-to-eat foods,which may pose a Listeria monocytogenes risk for public health,shall sample the processing areas and equipment for Listeria monocytogenes as part of their sampling scheme.Food business operators manufacturing dried infant formulae or dried foods for special medical purposes intended for infants below six months which pose an Enterobacter sakazakii risk shall monitor the processing areas and equipment for Enterobacteriaceae as part of their sampling scheme.3.The number of sample units of the sampling plans set out in Annex I may be reduced if the food business operator can demonstrate by historical documentation that he has effective HACCP-based procedures.4.If the aim of the testing is to specifically assess the acceptability ofa certain batch of foodstuffs or a process,the sampling plans set out in Annex I shall be respected as a minimum.5.Food business operators may use other sampling and testing procedures,if they can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the competent authority that these procedures provide at least equivalent guarantees.Those procedures may include use of alternative sampling sites and use of trend analyses.Testing against alternative micro-organisms and related microbiological limits as well as testing of analytes other than microbiological ones shall be allowed only for process hygiene criteria.The use of alternative analytical methods is acceptable when the methods are validated against the reference method in Annex I and if a proprietary method,certified by a third party in accordance with the protocol set out in EN/ISO standard16140or other internationally accepted similar protocols,is used.If the food business operator wishes to use analytical methods otherArticle6Labelling requirements1.When the requirements for Salmonella in minced meat,meat preparations and meat products intended to be eaten cooked of all species set down in Annex I are fulfilled,the batches of those products placed on the market must be clearly labelled by the manu-facturer in order to inform the consumer of the need for thorough cooking prior to consumption.2.As from1January2010labelling as referred to in paragraph1in respect of minced meat,meat preparations and meat products made from poultrymeat will no longer be required.Article7Unsatisfactory results1.When the results of testing against the criteria set out in Annex I are unsatisfactory,the food business operators shall take the measures laid down in paragraphs2to4of this Article together with other corrective actions defined in their HACCP-based procedures and other actions necessary to protect the health of consumers.In addition,they shall take measures to find the cause of the unsatis-factory results in order to prevent the recurrence of the unacceptable microbiological contamination.Those measures may include modifi-cations to the HACCP-based procedures or other food hygiene control measures in place.2.When testing against food safety criteria set out in Chapter1of Annex I provides unsatisfactory results,the product or batch of food-stuffs shall be withdrawn or recalled in accordance with Article19of Regulation(EC)No178/2002.However,products placed on the market, which are not yet at retail level and which do not fulfil the food safety criteria,may be submitted to further processing by a treatment elimi-nating the hazard in question.This treatment may only be carried out by food business operators other than those at retail level.The food business operator may use the batch for purposes other than those for which it was originally intended,provided that this use does not pose a risk for public or animal health and provided that this use has been decided within the procedures based on HACCP principles and good hygiene practice and authorised by the competent