煤矿安全因素探讨外文文献翻译-研究生考试
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。
外文翻译--美国安全生产体系在我国煤矿的应用
外文原文U.S. coal mine safety production system in our applicationAbstract: China's Coal Mine Safety Production in the legal system is imperfect, backward technology, ineffective supervision, lax enforcement and other issues, and the U.S. coal mine production safety legislation closely, vigorous law enforcement, advanced technology and improve government services. Therefore, China should learn from U.S. coal mine production safety rule of law experience and improve coal mine production safety legal system and strict enforcement of Coal Mine Safety, improve the relevant supporting systems.Key words: coal mine production safety; rule of law, legal systemFirst, the U.S. coal mine production safety analysis of the rule of law(A) improve the mine safety and health regulationsOn coal mine production safety, the United States since 1891 Congress passed the first administration of the mine safety regulations so far has drawn up more than 10 laws, more and more high safety standards, have established a comprehensive system, improve the function of occupational safety and health laws System. In 1969 the U.S. federal government enacted the "Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act," than ever before a federal mining industry bound by laws and regulations more comprehensive and stringent. In 1977 the "Federal Mine Safety and Health Law," is the U.S. federal government on national mine safety and health management supervision of the supreme law. In this opening chapter of the National Assembly reaffirmed the beginning of the points:1, coal and other mines it is essential that its most precious resources - the health and safety of miners;2, we must adopt effective means and measures to improve the country's coal mines and other working conditions, to prevent personal accidents and occupational diseases;3, the mine operators to avoid the mine unsafe and harmful to health in the working conditions and operations have the primary responsibility of this law alsoestablished the following basic principles: First, regular safety inspections of each underground coal mines each year must Are four security checks, two opencast mine must accept inspections, followed by the accident accountability system, when there casualties, the report issued by the investigating officers must be specified responsibility and deliberately violate the Bill of those responsible will be liable to a fine or Imprisonment; third is safety inspection "raid" system, any security checks ahead of leaking information, will be punished by a fine or imprisonment; fourth inspection and mining equipment suppliers related responsibility system, the inspection staff Issued by misleading the error report, mining equipment suppliers to provide unsafe equipment, may be punished by a fine or imprisonment. The United States in the 1970s before and after the accident investigation report showed that 85 percent of the accident was due to the staff of "unsafe behavior" caused by, because of this, in the United States "Code of Federal volumes of mineral resources" in the mine staff, including operators of the A detailed training requirement for all staff receive training prior to employment through, miners must be at least a year to receive eight hours of training every 12 months to accept a deal with dangerous training, director, Foreman must, as an organ of the state appraisal , The certificate can be issued to the state coal mine in the office, but after a year job to receive retraining, embodies the concept of corporate training. With this series with the stringent requirements of a good and workable the implementation of the law, U.S. coal production caused by the accident deaths dropped to the lowest in the world, has put an end to a basic killed two people over the incident. September 1995, the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Supervision Bureau formulated the "coal mine safety monitoring procedures," Detailed provisions of the Coal Mine Safety Supervision in the performance of its duties must follow the procedures(B) strict enforcement of Coal Mine Safety SupervisionFirst, tight security monitoring mechanism. In the field of law enforcement, the U.S. coal mine production safety supervision agencies stressed the independence of its success to the vertical structure of coal mine safety supervision and management system, rotation of the personnel system of supervision, Thunder-monitoring law enforcement and monitoring mechanisms to prevent Staff and miners, local government formed alliance of common interests. Under the Mining Safety and Health Bureau of Coal Mine Safety and Health Office is a federalagency, which is below l1 regional offices and 65 Mine Office, the Office of the miners and no interest, and the states, not subordinate to the county government Relations, security around the federal ombudsman must rotate every two years swap. Any coal mine in more than three deaths, the local security Ombudsman shall not take part in the investigation, and from the field by the Federal Office of the Ombudsman for the deployment of security incident investigation. Mine Safety and Health Inspection Service, the mining industry through the implementation of mandatory safety and health performance standards to achieve the elimination of the mining industry fatalities and reduce the severity of non-fatal accident rate, and ultimately achieving improved conditions of the mining operations, the goal of reducing accidents . Coal Mine Safety Supervision Organization is used to enforce mine safety and health standards of legal means, the power to the mine operators to provide a safe and healthy mining technology support and mine safety and health education training programme. Strict management system to investigate and deal with the Ombudsman acts with great care, bribery is very little to ensure the enforcement of Coal Mine Safety Supervision fair, objective, scientific and authoritative. The punishment is severe accidents. The accident cost the United States is very high, the court finds that the responsibility for the accident, the coal enterprises to bear the high fine. Punishment intensity and the amount of fines in accordance with a number of criteria, including:-scale enterprises, operators of the past record of violations, whether the operator is at fault, such as the severity of the violation. For not lead to major casualties of the general violation of the regulations, government inspectors each was fined up to 55,000 U.S. dollars. In case of three people and three people died over the major coal mine accidents, incidents occurred in a coal mine, coal companies, operators and commissioned by the management staff will be held criminal responsibility and administrative responsibility.(C) the timely and effective compensation after theIn order to curb accidents and diseases, the rising trend, the U.S. federal government a mandatory work injury insurance system. Currently, 99 percent of U.S. workers by federal or state workers compensation laws. In view of the industrial injury insurance against harm is a serious risk of labour, industrial injury insurance with a high degree of mandatory, the law must compel employers to employees responsible for the accidents. State "industrial injury insurance law" provides thatpayment for all work-related injuries treated by the employer side burden, workers and the state does not pay for. Miners in the production process in injury, mutilation and deaths, whether the responsibility of employers or workers, employers should be according to the economic compensation to the injured persons, not because of liability issues affecting workers and the families of the normal economic life.Second, China's coal mine production safety issues and the main causes of(1) China's coal mine safety imperfect legal systemSo far, China's coal mine safety legislation has become a "constitution" and "Labor Law" for the foundation, "production safety" and "Mine Safety Law" for the trunk, "Criminal Law" and "Trade Union Law," " Resources Law, "" Enterprise Law "and the relevant provisions of a lot of administrative regulations, local regulations and the Department of I'1 legislative branches for the more complete legal system. "Mine Safety Law" Since May 1, 1993 has been promulgated and implemented to prevent mine accidents and protect the personal safety of mine workers, and promote the healthy development of the mining industry has played an important and positive role. However, due to China's legal system and a late start, the legislature is more backward technology and long-term "legislation to rough it is not appropriate fine, in principle, summed up" as the guiding ideology, making the law formulated by the United States of "Mine Safety and Health Act" Operable poor, there more questions: First, the Act regulations target for state-owned mining enterprises, the law stipulates the principles and system is mainly directed against such enterprises, and now an independent business, contracting, joint ventures and other operations of the non-public emergence of a large number of small mines, To their weak legal regulations.The second is of the supervisory authority despite the terms of reference, but the effect of the protection of law enforcement means and methods have not provided clear, can not guarantee the safety production supervision and management agencies and law enforcement personnel for effective law enforcement.Three of enterprise workers pre education, training provided, but the lack of regular employees in production safety education and training requirements, even if the pre-job education and training requirements have not formed institutionalized, systematic, relevant content, Inadequate procedures and responsibilities.Four of the mine production safety supervision and management of theillegal act to adopt the "administrative punishment" and "criminal" macro and ambiguous description of the specific contents of the administrative punishment and sentencing case without further requirements. And most of the legal responsibility for all mining enterprises, and production-related individuals, such as mine operators, security management, security, technical personnel and miners liability without distinction. This will inevitably lead to the practice of mining-related enterprises tlI the punishment the absence of such rules, the penalty is unfair, unjust and even damaging impact on safety supervision and management effectiveness and enforcement of law enforcement image, undermine the force of law and authority. Fifth, the mine workers on the labor insurance in the "Mine Safety Law" shall not clear, is to take the "pension and compensation" in principle, this is not conducive to the interests of miners and their families to protect.