authority.3.A batch of mechanically separated meat(MSM)produced with the techniques referred to in Chapter III,paragraph3,in Section V of Annex III to Regulation(EC)No853/2004,with unsatisfactory results in respect of the Salmonella criterion,may be used in the food chain only to manufacture heat-treated meat products in establishments approved in accordance with Regulation(EC)No853/2004.4.In the event of unsatisfactory results as regards process hygiene criteria the actions laid down in Annex I,Chapter2shall be taken.Article8Transitional derogation1.A transitional derogation is granted until31December2009at the latest pursuant to Article12of Regulation(EC)No852/2004as regards compliance with the value set in Annex I to this Regulation for。
欧盟20052073EC 食品微生物标准中文版
编译说明1、2005年11月15日,欧盟委员会发布了2073/2005/EC《食品微生物标准》,并在2006年1月1日正式实施,该规章规定了严格的食品微生物指标要求,并取代了93/51/EEC规章。
适用产品范围为:肉及可食用肉类内脏、鱼及甲壳类、软体动物及其他水生无脊椎动物(但不包括活鱼)、乳制品、禽蛋、天然蜂蜜、可食用动物源性产品、可食用蔬菜、可食用水果和坚果、人造黄油、鱼类、甲壳类、软体类或其他水生无脊椎动物的肉类半成品、粮谷、面粉、淀粉或乳类半成品、蔬菜、水果、坚果半成品、软体动物可食用半成品。
2、为帮助我检验检疫人员和食品加工企业了解该技术法规,本局应对技术措施小组动植物产品及食品专业组组织编译了本规章,以供参考,但因能力有限,不到之处在所难免,请读者尽可能对照原文使用。
3、编译人员:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海、董晓慧、王忠才、宋宜国审校:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海2007年7月I(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。
鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。
该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。
食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。
(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。
(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。
为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。
食品微生物学标准欧盟(ec)no20732005号规章
欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005/EC 号规章摘要食品微生物学标准欧盟(EC)No 2073/2005 号规章主要内容1、制定一个用来确定食品加工企业可接受的微生物标准和食品安全微生物限量标准;2、食品加工企业遵照执行、主管当局验证符合性;3、该标准包括依标准设定值(见附录)进行检验、检验方法和执行纠偏措施。
主体框架(总计12条,其中主要相关的7条)第1条范围第2条定义第3条一般要求第4条比对试验第5条特殊试验和取样要求第7条不合格结果第9条趋势分析附录1 食品微生物限量标准第1章食品安全标准第2章加工卫生标准2.1 肉和肉制品2.2 乳及乳制品2.3 蛋制品2.4 水产品2.5 蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品第3章取样和试样制备准则3.1 取样和试样制备一般准则3.2 屠宰场及肉制品生产车间的细菌取样方法前言测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。
当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。
80/777/EEC(13)的章程关于微生物的标准的有关规定。
第2条定义微生物学的标准是定义产品中微生物的可接受水平。
此可接受水平是基于单位质量、体积、面积或批次产品中的微生物和它们的毒素及代谢物的不存在或存在一定数量。
食品安全标准是对适合在市场上流通的一种食品或一批食品的可接受水平。
即食食品指生产的或经营的可直接食用的食品,此食品不须再经加热或经别的有效杀灭或降低有关微生物使其降到可接受的水平的过程。
过程卫生标准指产品生产过程可接受的标准。
此标准不适用于市场上的产品,标准设定了污染值,超过此值,就应采取措施确保过程的卫生并符合食品法。
“批”指一组或一批特定的产品,其在实际上同一环境条件下的特定过程获得的和在确定生产期内的特定地方生产的一系列可以确认的产品。
货架期指使用截至日期之前的一段时间或耐受存储的最小日期,同2000/13/EC指令中第9和10条款中的定义。
美国欧盟与中国关于出口肉类产品微生物控制标准简介(PPT50页)
则。检测的频率和时间将取决于企业先前的实验结果和企业
的其它信息。当企业按照微生物控制标准生产多种产品时,
FSIS可以采集任意种产品或全部种类的产品。
(3)违规和企业的回应
如果加工厂生产的产品其沙门氏菌含量 超过规定,农业部将分三阶段进行处理。第 一阶段是让加工厂自行改善;第二阶段是由 检验单位重估该加工厂的HACCP 体系,作适 当的改进建议;第三阶段则暂停对该厂的检 验。
微生物污染控制
• 水分活度、pH值、化学物质及包装控制
0.85的水分活度是病原体生长的安全界限; pH≤4.6是抑制致病菌生长和产生毒素的界限;
常用的化学抑制剂有苯甲酸盐、山梨酸盐、亚硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐和抗
生素,使微生物蛋白质变性,抑制酶和改变或破坏细胞壁或细胞膜; 包装能防止灭菌食品再次污染,增加食品防腐方法的有效性在加工控制图表中,其
中至少包含最近的13个试验结果,并对应所
屠宰的家畜种类。记录应在企业保存12个月
并随时提供给FSIS使用。
(4)实验结果的评价标准
(a)企业切割组织的方法采样进行检测,当最近大 肠杆菌的实验结果没有超过最高限值(M)时, 或者最近13个样品中,菌落数量超过(m)的样 品数为3或比3少时,可以按照表1进行评价。通过 用基线调查敏感性方法定义的阴性,大肠杆菌的 测试方法敏感度要达到小于5cfu/ml。
由于需要大量的时间处理清理,所以最好使用至少两套仪器、解剖
刀和镊子。使用之前工具不再污染是非常重要的。作为一个选择,允许 使用无菌一次性的材料。
(f)样品的储存与运输
在一个放有冰块的绝缘冷冻盒中运输样 品。不允许样品冻结或者与使用过的冰块接 触。 或者在采集1h内实验室处理样品,或者储 存在0℃~4℃最多24h。
应对欧盟新法规要求--如何预防和减少苹果汁中棒曲霉素污染
应对欧盟新法规要求--如何预防和减少苹果汁中棒曲霉素污染孙有恒
【期刊名称】《中外食品》
【年(卷),期】2004(000)004
【摘要】@@ 欧盟委员会于2003年8月发布了(EC)NO1425/2003规则--关于棒曲霉素(EC)NO466/2001的修订规则以及<关于预防和减少苹果汁和含苹果汁成分饮料中棒曲霉素污染的建议>等有关生产规范.欧盟委员会(EC)NO466/2001规则最新被修订为(EC)NO563/2002规则,对在果汁、浓缩果汁、水果蜜饯、酒精饮料、苹果酒和其它来源于苹果或含有苹果汁的发酵饮料中的棒曲霉素的最高限量进行修订,要求各成员国采取适当措施,力争到2005年6月30日将棒曲霉素的最高限量从50 μg/Kg降低到25μg/Kg.