(B) of backward technology, security, the outstanding loansAt present, China's coal mines are the overall situation is relatively backward technology, the country's 26,000 coal mines, many, it is about half the high-gas coal mine, there is a township coal mines of the low level of mechanization, mining methods are backward. According to the State Production Safety Supervision and Management Bureau data, China's only state-owned key coal mine safety outstanding loans reached 513 billion yuan, far behind the U.S. security technical inputs.(C) practitioners lack of security and cultural knowledge, technical quality is not highA large number of accident investigation showed that China's casualties occurred in 70 percent of a 80 per cent is due to the unsafe behavior (3 offenders) for this. Including enterprise managers, employees have the existence of production safety standards and technical equipment have enough awareness of the law and have a weak legal concept, the lower the ability of self-security situation.(D) of chaotic management, ineffective supervision, lax enforcement China's current production safety management and the types of laws, regulations have been as many as hundreds, but even in the frequent accidents today, these laws and regulations in some areas are still not given due attention. In practice, both the main failure to abide by the coal mine production there, but also coal mine production safety administration according to law enforcement is not the main casesoccurred, or even the existence of serious local protectionism of the obstruction. Massive violations of coal mine production safety laws and regulations of the phenomenon and should not be held accountable more in the security incidents have led to be held later.(5) small township coal mines, illegal coal mines and official with the existence ofAt present, China's coal mines of about 26,000, of which 23,000 is a township coal mines, and individual coal mines, they point more than a wide distribution throughout the country, and more to contracting, leasing, joint-stock cooperative form of business, such as , In the employment system of rotation to farmers mainly for the mobility of the large and the corresponding lack of training, operational skills and independent security awareness is low. In each of the coal mine accidents, accounting for 70 percent of township coal mines, major or serious accidents accounted for 80 percent. In addition, coal production areas also have the right to the allocation of resources departments or individuals involved, the official combination of coal, officials of taking bribes, equity dividends, also miners, who became the protective umbrella of illegal miners, resulting in a large number of illegal coal mines, no The existence of sequence, and any form of law and discipline violations are likely to be hard work day and night of the miners to death.Third, learn from the U.S. coal mine production safety and the rule of law experience. China's coal mine production safety and the rule of law(A) improve the legal system for coal mine production safetyFirst, we should amend the "Mine Safety Act." As coal mine safety of the Basic Law, "mine safety law" by the shortage can not meet the requirements of the new situation, should be amended: should improve mine safety supervision and management system, clearly at all levels of production safety supervision and management of the Department I, 1 the terms of reference and law enforcement Procedures, clear production safety supervision and management departments in the mine I 'J production safety supervision in the position, corresponding to clarify its mandate and responsibilities. Government should regulate law enforcement conduct, 1 IJ improve mine production safety supervision and management departments of law enforcement procedures, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the relative increase provisions to prohibit advance notice before the inspection andsupervision and monitoring of prohibited personnel engaged in or taking part in mine production and operation system, clearly defined law enforcement departments Between the collaborative relationship. Should establish the principle of protection of health of miners, clear provisions to safeguard and protect the health of miners and mining enterprises is the obligation and responsibility to effectively protect the health of mine workers and security interests. Should be mandatory provisions for the miners, mine companies must conduct work-related injuries social insurance to protect the legitimate rights and interests of miners. Second, we must step up development of "safe production of" complementary rules and regulations. "Production Safety Law" is China's first comprehensive standard safety production of special legislation, but relative to the U.S. coal mine production safety laws and regulations are still Cu Xiantiao, supervision of the management of less than legal norms regulating the control measures less than the service Measures, procedures and norms of less than entities norms, treating the symptoms and re-light the root cause, after the heavy and light remedies prior to prevent, so it is necessary to formulate and promulgate "safe production of the Implementation of the Law" to enhance its operability. Third, we must further improve the "Criminal Law" the relevant provisions, the elimination of legal gaps. "-Reporting" acts into the "Criminal Law" adjustment range. Improve the "great responsibility accident crime," and "significant work safety accidents crimes", to increase the maximum sentence.(B) strictly enforce the lawFirst, strictly monitor the safety of law enforcement. Independence from the United States, to monitor the safety of the vertical structure, strictly monitor the enforcement procedures and intensify law enforcement efforts. To strengthen coal mine safety supervision team building, in strict accordance with relevant laws and on coal mine safety supervision system for selecting members of the provisions of selecting members of the Coal Mine Safety Supervision. To strengthen the socialist rule of law education and to ensure coal mine safety supervision work efficient and healthy functioning. Carefully monitor the development of law enforcement plan, organize and plan focused on surveillance, special monitoring and regular monitoring. In monitoring the work of law enforcement, the violation of safety laws and regulations, a major hidden causes of accidents in enterprises, use of stop production, production stoppage and rectification, such as administrative fines andpenalties, and its weight is mainly responsible for serious accidents and those responsible for economic punishment according to law . Treatment of different employers, to take a different approach. For those who conscientiously abide by the law, actively develop health and safety plans of employers, to the establishment of partnership relations of cooperation and to provide special subsidies for those who did not develop an effective security plan, did not take strong measures to ensure the safety of the enterprises, strengthen the monitoring And increase the inspection found the punishment should be imposed, their deliberate unlawful acts to the statutory maximum punishment. Second, punish offenders. Reference to U.S. law, the law cost more than law-abiding costs and improve coal mine accident death compensation standards for coal mine accidents take the initiative to deal with the cost of accident prevention put to effect change from passive to active safety security. According to intensify efforts to crack down illegal coal mines. Crack down on collusion between the officials of coal, by the power of those shares, for the black heart miners to provide protection for government officials, found Yanchengbudai, pursue the administrative responsibility of criminal responsibility. Third, strict mine safety, production, market access, strengthen management at source. Land and resources at all levels, the coal industry safety supervision and management departments should strictly implement the "Law on Administrative Licensing", "Mineral Resources Law," "Coal Law," "Safety Law" and other laws and regulations, establish and improve the responsibility system of administrative examination and approval, according to the law regulating Administrative licensing, not to lower the standard, relaxed conditions. Strict conditions for access to coal mine production safety clearance, strict examination and approval system and the implementation of Bankuang mining license system and eliminate Bankuang out of control, arbitrary cloth, to achieve safe production work from investigation to prevention after the change.(C) improve the relevant supporting systemsFirst of all, incentives for reporting. Coal mine production safety is related to people's lives and property safety, sustainable development of the national economy and social stability of the overall situation, the masses of the people as the country should enjoy the right to actively participate in them. In order to mobilize the broad masses of members of society, participation and supervision of productionsafety work, "Safety Law" Article 64 stipulates: "Any unit or individual to the hidden causes of accidents or safety violations, have the right to bear responsibility for production safety supervision and management departments Report or reports. "To make the effective exercise of this right, we must strengthen the provisions of the operation. The establishment of an effective incentive mechanism to mobilize all the positive and timely reporting of production in production safety violations, the steering hidden danger of major manufacturing enterprises stop production immediately rectify, deadline for correction, to prevent accidents. From the practice of the United States, coal mine safety supervision department in the inspection of law enforcement, they can absorb mine workers participated. Second, the establishment of coal mine production safety risk mortgage payment system. To avoid accidents after the miners of the legitimate rights and interests are not effective and timely protection to be applied to all coal mine production safety risk mortgage payment, the enterprise dedicated to security incidents and rescue, relief and rehabilitation treatment. If the persons in charge of coal mine enterprises fled after the accident or after the accident occurred in the coal mine enterprises within the stipulated time did not take the initiative to assume responsibility to pay such costs, Anjian financial sector and at the same level that is based on actual needs, the risk mortgage payments to some or all of For the accident and rescue, relief and rehabilitation treatment necessary funds. Coal production and operation of enterprises during the period, when the accident occurred, the risk of collateral natural carry-over, next year no longer store.中文译文美国安全生产体系在我国煤矿的应用[摘要]我国煤矿安全生产存在法律体系不完善、技术落后、监管不力、执法不严等问题，而美国煤矿安全生产立法严密、执法严厉、技术先进、政府服务完善。
我国煤矿安全生产现状及对策外文翻译文献
我国煤矿安全生产现状及对策外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)我国煤矿安全生产现状及对策浅析摘要：我国安全生产状况不容乐观，安全生产体系并不完善，特别是煤矿生产更是矿难频发，形势严峻，煤矿安全问题成为构建社会主义和谐社会的极大障碍，是政府在新的行政过程中亟待解决的问题。
笔者从我国煤矿生产现状出发，对煤矿安全事故频发的原因进行了简单的分析和论述，基于此，对我国煤矿安全生产体系建立健全的过程中所应采取的对策措施作了初步的思考和探寻。
关键词：和谐社会安全生产经济体制改革一、我国煤矿行业存在的基本问题我国煤矿生产面临着诸多困难，比如机械化程度低、安全设施不完善、技术水平低、从业人员素质低，这是长期困扰我国煤矿生产的主要难题，是制约我国煤矿安全生产的主要障碍，也是我国煤矿行业存在的基本现状。
总体上来看，我国煤矿生产正走着一条高投入、高耗能、低产出、低回报的粗放型的经济增长道路，安全问题特别突出，经常发生矿难事故，国家安全生产监督管理总局近日称：近年我国平均每7.4天发生一起特大煤矿事故，远远高出世界平均水平，2003年我国煤矿产量约占全球产量的35%，事故死亡人数则占近80%，我国采煤效率仅为美国的2.2%，南非的8.1%。
百万吨死亡率是美国的100倍，南非的30倍。
据统计2001——2004年10月共发生一次死亡10人以上的特大煤矿事故188起。
频繁发生的矿难事故与我国建设社会主义和谐社会的政治大背景是极不协调的，与以人为本的科学发展观是不相符合的，与党的执政目标是完全背离的，因此着力解决和处理好这个问题已经迫在眉睫。
否则就有可能面临积重难返的危险。
二、安全问题频现的原因分析1、某些行业投资过热导致需求的激增市场经济条件下，每个经济人都在追求自身利益的最大化，煤矿生产者同样如此，去年电解铝、钢铁、水泥等高耗能行业的投资过热，使得去年的煤炭供应特别紧张，尽管各地生产者不遗余力地超负荷生产，但在现有的生产能力和生产条件下，也一度出现了煤荒现象，在煤炭行业市场化的情况下，需求的激增必然导致煤炭价格的急剧上涨。
MineSafety煤矿安全大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：煤矿安全文献、资料英文题目：Mine safety文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the earlystages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or,alternatively, connected todowncast shafts or mainintakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal minesare Figure 1. Typical elements of a main ventilation systemrequired, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxic fumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the currentventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuiting when one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularlyconvenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able to successfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relativeefficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations of equipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocitiesof 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majority of dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwallproduction levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surface water into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。
煤矿安全外文翻译文献
煤矿安全外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于WSN的煤矿安全监控系统的研究摘要在本文中，我们使用无线传感器网络监控煤矿的经验进行了阐述。
在一个节点上的多传感器可以捕获各种各样的环境数据，包括矿山的振动，矿井温度，湿度和气体浓度，和环境参数、控制风扇运转。
网络由许多无线传感器节点组成。
煤矿安全监控方案发展从可以保存汇聚节点接收到的数据，并实时显示和分析各种的信息来供决策。
1 背景与介绍煤炭安全生产关系到国民经济的发展，如今，中国的煤矿安全信息系统是基于有线网络，随着煤炭开采的加速，有线网络在扩展，灵活性，覆盖率等方面具有严重不足。
为了解决这些问题，无线网络是最好的选择。
ZigBee是一种先进的数据通信技术，具有低速率，低功耗，协议简单，成本低，良好的扩展性，容易形成无线网络等特点。
相比现有煤矿监测设备，节点构成的无线传感器网络的更小，更轻，更易于大规模部署。
由于数据采集和传输方式是通过无线电台，节点挂钩传感器，可以打破电线电缆的约束，并可以使部署更加方便，灵活。
此外，大规模的和灵活的部署节点对于矿工来说使得更好的本地化工作。
因此，它具有重要的现实意义，将这一新技术和新方法，应用在煤矿安全信息系统的设计中。
2 系统的结构本文设计了一个煤矿安全监控系统，它是基于ZigBee2007无线通信协议，采用TI 公司生产的CC2530芯片做无线数据传输。
煤矿安全监控系统由三部分组成：控制中心，协调和终端节点。
终端节点有两种类型：全功能设备（FFD ），部分功能的移动设备（ RFD ）。
监督控制中心软件是以TI的Z -位置引擎，它显示了各监测点的位置和状态信息，它是一个在整个潜在风险区域的地理信息的图形化描述。
协调也是一个网关，它获得FFD和RFD的所有信息，然后发送到控制中心的节点上然后通过监控软件来更新状态消息。
此外，他还要广播控制中心的指示。
FFD是路由器，它SA节点组链接在一起，并提供多希望消息，它与其他路由器和终端设备相关联，而RFD仅仅是一个终端设备。
浅析煤自燃火灾的原因预报技术及防治措施(外文及中文翻译)毕业论文
附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Analysis of the spontaneous combustion of coal cause of the fire, forecasting techniques and prevention measures1 IntroductionMine fire is the major natural disasters in coal mines. Spontaneous combustion of coal is the main form of the mine fire in China's state-owned key coal mines, more than 56 percent of the mine there is the danger of spontaneous combustion, fires caused by spontaneous combustion of coal accounted for more than 90% of the total number of mine fires [1]. In recent years, mechanized mining the top coal caving technology has been vigorously promotion and application of a substantial increase in coal production efficiency, but the caving height and large, left over from the goaf residual coal, serious air leakage, making the mine of coal spontaneous combustion to occur frequently， has become one of the main factors restricting the mine safety in production and further development [2]. District of Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, there is still a large area of the coalfield fires, burning coal amount 1000-1360 tons per year, the economic losses of more than 20 billion yuan [3-4]. Spontaneous combustion of coal produces a large number of SO2, H2S, CO and CO2 gas, the serious pollution of the environment;coalfield fires also caused a large area of damage to vegetation, soil desertification.2 Spontaneous combustion of coal cause analysisCoal largely by the organic and inorganic components, the main combustible elements carbon (about 65% ~ 95%), followed by hydrogen (about 1% to 2%), and containing a small amount of oxygen (about 3% to 5% , sometimes up to 25%), sulfur (about 10%), the above elements together constitute the combustible compounds, known as the combustible matter of coal. In addition, coal also contains some non-combustible mineral ash (5% to 15%, also up to 50%) and water (generally between 2% to 20% change), these substances is called a inerting of coal nature.Coal by the oxygen in the air oxidation is the root cause of the spontaneous combustion of coal. Carbon, hydrogen and other elements in the coal occurs at room temperature, the reaction of the combustible CO, CH4, and other alkanes substances. Oxidation of coal is an exothermic reaction, if the heat can not be dissipated, will enable the coal accumulation of temperature, in turn, accelerate the oxidation of coal and emit more of the combustible mass and heat. When the heat build up, the temperature rises to a certain value, will cause combustible material combustion, spontaneous combustion.Coal spontaneous combustion at the same time have the following four conditions:(1) Has a tendency of spontaneous combustion. The spontaneouscombustion tendency of coal is a natural property of coal, reflecting the basic conditions of the coal metamorphic grade, moisture content, ash content, sulfur content, particle size, porosity, thermal conductivity, is the spontaneous combustion of coal. Oxidation of coal at room temperature mainly depends on the volatile content, the higher the volatile content, the stronger the tendency of spontaneous combustion, spontaneous combustion time will be shortened accordingly. According to the relationship between the degree of oxidation and ignition point of coal, raw coal sample ignition point and oxidized coal samples of the ignition point of difference ΔT to speculate that the spontaneous combustion tendency of coal. In general, coal-like fire below and ΔT large easy to spontaneous combustion of coal; ΔT> 40 ℃ coal spontaneous combustion coal; ΔT of <20 ℃ coal (lignite and long-flame coal) is not easy from coal-fired. It can be seen from Table 1, from lignite to anthracite, the ignition point is getting higher and higher, the spontaneous combustion tendency is more and more weak.(2) Oxygen conditions. The coal pile is exposed to air, surface contact with the air full penetration, and the air gap between the coal to the coal pile internal oxidation to create the conditions internal to the coal pile. Block of coal is greater the greater the gap between the coal, the better oxygen conditions.(3) Oxidation time. Coal from the oxidation of the development to spontaneous combustion is a process, and the oxidation time to achieve spontaneous combustion period may become to spontaneous combustion. Such as long-flame coal spontaneous combustion stage 1 to 3 months, the gas coal of 4 to 6 months.(4) Thermal storage conditions. Coal gives off heat in the oxidation process, only when the heat released is greater than the heat dissipated in order to make the heat buildup, temperature rise, to reach ignition point would be spontaneous combustion of coal.In addition, the coal particle size, moisture, ash, compaction, ambient temperature, humidity and other factors may affect the spontaneous combustion of coal. The finer the granularity, the greater the specific surface area, the oxidation reaction is more severe, the more liable to spontaneous combustion. In general, the spontaneous combustion of coal may go through water evaporation, oxidation, the spontaneous combustion in three stages. Coal moisture, coal leaching coal with oxygen in the water, to prevent direct contact with the oxidation reaction, as long as the water is not lost, it will not affect the quality of the coal; Furthermore, the evaporation of water consumes a lot of heat, coal moisture the greater the evaporation of the longer this stage the temperature was no significant increase. Ash，the more difficult to spontaneous combustion. Coal heap compaction can reduce the gap between the coal, reducing air infiltration capacity of the coals, weakening the oxygen conditions. Ambient temperature and humidity will affect the coal spontaneous combustion, the higher the temperature, the greater the humidity, the shorter the time of the spontaneous combustion of coal.3 Coal Spontaneous Combustion PredictionCoal Spontaneous Combustion Prediction, according to the signs of theprocess of coal spontaneous combustion and observations to determine the spontaneous combustion, predict, and infer that spontaneous combustion of the trend of development, in order to take timely and effective anti-fire-fighting measures to avoid the resources, equipment and even loss of life assurance safety in production. The prediction of the location of the spontaneous combustion area is a prerequisite for fire