【总页数】2页(P54-55)
【作者】孙有恒
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS2
【相关文献】
1.超声波去除浓缩苹果汁中棒曲霉素技术条件的优化 [J], 秦敏丽;盛文军;韩舜愈;陈海龙
2.苹果汁中棒曲霉素吸附树脂筛选及其吸附动态研究 [J], 陈海龙;刘华峰;祝霞;盛
文军;蒋玉梅;韩舜愈
3.采用GC/MS方法检测苹果汁和苹果酒中的天然棒曲霉素 [J], Pat Sasso
4.苹果汁中棒曲霉素臭氧脱毒设备的设计与应用 [J], 刁恩杰;刘巍;王月;郝佳容;王菲;王晨琳;周悦;刘李蒙;李向阳
5.利用Saccharomyces cerevisiae KD控制苹果汁中棒曲霉素的污染 [J], 朱瑞瑜;陈水铝;黄聪辉;楼芳菲;尤玉如;马莉莉
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编译说明1、2005年11月15日,欧盟委员会发布了2073/2005/EC《食品微生物标准》,并在2006年1月1日正式实施,该规章规定了严格的食品微生物指标要求,并取代了93/51/EEC规章。
适用产品范围为:肉及可食用肉类内脏、鱼及甲壳类、软体动物及其他水生无脊椎动物(但不包括活鱼)、乳制品、禽蛋、天然蜂蜜、可食用动物源性产品、可食用蔬菜、可食用水果和坚果、人造黄油、鱼类、甲壳类、软体类或其他水生无脊椎动物的肉类半成品、粮谷、面粉、淀粉或乳类半成品、蔬菜、水果、坚果半成品、软体动物可食用半成品。
2、为帮助我检验检疫人员和食品加工企业了解该技术法规,本局应对技术措施小组动植物产品及食品专业组组织编译了本规章,以供参考,但因能力有限,不到之处在所难免,请读者尽可能对照原文使用。
3、编译人员:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海、董晓慧、王忠才、宋宜国审校:顿玉慧、李大春、吴海2007年7月I(强制性法令)欧盟第2005/2073/EC号规章2005年11月15日食品微生物学标准(本文已经EEA批准)欧盟委员会:根据欧共体成立条约,根据欧洲议会、欧盟理事会第2004 / 852 / EC号规章(2004年4月29日)中关于食品卫生的规定(1),特别是第4条第4款和第12条。
鉴于:(1) 如欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第178/2002号规章(2002年1月28日)所指出的,追求高标准地保护公众健康是食品法的基本目的之一。
该规章还确立了制定食品法、成立欧洲食品安全局以及处理食品安全事宜程序的一般原则和要求(2)。
食品中的微生物危害是人类食源性疾病的重要源头。
(2)食品中含有的微生物、微生物毒素或其代谢物的量不应给人类健康带来不能接受的危害。
(3)欧盟第2002/178 /EC号规章制定了食品安全的一般要求,依照此规章,食品若不安全就不能投放市场;万一投放,食品经营者有收回的义务。
为保护公众健康和防止误解,有必要对食品的可接受性制订统一的安全标准,尤其是针对食品中存在的某些致病菌。
(4)微生物学标准也给食品的可接受性以及其生产、处理、销售过程确立了框架。
微生物学标准的使用应作为执行HACCP程序和其他卫生管理措施完整部分中之一。
(5) 食品安全主要通过预防措施来保证,如执行良好卫生规范和HACCP计划。
微生物学标准还可用来验证HACCP计划及其他卫生管理措施的有效性。
因此有必要制定食品微生物学标准以规定食品加工过程是否合适,同时还有必要为保证食品安全制定微生物限值,超出此限值的食品即被认为受微生物污染而不安全。
(6) 依照EC 852/2004规章第4条,食品经营者应遵守食品微生物学标准。
这包括了符合食品法及有关当局规定的测试、分析和纠偏等工作。
因此应该制定有关分析方法的措施,此措施包括应用的地方、不确定度、抽样方法、微生物限制值、和限定值相一致的分析单元的数量等。