suppression, and therefore how quickly and accurately to spontaneous combustion area to locate the Fire Prevention measures.Spontaneous combustion of coal fire forecasting techniques in the coal seam, coal and oxygen exposure to oxidative exothermic heat buildup caused by the temperature, resulting in the degree of risk of spontaneous combustion is greatly increased, this stage according to the temperature rise in the process of spontaneous combustion of coal, gas release characteristics change, ahead of the judgment on the spontaneous combustion state forecasting techniques for early identification and early warning technique is called Spontaneous Combustion. Forecasting methods mark the gas analysis method, two types of temperature detection. The paper reviewed the status of coal spontaneous combustion fire forecasting techniques, with emphasis on the application of microwave technology to the feasibility of spontaneous combustion fire forecasting, trying to open up a new type of coal spontaneous combustion prediction.3.1 mark the gas analysis methodThrough the gas analysis analysis spontaneous combustion of coal of concentration of certain gases generated in the process, the ratio, theoccurrence rate of characteristic parameters such as the development trend and making a prediction method of coal spontaneous combustion.Seam angry will produce a series of indicators reflect the coal to the degree of oxidation and combustion gases such as CO, CO2, C2H6, C2H4, C3H8 was, C2H2, etc., with the rise of the coal temperature, production will be a significant change in Therefore, the use of indicators gas volume changes to the coal seam fires early warning.To use the gas analysis forecast coal seam fire. Selection and testing of the indicator gas is essential. At present, domestic and foreign commonly used CO as coal seam fire forecast indicator gases. However, due to the wide temperature range of the CO emission from the low temperature oxidation of coal stage on fire burning phase can produce CO Therefore, the time of issue of the prediction to be accurate, timely, and has become a very big problem.In order to understand the problem of CO quantitative threshold is difficult to determine, scholars proposed indicators gas to alkyl olefins gas as forecast. When the coal temperature is greater than 70 ~ 80 ℃ when ethane, more than 110 ~ 130 ℃when the emergence of ethylene. Take advantage of this special law, anti-alkyl olefins appear or not to push the coal temperature range. With the temperature rise of coal, the concentration of methane, ethane, propane, with elevated coal temperature increasing, and methane (or ethane) concentration ratio is called alkanes, alkane than as a prediction of coal spontaneous combustion The most notable feature of the indicator gas coal oxidation between small, the main change with the temperature level of the coal, smaller dilution romantic, alkanes are more sensitive than the indicator, there is a certain value.Sign of gas indicators for gas analysis is divided into two categories: one is the use of certain signs gas concentrations directly forecasting; the other is the use of some of the gas composition changes in characteristics (growth rate) or some gas group variation (ratio) between the points predicted to fall into this category, such as alkanes, fire coefficient and so on. The two types of forecasting methods, the most widely used is the latter. The gas analysis method of means of monitoring has detection tubes, gas sensors, portable instrumentation, and chromatographic analyzer. Detection pipe lagging behind because of its means of operation, the determination of results of operations and the degree of automation is low, can not be achieved automatically monitors are gradually eliminated by a number of coal mines; gas sensor has a small size, the electrical output, easy to use, been widely used in mine monitoring systems and portable instrumentation, but most of the gas sensor stability, sensitivity, and life is not yet satisfactory, coupled with its relatively expensive price, to some extent, restricted the use of gas sensor. Chromatography is the most accurate, stable and reliable method of gas analysis, and automatic operation with the analytical instruments and computer automatic control and data processing technology continues to progress, has been basically achieved. In recent years, China has developed a special type of chromatography GC-8500 mine fire monitoring system of multi-parameter chromatography and GC-4 008 Gas Chromatograph coal equipment, to a certain extent for gas analysis in China coal mine natural angry forecast the popularity.3.2 Temperature Measurement MethodRoadway loose coal and the temperature of the surrounding medium directly reflects the degree of oxidation of coal. The so-called thermometry is to measure the temperature of the underground coal and the surrounding medium. Thermometry is found in the coal self-heating and the most direct and reliable method to explore the high temperature point and the fire source, but the temperature of the internal temperature of roadway loose coal technology is not yet fully resolved. Currently, the detection of Coal Spontaneous Combustion and the thermometer has the following two.1) infrared thermometer: the United States, Russia, Britain, Germany and other countries have successfully used infrared technology forecasting underground spontaneous combustion fire, such as infrared thermometer and infrared thermal imager to detect the coal wall, coal pillar and float coal heap of spontaneous combustion, which use infrared detectors Michele Levin -44 "and" Punuobeiai infrared thermal imager; British use "649" infrared imager and improved type "MEL1045," type DC thermal imager; former Soviet Union using the infrared radiation "Kawa Si for the" indicator. The tests showed that infrared technology for measuring the spontaneous combustion of the coal pile, outcrop, Lane wall of coal pillar is very effective, but it can only detect the temperature of the surface and vertical instrument objects, but also for the middle occluder, therefore, are not adapted to the roadway loose coal within or adjacent goaf internal temperature detection.The substance of the infrared detection method is the nature of anyobject at absolute zero (0 K) on top of their own external infrared emission. The emission energy to the following equation4E T εα=Where: ε-radiation coefficient, the value of 0 < ε <1, the rock and coal mass is generally 0.7～0.98, the radiation coefficient by objects chemical composition, surface state, internal structure, water content, porosity ; α-Stephen - Boltzmann constant, 5.67×(10-12cm2)×K4; T-object is the absolute temperature, K.It can be seen from the above equation, the higher the temperature of an object, the greater the radiation energy, infrared thermometer to accept the amount of radiation and convert the radiation temperature higher, so you can use the infrared thermometer temperature high-resolution detect underground tunnel spontaneous combustion position.Under normal circumstances, the nature of infrared radiation area is 61k (89 ℃) to 207 K (-66 ℃), the wavelengths in the 8 ~ 14μm atmospheric window region. Infrared technology to detect the infrared radiation of the surface temperature, which differs from the physical temperature, the infrared radiation of the surface temperature depends on the material composition of the surface physical temperature and its objects, moisture content, surface roughness, grain size, porosity, thermal inertia (specific heat, thermal conductivity, specific gravity), and many other factors; either a small change in these factors will cause temperature changes of infrared radiation. Therefore, the exclusion of confounding factors, the extraction of the same substance, temperature anomaly information is critical.2) Temperature sensor: The temperature sensor thermal resistance, thermocouple, AD590 temperature sensors. Thermal resistance and the working principle of the thermocouple is a thermoelectric effect. Prediction roadway loose coal may get angry regional and high-temperature point in the production of spontaneous combustion higher risk of regional buried thermocouple probes, remote continuous detection of the temperature of the roadway of loose coal, and to study the temperature distribution and temperature change the law. This approach has to predict a reliable, intuitive, but the point contact, forecast a smaller range forecast, installation, maintenance workload, especially in the probe, leads easily damaged.Gas analysis, temperature detection, and gas temperature monitoring objectives and forecast indicators of the safety monitoring system and beam pipe monitoring system are real-time monitoring and prediction, the premise of its forecast of coal self-heating or spontaneous combustion.3.3 Magnetic probe methodThe substance of the magnetic detection method, the coal seam overlying rocks generally contain a large amount of siderite and pyrite nodules, coal seam spontaneous combustion when the overlying rocks are baked at high temperature, the iron composition of the physical and chemical changes, the formation of a magnetic material, and retain a strong magnetic. After baking the magnetic properties of the overlying rocks with enhanced spontaneous combustion temperature increases. Electrical prospecting coal fire area in the 1960s, China's northwestern provinces, combined with magnetic methodhas achieved some results. India is also the method has been applied to determine the spontaneous combustion of Jharia coalfield fire area range, have been very satisfied with the results. Russia, Ukraine also use this method to determine the scope of coalfield spontaneous combustion area. To see the essence of this method and applications, the magnetic detection method is mainly used for coal fire area, less spontaneous combustion heat detection applications for the production of the mine, this is mainly because: ① When spontaneous combustion in the temperature is less than 400 ° C and baking time is short, the overlying rock or coal seam can not form magnetic high; for the production of the mine, to deal with the spontaneous combustion of coal high-temperature region, since the lower coal-fired temperature and baking time is short, so the effect of magnetic surveying is not ideal; ② For the production of the mine, the downhole temperature around the area of iron substances, magnetic