此外,应制定执行措施以确保食品及食物链的监控点符合标准,当没有达到食品安全标准时采取的措施。
食品经营者采取措施确保标准中所定义的过程的可接受性,这些措施包括原材料、卫生、温度以及产品保存期的控制。
(7) 2004年4月29号欧洲议会和理事会制订的规章(EC) No 882/2004关于饲料和食品法、动物健康和动物福利法规确定了成员国可以对此实施官方控制的规定(3)。
但需要在风险分析的基础上和合适的频次来实施。
这些控制必须在生产过程及食品的分发的合适阶段来实施,以确保生产者遵照此条例的微生物标准。
(8)欧共体关于食品微生物标准的信息策略交流(2)中包括:在公共的立法上要对食品安全标准策略等有所描述,也包括了标准的发展、应用及修订的过程。
这个策略在微生物标准制订下来以后要予以实施。
(9)公共健康兽医监测科学委员会(SCVPH)在1999年9月23日提出应对人类消费的动物源性食品中的微生物进行评估。
这个观点突出了建立在风险分析和国际上认可的法规基础上的微生物标准的适用性。
SCVPH主张将微生物标准同消费者的健康保护有效的联系起来。
SCVPH 提议在正式的风险评估方法出台以前,修订后的标准可以作为暂定标准。
(10) SCVPH同时提出一种观点,这种观点主张我们的目的就是保证食品中的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的浓度应该低于100cfu/g,食品科学委员会(SCF)在2000年6月22日采纳了这种建议。
(11)2001年9月19日和20日,SCVPH采纳了关于创伤弧菌和副溶血性弧菌的观点,此观点认为仅目前可得的科学数据还不足以建立关于水产品中创伤弧菌和副溶血性弧菌等致病菌的特定标准。
但是,有必要制定日常操作规程以确保使用好的卫生习惯。
(12) SCVPH在2002年1月30到31日提出关于诺瓦克样病毒(NLVs)的规定,其中指出,使用传统的粪便指示菌来证明NLVs是否存在是不可信的,同时指出,依靠粪便细菌是否被杀灭来判定贝壳类动物净化时间也是不科学的。
SCVPH认为用大肠杆菌而非粪大肠菌群来作为捕捞贝壳类动物区域的排泄物污染指示菌。
(13) 2002年2月27日,SCF出于对消费者健康考虑,采纳了明胶制作规范,其中包括委员会1992年12月17日制订的92/118/EEC第四章中附件II的微生物标准,此标准规定根据动物健康和公众健康需求调整公共产品贸易进口及进口额。
提到指令89/662/EEC中附件A(I) 以及指令90/425/EEC(5)中关注的病原体,针对消费者健康考虑是不必要的, 认为仅仅考虑沙门氏菌的强制性的微生物标准是合适的。
(14) 2003年1月21到22日,SCVPH采纳了关于食品中大肠杆菌vero毒素(VTEC)的意见。
SCVPH认为,成品中VTEC O157的标准不会降低对消费者的相关风险。
然而,微生物学的指导方针是通过降低食品链中排泄物的污染程度(包括VTEC)来达到有益公共健康的目的。
SCVPH认为下列食品中的VTEC会对公众健康有威胁:生肉,半生的牛肉以及其他反刍动物的肉、碎肉、发酵的牛肉以及相关产品,鲜奶以及鲜奶制品、新鲜农产品,特别是发芽的种子以及新鲜的蔬菜水果汁。
(15) 2003年3月26日到27日,SCVPH采纳了关于乳制品尤其是干酪中葡萄球菌肠毒素的建议。
SCVPH建议修订干酪、须进一步加工的鲜奶及乳清粉中的凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌的检测标准,另外,干酪和乳粉中葡萄球菌肠毒素的检验也应该有相关的标准。
(16)2003年4月14到15日SCVPH采纳了关于食品中沙门氏菌的建议。
根据SCVPH的主张,对公众健康造成很大风险的食物种类包括以下几种:生肉和一些生食的肉制品、禽肉及半生的禽肉制品、蛋类及生蛋制品、未经巴士消毒的奶及相关产品、发芽的种子和未巴氏消毒的果汁。
制定这些产品的微生物标准时要考虑可行性和保护消费者的健康。