detection rules can not effectively use. The uneven the ③ coal seams and coal in the distribution of iron tuberculosis, bring some difficulties to the magnetic measurement method to detect spontaneous combustion area.Resistivity probe method [2]Under normal circumstances, buried in the underground coal seams, along the strike (or other direction) because of its structural state and water content changed little, the resistivity remained basically unchanged. But when the coal spontaneous combustion, the structural state of the coal seam and the water content of large changes, causing changes in the resistivity of the coal seams and surrounding rock. In the early stages of spontaneous combustion, the resistivity will decrease; late spontaneous combustion ofcoal than the full burning, its structural state changes, the water evaporated, the higher resistivity. Therefore, the observations are not spontaneous combustion area and spontaneous combustion zone changes, to determine the spontaneous combustion of the location of the region, which is the resistivity method to detect the principle of spontaneous combustion in the regional location. Coal in the early stages of the spontaneous combustion of coal resistivity did not change significantly, resulting in limited detection accuracy of the resistivity probe method; combined with underground stray current for the detection of underground high-temperature region is more difficult at home and abroad for open-pit mining and spontaneous combustion in the detection of coal seam outcrops.3.4 Tracer gas methodSF16, 1211, such as good thermal stability of the tracer gas for the determination of the amount of Gob has been successful. According to the experience in the application of this technology, you can choose some easy under the conditions of a temperature pyrolysis gas release in the same environment with these trace gases, the sampling point sampling to detect changes in proportion, or determination of the relevant decomposition, thus indirectly, to understand the value of the temperature of the coal seam fire hazards point to achieve the forecast purpose. The choice of tracer substances have a significant impact on the determination of coal thermal regime. According to the actual environment of the mine, the tracer of choice should follow the following principles: ①toxicity; ②at room temperature, atmospheric pressure was gas or easy gasification; ③pyrolysis good stability; ④ normal mine conditions. tracer substance is not oxidized, no reaction, insoluble in water; ⑤ The decomposition is easily detected; ⑥ The low-cost, easy to obtain. However, to fully meet the above criteria very few compounds, at room temperature, gaseous substances have not yet found.3.5 odor detectionOdor detection is the use of a group of different types of odor sensors, After to receive different odors, according to the different odor sensors of the biomimetic bilayer membranes caused by frequency changes of the sensor crystal device, and is based on artificial neural network theory, to perceive and recognize the different odors, and make early prediction of coal spontaneous combustion.Odor sensor output frequency signal with the coal oxidation, the temperature of the coal will be gradually increased, the release of a certain amount of odor substances, causing the odor sensor frequency changes. Performance curve, rising with increasing temperature throughout the heating process showed several mutations in the inflection point on the curve. Odor change its inflection point of the curve characterization certain characteristics of the coal oxidation process or processes.Coal sample placed in room temperature, odor sensor output value, odor sensor output will be changed significantly when the coal sample temperature increased slightly, while the characterization of coal spontaneous combustion characteristics of a sign of gas ( such as CO, C2H4, C2H2) were not detected. Therefore, the odor sensor can capture the weak changes inlow temperature coal oxidation the early release of odor, and is capable of this temperature to 30 ~ 40 ℃in advance, early prediction of spontaneous combustion of coal is of great significance.3.6 radon measurement methodIn the 1950s, RE Colin raised, the effect of the temperature gradient，the hotter areas of the internal fluid of the porous media flow to the cooler area. Mogro Campero and Flisher（1977) that the migration of radon gas in the thermal gradient effect mode, and use this model to explain a wide range of radon gas migration. BAHukutkuh have done with uranium mineral precipitation temperature radon tests, experiments showed that: At room temperature, day of radon in the amount of precipitation and the generation ratio is only 0.02%, but with the rising of temperature, precipitation of radon gradually increases, the higher the temperature, the role of the longer, more radon rock precipitation. The AH Suertanhuo Aliyev [3], precipitation of gypsum, calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide, a mixture of emanation with the temperature experiment, the test also proved that the precipitation of radon from the rock (mineral) as the temperature the increasing, and the main reason is related to the dehydration of the rock (mineral) and the destruction of the lattice. Visible, as the temperature rises, the amount of precipitation of the rock of radon in gradually increasing.The detection of radon is a radioactive detection method, which both the geophysical and geochemical characteristics. Its principle is that the coal seam spontaneous combustion with coal temperature rise, increase inthe concentration of radon in the ground layout of observation points, the application of alpha Kapha, 210Po law on the collection and measurement of radon concentration, and so to determine the location of the fire area. Underground mine fire source, this method of domestic Shanxi Mining Institute on the ground to detect and North coal mine in Gujiao 、Lu'an Mining Bureau Workshop of mine for a successful application from an application point of view, this approach is only used on the ground ignition temperature is generally more than 200 ℃; and self-ignition combustion and its temperature can not determine the value of radon.Spontaneous combustion of underground coal, it will inevitably cause a high temperature and high pressure environment and produce large amounts of water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrocarbon family compounds, such as, in addition to the top of the Spontaneous Combustion in a large number of cracks, which is bound to accelerate the upward migration of radon gas speed, can be formed on the surface a high radon anomalies. In addition, the spontaneous combustion of coal and surrounding rock, there is a large number of pores, and contains a certain amount of moisture and different degrees. The local existence of heat source, the superheated steam can change the moisture content of the pores in the rock, according to J.E.Gingrich made the emanation coefficient experiments showed that the emanation coefficient in the presence of pore water can increase the pore. Therefore, the role of the underground hot steam can increase the concentration of radon in the pores of the rock. By the above discussion, the paper argues that underground somewhere in the coal seam spontaneous combustion in the coal seam and its surrounding conditionssubstantially are the same, will increase the migration rate of the spontaneous combustion zone at the top of radon. Therefore, the apparent differences in the concentration of radon in the top of the hot zone and without the top of the hot zone will be. If you use the appropriate method to detect and extract this difference, we can determine the location and scope of the underground spontaneous combustion of coal seam at the surface.3.7 Geological radar coalfield Spontaneous CombustionGeological radar (GPR) is the use of the UHF short-pulse (1 ~ 1000MHz) electromagnetic waves to detect subsurface distribution of a high-precision geophysical methods. Will be reflected when the transmitting antenna launching the high-frequency electromagnetic waves in the form of short broadband pulses into the ground, electromagnetic wave propagation in the subsurface, Dielectric different varying degrees of attenuation, encounter different dielectric properties of the interface the reflected signal receiving antenna to receive the digital signal processing to the electrical distribution reflects the subsurface radar images. Can be analyzed and verified with specific geological conditions, which proved the distribution of Coal Spontaneous Combustion, and provide the basis for fire-fighting operations.General raw coal has a high conductivity, spontaneous combustion on the overburden long-term coal seam spontaneous combustion baking, moisture content, low conductivity, the huge power difference can distinguish the original coal seam and surrounding rock; become the partial oxidation of coal seam after spontaneous combustion or complete oxidation of coal, itscomposition changed dramatically, causing the apparent change in the electrical properties and, therefore, easy to distinguish between the burning of coal, partial oxidation of coal and raw coal [2].3.8 Microwave technology for fire detectionMicrowaves are electromagnetic waves of a wavelength between 1 mm and 187 mm. The study found that the microwave radiation for any material outside of the metal has good penetration, and less susceptible to the effects of smoke and vapor. In view of the microwave has many incomparable advantages compared to infrared, microwave technology used in modern fire detection will be a good choice.4 Measures to prevent the spontaneous combustion of coalPrevent the coals to spontaneous combustion combining prevention with control, to prevent the main. Analyze the reasons for the spontaneous combustion of coal, put forward the following measures:(1) Coal spontaneous combustion tendency of identification, to master the law of the spontaneous combustion of coal fires in a targeted manner to take fire prevention measures to ensure the safe production of great significance. Therefore, storage of the spontaneous combustion tendency of large coal fields of coal and coal storage a long time, should be made of coal spontaneous combustion tendency of identification, determination of coal volatile content, the minimum ignition temperature, spontaneous combustion period and other indicators.(2) Coal Storage and piling methods should be selected to maintain a well-ventilated to prevent the coal pile exposure. It would be appropriate to Coal Storage set in a spacious area, the back of a sunny place (such as the northern slope of the high mountains), or set up a coal shed. Around the lower part of the coal yard shall have a high temperature heat source. This can reduce the oxidation rate of coal.(3) To correctly verify the coal storage time and no more than the coal spontaneous combustion period. Open coal storage case, storage of coal for too long to ignite one of the main reasons. Moreover, the coal storage time is longer the higher the degree of oxidation, the economic value of coal fell more and more.(4) The coal layer by layer with a bulldozer compaction, especially the side you want to heap chunk part of the compacted blanket layer of clay better, thus reducing the porosity of the coals of, get rid of the coal pile gap air, reducing the contact of coal with oxygen. Bedding clay will increase the ash content of coal and did not accord with the coal requiring a higher NA. Spraying condensate material, the surface of the coals can prevent outside air infiltration inside the coal pile to prevent the coal pile spontaneous combustion. The wide adaptability of this method, but the cost is high, but also increases the ash content of coal, coal influential.(5) So that the coals to maintain proper hydration can prolong the oxidation of coal, to effectively prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal. According to the analysis, the spontaneous combustion of coal moisture is for 5% to 7%. When the moisture content of coal is of 12%, the coal will not ignite. The bottom of the coal storage field and should be used around。
采矿专业外文文献翻译----煤矿瓦斯预防和治理
西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstractDepartment of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines, Independencia,13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要矿井中有很多气体影响着煤矿工作环境，在这些气体中，甲烷是重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。
尽管随着科技的发展，但我们始终无法完全消除。
瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多。
甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如在生产率和它的产生的后果，增加深度：在控制日益增加的甲烷量的方面有很多困难，主要是提高机械化，使用爆炸品，而不是密切关注瓦斯控制系统。
本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。
最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。
为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。
这两个煤矿属于Riosa- Olloniego 煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。
仪器是通过subhorizontal 能级开采的，一个约1000 米的山Lusorio 根据实际深度覆盖的地区。
在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。
本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化..本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。
这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。
煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献
煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理摘要矿井中一直控制存在不同的气体在采矿环境。
这些气体中，甲烷是最重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。
尽管在技术在近几十年来的发展，瓦斯灾害尚未完全避免。
瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多，甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如生产的增长率及其后果：难以控制的甲烷浓度增加，机械化程度提高，使用炸药和不重视气控制系统。
本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。
最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。
为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。
这两个煤矿属于Riosa-Olloniego煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。
仪器是通过subhorizontal能级开采的，一个约1000米的山Lusorio根据实际深度覆盖的地区。
在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。
本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化。
本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。
这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。
因此，应该完成系统的测量控制风险：在8煤层瓦斯压力影响的其他地区，要建立最合适的时刻进行开采作业。
进一步的研究可以把重点放在确定的渗透，不仅在瓦斯爆炸危险区，而且在那些还没有受到采矿的工作和更精细的调整过载时间的影响范围和矿井第7煤层和第8煤层之间的瓦斯气体。
关键词：煤矿，煤层气，气体压力渗透率瓦斯突出1 简介近年来，煤层气体和煤矿瓦斯研究蓬勃发展。
煤矿开采与安全外文翻译
附录2Coal mining and security,Keyword : "three soft" coal bed; Mine pressure show features one .The "three soft" coal bed on top of coal mine located pressure of study 1, located about 12,090, located in the Great West Yugou mining bureau hoisted two wells below a District East, West 2 West transport belts down, 2 mining areas in east-west border to stop a thread. located 420 m towards the average length, 100 m long trend. The second one, located stoping coal bed, Fucun Group in Shanxi Erdiexi bottom. Because coal bed sediment environment and the impact of later tectonic movements, uneven thickness, larger changes, stoping coal in the context of a thin belt presence (vice alley in de 40~180 m above, the thickness of a coal bed 0~1. 6 m), to bring a certain degree of difficulty stoping work. coal bed inclination to 7~14 meridian east, the average thickness of 4 coal bed. 62 m, the coal is of relatively for anthracite, coal is of relatively soft, low intensity and easy to run down. Direct roof for the stones, mudstone and sandy mudstone; direct-bed for the stones, axes; In direct top,- bed between local presence and pseudo - pseudo-top end, the variable quality mudstone or mudstone mostly carbon, thickness generally less than 0. 5 m. 2 mine pressurised observation content and layout mine detection point pressure is the main purpose of observing large Yugou Mining Bureau "three soft" coal bed guns a coal located on top of the pressure distribution pattern and advance to pressure step from the initial roof, pressure to step away from the cycle and intensity. major observational content pit props pressure, located cradles pressure. At the same time, you should also pay attention to the observation of a face, supporting macroeconomic situation changes; Watch top coal broken off after the roof and the top of the coal shed Yunyi 3 located advance pressure distribution characteristics 3. 1 observation data collation, located back alley advance wind pressure observation period, Underground daily sent people to the station pressure gauge readings recorded, measuring station located to the distance, macro-observation plane lane, alley and surrounding rock changes in the wind conditions and intense deformation measurements relating to the district, located in the distance. After calculation handling objects charts. 3. 2 advance distribution of pressure from the wind power plant Lane can finally curve, caused by coal mining is much pressure to advance work before side 34 m, 34 m at work beforethe side street will be located within the stope advance pressure. advance pressure peaks in the work zone before side 9~12 m, a significant increase in the volume of pit deformation, top Jing fence fractures increase, and sometimes a coal business, a broken cinder ended. 34 m away from the side before the work stoppage that could advance pressure from the impact of a stress stability zone. The two coal bed belonging to one of "three soft" instability thick coal bed, the old top to pressure evident, leading to work on stress distribution side before extended stress peaks, located far away from the district, stress concentration factor is, However, the relative proximity of the larger pit surrounding rock, to reduce the excessive stope pillars surrounding rock deformation and destruction, and give full play to the role of supporting the surrounding rock deformation control, work before the two parties within 21 m alley to advance support for. 4 coal mining located roof to pressure of 4. 1 mine coal mining is much pressure observation data collection and processing for about guns taken on the top and roof load coal mine, located cradles pressure distribution patterns, 12,090 wells located in the red flag for the use of pressure-Yaliji located cradles a half load for the site observations that after calculating the results processed figure 3-Figure 5 below. Figure 3 is the backbone of the chassis is much data to load for X-coordinateobservation cycle, weighted average time to load a vertical structure coordinates. can be seen from Figure 3, located along the direction of a cyclical movement roof phenomenon cycle to pressure to step away from 19 m. Figure 4 is located opposite to the X-coordinate long to normal when the three pillars of load testing station for the average vertical coordinates. by Figure 4 shows that Coal is much more along the direction of the top (board) campaign has begun mine pressure area characteristics, the greatest pressure on the middle and upper occasions, the smallest part. 4. 2 stope mine pressure manifested by the basic law of observational data analysis stope mine pressure show the following obvious features : (1) Overall, supports early resistance do not hold power and work great. As this is much direct contact with the sphere payments Liang was named top soft coal, coupled with the roof is also very soft, in the time frames established in the early extension to be able to improve. Average power for itself in early 226. 38~227. 36 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 15. 4 %~16. 8% Working resistance averaged 252. 84~272. 44 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 17.2 %~18. 5% to pressure, the maximum resistance for 372. 4 kN/ to shed, 23% rated the work of resistance. 3% The average intensity of support for the 102. 3~144. 5 kN/ map. problems are caused mainly coal-bed and the top is too soft and monomer pillar inserted at theend of serious (some pillars inserted to the end of 700 mm or more), sometimes steel girder also drilled top. lower support body rigidity, limiting the ability to play a supporting. (2) In the course of supporting a payload located in the non-violent change, the pressure to show moderate and mine, to suppress evidence cycle (compared with the stratification changes evident exploitation), show a ground movement of rocks not violent. (3) to the old top of the initial pressure to step away from about 19 m, pressure to the end of the period cradles inserted a general increase in the volume, the deepest reached 95 cm; coal Pik films to serious, the deepest reach 0. 5 m; Guarding includes fractures increasing pressure to show quick to shed mine obvious. (4) roof cycle to pressure to step away from the general 6~12 m, with an average of 9 m. to pressure, National average load rate and peak load generally 1. 1~1. 