(17)2004年9月9日,欧盟食品安全委员会(EFSA) 生物危害科学陪审团(BIOHAZ Panel)提出了一个关于婴儿配方奶粉及配方制品中的微生物风险评价观点。
此观点认为沙门氏菌和阪崎肠杆菌是婴儿配方奶粉、特殊医疗目的的配方制品及其他配方制品中最受关注的微生物。
如果条件合适,产品中存在的病原体就会大量繁殖以致于造成相当大的风险。
常出现的肠杆菌科是风险评估的指示剂。
监控和检测肠杆菌科被EFSA推荐作为检测生产环境和成品质量的方法。
然而,肠杆菌科家族除了包含致病种类之外,在食品加工生产区还会存在一些对人类健康无害的种类。
因此,肠杆菌科家族常被作为常规检测,如果它们存在才会开展某些病原体的检测。
(18)有关许多食品的国际性微生物标准还没制定。
然而,委员会遵循了滋养品的法律法规的指导方针:原则上制订和运用食品微生物标准依照CAC/GL 21 —1997。
另外,SCVPH和SCF也建议制定微生物标准。
现有的法典说明书已考虑建立关于干乳制品、婴幼儿食品、某些鱼及鱼制品中组胺的微生物标准。
提供统一的的共同体的标准和取消各个国家标准更有利于贸易发展。
(19)欧洲议会和理事会的2004/41/EC号条例废除了某些动物源性食品的微生物标准。
理事会在2004年4月21日取消了有关食品的卫生健康状况以及市场上的供人类消费的某些动物源性产品的条例,正在修订的指令89/662/EEC和92/118/EEC和95/408/EC(6)将被重新修订,并将制定新的标准。
(20) 1992年12月15日的委员会决议93/51 EEC中制订的关于熟制甲壳类动物和软体动物(7)的微生物标准是与本法规相重复。
因此废除该决议是正确的。
自从2001年6月8日委员会决议2001/471/EC 制订后,生产商就规定了必须实施常规的卫生设施检查,有关产品健康状况和买卖鲜肉的指令64/433/EEC和有关产品健康问题和新鲜禽肉(8)市场出售的指令71/118/EEC 从2006年1月1日起废除。
在此规章中关于动物眮体制订了一体化的微生物标准。
(21)食品生产商或经销商必须确保他的产品无须熟制或者其他的处理方法就可以消费并符合相关微生物指标。
根据欧盟议会和理事会2000年3月20日的2000/13/EC中第3条所说,成员国中的食品包装上必须有标签、广告说明、产品使用介绍(9),缺少此说明可能引起食品的非预期使用(4)。
当确定检测该产品微生物指标的正确的采样计划时,生产商应考虑以上规则。
(22)产品和生产环境的采样是鉴定和防止食品中产生致病菌的有效方法。
(23)食品生产经营者应该将他们的取样和检测频率作为基于HACCP原则以及其他的卫生控制程序的一部分。
然而,为了确保共同体有一样的控制水平,欧共体也需要制订统一的采样计划。
(24)测试结果依赖于所使用的分析方法,因此每个微生物标准都应有一个指定的参考方法。
当然,食品生产企业可以使用其他分析方法而非参考方法,特别是一些快速检测方法,只要这些检测方法能达到同等结果。
此外,每个标准都应当限定采样计划以确保有统一的操作。
只要可以保证食品的安全就应该允许使用别的采样方法和检测手段,包括使用别的参照菌株。
(25)分析测试结果的趋势可以避免生产过程中出现不正常的情况,可以让食品生产者在生产失控前作出正确的行动。
(26) 该规章的微生物标准应当公开化,可以被评论、修改和补充。
科技的发展以及检测技术的进步,流行病以及污染水平的改变,易感人群的改变以及风险评价可能的改变都能促使食品安全和食品微生物领域的发展。
(27)尤其该指出的是,当分析方法成熟后应制定活的贝壳类软体动物中的致病性病毒的检测标准,也需要对包括副溶血性弧菌在内的致病菌制订合适的检测方法。
(28)已经证明执行控制程序可以显著的减少动物产品及其制品中沙门氏菌的流行。
欧盟议会和理事会在2003年11月17日形成的(EC) No 2160/2003决议关于控制沙门氏菌及别的食源性动物传染病(10)的目的是确保在食品生产链的相关阶段可以采取正确有效的措施来控制沙门氏菌。