3 (5) work surface, China, and three offices, located under the same basic structure resistance. This was mainly due to top coal pine broken, the roof vulnerable to collapse down, the two lane or coal, do not appear on basic export Kok Department triangular arc -- top. stope roof collapse or even the whole, extraction region filled with better results. (6) roof pressure on the former than coal or coal, small, or an average of 237 coal ago. 16 kN/ to shed, or an average of 268 after coal. 52 kN/ to shed. This is mainly because on the formercoal extraction region of the roof was broken up and top coal is filled with more in a market created a-bed, cradles, broken down objects, top coal composition balance system, in this system, supporting the main support coming from the top of the coal and the roof spaces. or coal, broken down by helicopter after the original space was filled with top coal deplete, and the roof to collapse down to completely backward, the original balance system is damaged, and that the plant should not only support higher top coal Additional support also in the roof above the pressure and therefore the power plant have increased. However, the side roof over a soft, with a Sui collapse, not a large overhang top, the structure will not collapse down the impact hazard. 5 knot on top of 12,090 guns a low load coal plant, located, mine pressure appeared evident. this is because the coal bed "three soft" coal beds, pillars inserted at the pressure seriously, cradles effectiveness has not been fully exploited; On the other hand, because the roof is much thicker, with a then - and extraction region filled with better results. In view of this, we should increase the coverage of a support cut and raise the pillars of power in the early intention to increase plant stability. Second, Coal Mine gas explosion accident electrical current incentives and measures, most of our coal upward inclination to move boring, coal makes such a partial or total removal of thedumping of the top, the reason is to use gravity to pass out of coal mining. Because of spillover coal mine gas air mass lighter than air, so gas gas in the air by buoyancy role will be along the street, dumping flows to the top, gather the top of the highest point in the pit (coal mining side) near a 5%~15% size than for the gas-air mixture can be explosive gas. Therefore, coal, gas gas combined with the dumping pit top "since deteriorated role." At present, China's coal mine ventilation methods used may not be the complete elimination of this form of burglary mixed gas, which is one of the main reasons for such coal mine gas explosion. It should be said that after the coal mine gas explosion in the relevant departments and personnel operations of a number of painful lessons learned, which has also taken some measures, but the explosion is still unabated, and this shows that in the previous incidents summed up the reasons, there are major underlying factors induced. In recent years many cases of the author on coal gas explosion accident and the cause of the accident was announced incomplete statistics, the analysis found that the coal mine gas explosion accident subjective and objective factors are manifold, but the most fundamental factor than direct two main aspects : First, the partial loss of gas concentration reached explosive limits; in the presence of one to two basis of many types of electrical equipment error or mineoperation against induced electrical spark or explosion due. To the elimination of one of the parties concerned have made fruitful discussions on the following two key to the author as a result of statistics, analysis, and make the corresponding contain electrical incentives exist. 1 coal mine gas explosion accidents in coal mine explosion electrical incentives type material foundation -- China coal mine gas is a gas or other carbon material, the main component of methane, lighter than air, combustion Yi, Yi explosions. Gathered in a gas concentrations in the air shaft internal combustion-supporting, electrical sparks and other fire sources in the event will be an explosion. According to the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a joint coal Information General Hospital "My mine production safety situation, gaps and response" issue, the Chinese original mine safety facilities serious ageing, many power equipment. Mine can not vote in safety, not only to add new equipment, the maintenance of existing equipment have also been omitted. In recent years, the author of the wrong types of electrical equipment such as incentives to the coal mine gas explosion summarized as follows : 1.1 errors mine shaft electricity power supply, power supply reliability is poor, - owned power (generators) or small models, configuration unreasonable, poor operating performance caused by the interruption of electricity, coal, gas gas utilization.1:2004 example, a coal mine explosion in March Shanxi Province, 28 miners were killed. According to the local production safety supervision and management department said that at 18:48 on March 1, the coal city electrical grid electricity blackouts limit will be just purchased 400kW generators, the generators fully automatic rubber, but after the voltage reach 280V, 380V no longer or less than the rated voltage. Taiwan into a coal mine and the old 90kW generator power, as the small electrical capacity only to the ventilator, and other non-production of electricity supply, ventilation are sluggish, causing local gas concentrations. 23:00 more city electrical grid calls, working on a gas explosion had occurred near the accident. 1.2 shaft, electrical equipment deficiencies (1) Because electricity network power cable insulation affected with damp usually wrong, damaged, single-jointed or alternate with short-circuit occurred, a spark or electrical cables exploded, causing the gas explosion accident. 2:2000 example, in November 1997, a coal mine gas explosion occurred at the Hubei Province. Investigation team of experts that the high gas for coal mine, when the cause of the accident : mine roof collapsed, broken cable insulation layer, to trigger the electrical wiring sparks, leading to the burning of gas caused an explosion. August 28, 2004, the Guangdong cable explosion of a coal mine accidents occurred,a working fire. (2) Because of the change in the general area of distribution equipment error or distribution transformers distribution devices, do not have the blast performance of operational conditions, resulting in a relatively lower insulation or alternate with insulation, damage, resulting in electrical spark detonated gas. 3:2004 example, the Hunan "3.29" direct cause of the gas explosion accident identified. Experts said : electrical spark in the coal pit of distribution transformer room exit lanes margin wiring. Underground paths lead to the loss of environmental change, and no replacement for mine blast Zhongyuan some electrical appliances, humid to three-phase electrical wiring boxes between insulation to reduce, and ultimately led to the destruction of an electric spark insulation between the lines, detonated gas. (3) Because electricity lighting equipment deficiencies more lamps for lighting fireworks, detonating gas 4:2000 examples of Guangdong a coal gas explosion occurred, because miners operating illegally crossed died people have finished high gas concentrations, the light bulb explosion sparks, causing gas explosion. N August 2004, a coal mine gas explosion in Jiangxi. Identify the cause of the accident : the exploitation of operating wells without a ventilation system, causing massive underground gas explosion gather reach concentrations encountered lights exploded electrical fire sources,a gas explosion accident major responsibility o (4) loss for electrical equipment used to dig the wrong number of coal used without explosions performance electric motors, mechanical ventilator, diving pump, gas leakage caused the explosion. Examples 5:2004, March 17, a major gas explosion accident occurred in Yunnan, identifying pit mining as merely led to gas utilization, the introduction of the leakage is not available explosions performance diving pumps and drainage caused by gas explosion. In addition, non-compliance with the operating loss of electrical safety operation procedures, such as coal mine safety measures in the absence of a relevant circumstances, without stopping, power transmission, or that the electricity goes down the mine, electrician charged install electrical equipment, or unauthorized workers Underground Work opened see louvre, unsafe use of lighting lamps. will produce electrical spark triggered gas explosion accident o 2 inspiration from the many terrible incidents of incomplete statistics, and analysis of the organization's headquarters in 1980 -2002, this province over the past 23 years coal mine three or more major casualties. 3 more gas accident killed 2,563 people, representing more than three people since the founding of the PRC gas accident deaths 81.8%. In these gas explosion accident, resulting in gas gas combined 10 of the main reasons. Including :coal for electricity, accounting for 49.6% of accidents caused by the wind stopped. Therefore, the eradication of coal gas explosion accident, the first task is to ensure that coal city-owned electric power or reliable power supply to solve the main ventilator blackouts, stop the wind, in order to remove mines, gas gas accumulation, where. Furthermore, from the frequent disasters, we can see that in the current coal production is still more common safety issues : In addition to coal management system is not perfect, safety supervision, weak sense of security, inadequate security inputs indirect factors, particularly serious : Because of electrical equipment models, configuration unreasonable, without explosions performance, or own errors, poor operating performance, or electrical explosion caused by electrical sparks coal gas explosion accident. Thus, the coal mine gas explosion is very serious electrical incentives, achieving stable coal mine production safety, the key lies in ensuring reliable electricity supply, gas utilization and the elimination of mine blast performance of the pit reliable electrical products. 3 significantly reduced coal mine gas explosion electrical incentive measures against mines, electric power 3.1, - owned power sources (generators) of electricity can be unreliable error-circuit the electricity supply network, electricity supply network to doublecircuit city, reliable performance of the mine-owned power and the corresponding automatic standby power input devices (BZT) before that the whole area of reliable electricity. 3.2 against pit electricity network, change distribution equipment, electrical equipment for lighting lamps and wrong in the light of the importance of safety and mine explosions blast explosive gas and electrical products in a hazardous environment applications dust penetration, should focus on strengthening the environment for use in the blast mandatory supervision and inspection of electrical products, The blast to use alternative to ordinary electrical products are products. Meanwhile users should strengthen the supervision and inspection of electrical products explosions to avoid cases of extended Unit 310-311 provides superior service or the occurrence of such phenomena. In addition, the strengthening of explosions electrical product standardization work, continuously improve its product standardization, mass production, the level of generic, user-friendly models, use. Furthermore, should strengthen blast electrical products production, circulation and use of the link quality control, with a view to ultimately achieve pit mining operations, must be of quality and access to the mine in product safety signs explosions electrical products to a perfect pit blast electrical system, and ensure that products explosions structure,processes, materials, testing standards are in line with the blast, If Gebao face with the extra width or with gap should not, do Gebao side wall thickness consistency; Add an arbitrary face between Gebao sealed pad. To form, especially cast iron shell materials to be tested; Do Gebao external pressure testing; Gebao area of trachoma, the eye should not receive gas; Gebao the fastenings secure external sound; Establishment, within proximity to external hard disks; Redundant Kong into line with steel block panels. Electrical blast should be consistent with the manufacture and assembly of quality products acceptance norms. Electrical models with the mine, the circuit wiring boxes climb distance and electrical power generated, structural materials, sealed materials should be in accordance with explosions standards, wiring boxes should Tu Li arc section; Avoid winding short circuit, open circuit phenomenon stator winding assembly former internal clean up, after winding Jinqi avoid painting neoplasms; Gebao type structure and the electrical transmission bearings bearings Gebao structure should avoid "an axis" quality accidents. Gebao face roughness should meet standards for ultra-poor attention to the oval to ensure that their Care degrees; Processes transmission process protection Gebao face. Blast in the process of applying electrical products, product models with installation standards, such as blast-type and Gebao level,group selection and use of premises shall be consistent with the corresponding conditions; Inspection work should be in place to safeguard products; Eliminate fake and shoddy, with the use of safety dangers products in the field, such as wiring boxes of machine screws, cable soliciting without top device or devices Mifengjuan Mifengjuan lost, electric motors wind cover fixed bolts incomplete, corrupted or lost data plate serious. Blast should ensure outdoor electrical wiring boxes waterproofing product performance; Maintenance products should meet after the original blast. Users should understand product maintenance, overhaul spent standards must apply to dangerous places blast electrical products. Of course, the blast of electrical products to be imported by passing my test explosions quality inspection agencies in product safety and access to the mine signs before entering our field of mobile marketing. Against mine operators where electricity, electrical explosions should strengthen awareness, training, education, so that mine operators consciously strict compliance with the Mine Safety operation procedures, a blast of electrical standards implemented.4 concluding remarks after the coal mine gas explosion accident and electrical incentives are closely related, as long as our own departments and the establishment of coal mine production safety mechanisms mechanism, strengthen the Coal Mine Safety Supervision,and ensure reliable electricity supply, mine blast in the distribution of quality electrical products, coal operators to strictly comply with the safety operation procedures, I believe coal mine gas explosion accidents rate markedly.............................................................................................................................................................此处忽略！！！！！！！！。
煤矿安全因素探讨外文及翻译修正版
煤矿安全管理要素探讨LI Jun( ShanxiCokingCoalCo., Ltd., Taiyuan030024, China)摘要:通过对煤矿安全管理要素的分析强调了以人为本的安全管理思路,针对目前煤矿安全管理中存在的一些误区,结合企业实际和其它煤炭企业管理经验, 以及安全管理要素相互作用的理论,提出了以“人”为本、以“物”保“人”、以“环境”影响“人”的管理方法和工作措施。
关键词:煤矿安全管理; 要素分析;以人为本0.引言安全是煤炭企业永恒的主题。
煤矿安全生产关系职工生命安全, 关系煤炭工业健康发展, 关系社会稳定大局。
实现煤矿安全生产是落实科学发展观的必须要求, 是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。
但近些年全国发生的几起大的煤矿安全事故说明了煤矿安全生产的形势依然严峻, 安全管理中存在的问题仍十分尖锐。
因此, 有必要也必须寻求一种更科学更有效的安全管理方法来解决安全生产中的突出问题, 确保职工的生命安全和企业的健康稳定发展。
1.煤矿安全管理概念简述煤矿安全管理就是对煤矿安全生产相关要素和过程进行计划、组织、协调和控制的一系列活动, 以保障职工在生产过程中的生命安全, 保证生产工作的顺利开展, 保护国家和集体的财产不受损失。
由于煤矿生产、管理工作中时时处处都与安全相联系,因此安全管理应该是全面的、全员的和全过程的, 是煤矿所有管理工作的核心。
2.煤矿安全管理要素分析管理要素是指管理活动和过程必不可少的组成部分。
从煤矿安全管理的活动和过程看, 煤矿安全管理的要素主要包括人、物、环境三大要素。
人是指员工的本体、意识和行为;物包括工程、设备、材料等硬件和技术、工艺、流程等软件两个方面;环境也包括硬件环境和软件环境两个方面, 硬件环境指由装备、技术等构成的生产、工作环境, 软件环境指由安全文化、宣传教育等构成的思想文化氛围。
在人、物、环境诸因素中,人是最积极的因素,人既是安全管理的主体,也是安全管理的客体, 同时也是安全管理的直接目的-人的安全。
安全专业本科毕业论文外文文献(煤矿安全方向)中英文对照PDF
附录A非线性矿井通风网络的控制Yunan Hu a,1 , Olga I. Koroleva b,*, Miroslav Krstic ba深空探测研究中心，哈尔滨工业大学，哈尔滨100051 ，中华人民共和国b机械航空工程系，加州大学，圣地亚哥，9500 Gilman Dr. MC0411, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, 美国摘要：煤矿通风网络的重要作用是使爆炸性或有毒气体（如甲烷）维持在低浓度。
由于其目的是控制流体的流动，所以矿井通风网络是高阶非线性系统。
过去在这一方面的研究是基于多变量线性模型。
本文提出的是一个非线性模型。
开发两个控制算法。
一个人操纵所有的网络分支机构就可实现全球性调控的结果。
其他人只操纵网络中不属于树图的分行，实现监管（非无穷小）工作点的附近区域。
这种针对矿井通风网络提出的方法，也适用于其他类型的流体网络，如燃气或水的分销网络，灌溉网络，并有可能建立起通风系统。
关键词：非线性控制;矿井通风网络;流量控制;暖通空调1.简介石油储备枯竭后，煤作为矿物燃料能源还会保持一段相当长的时间。
煤矿开采的一个主要困难是因为地下的煤矿存在有毒且易爆的气体甲烷。
煤矿事故血的教训从古至今未曾间断。
现代煤矿有的许多调节甲烷浓度的通风设施。
在这种通风系统中通常不是直接控制空气流动，而是通过通风网络的个别部分来控制。
可以在通风网络的重要位置（往往直接连接到外部环境）安置几台风机/压缩机来驱动空气，也可以在网络的分支上用“风门” 来控制。
控制矿井通风的问题在20世纪70年代和80年代才受到相当的重视。
无疑，矿井通风网络是一个分支能影响其他分支的流程的一个多变量控制问题。
为此，作为一个流体网络(这与模拟一个电路非常相像)和一个多变量控制的问题，矿井通风需要接近基于模型的方式。
早期在这个题目上做研究的是Kocic。
他认为矿井通风网络是一个线性化的，各参量混在一起的动态模型并且发现了用线性反馈的规则来研究。
安全工程专业中英文文献翻译-煤炭自燃
Spontaneous combustion of coalCoal undergoes slow oxidation on exposure to air at ambient temperatures, with the evolution of heat, gases and moisture, the heat generated, if not dissipated, gives rise to an increase in the temperature of the coal. As the temperature of the coal rises, the rate of oxidation increases. If this is allowed to proceed unchecked it can eventually result in the ignition of the coal. This oxidation process is known as spontaneous combustion or spontaneous heating or self-heating. Self-heating, therefore, occurs when the rate of heat generation exceeds the rate of oxidation.During recent years there has been a renewed interest in the spontaneous combustion of coal in all coal mining countries particularly because of the use of caving methods and the thicker seams being mined. Large-scale bulk storage and bulk transport of coal have also become more important with the increase in coal trade.Evaluation of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustionSeveral methods have been used to evaluate the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion but none is clearly superior. The most common methods used are described blow.Oxygen absorptionIn this method, a coal sample is placed in a container and oxygen or air is added to it. The amount of oxygen absorbed by the coal is estimated from the analysis of the gaseous reaction products. The temperature increase per unit of oxygen consumed indicates potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.Heating rate/crossing-point temperatureIn this method, a coal sample is placed in a bath and heated at a constant rate. Initially, the temperature of the coal lags behind the temperature of the bath but as coal begins to self-heat, the temperature of the coal first coincides with and then exceeds the temperature of the bath. The crossing-point temperature is known as the ‘relative ignition temperature’. Usually, the crossing –point temperature is used as a measure of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion although the index based on the ratio of heating rate to crossing-point temperature is more suitable because the spontaneous combustion potential of coal not only depends on the ignitiontemperature but also on the rate of heat generation.Adiabatic calorimetryIn this method, a coal sample is placed in an insulated bath, and the whole system is heated to a pre-selected temperature. Oxygen or air is then added to it and oxidation of the coal raises its temperature. Since no heat is lost to the surroundings, the change in the temperature of the coal in a given time, the time needed to reach a pre-selected temperature, or the amount of heat generated per unit time indicates the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.Isothermal calorimetryIn this method, a coal sample is placed in a large bath held at a constant temperature. Heat generated in the coal sample due to spontaneous combustion is measured by thermocouples and dissipated in the relatively large heat sink. The amount of heat generated per unit time gives an indication of the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion.Factors contributing to spontaneous combustionCoal characteristicsSome coals are more prone to spontaneous combustion than others. The rate of oxidation of coal depends upon many factors, including rank, presence of pyrite, particle size, moisture content, temperature, extent of previous oxidation of coal and the composition of the ambient air.It is generally accepted that as the rank of coal decreases, the risk of spontaneous combustion increases.The presence of pyrite increases the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion, particularly when the pyrite concentration exceeds 2 % and when it is very finely distributed. Pyrite accelerates spontaneous combustion by swelling and causing disintegration of the coal mass, thereby increasing the surface area available for oxidation.The smaller the coal particle, the greater the exposed surface area and the greater the tendency toward spontaneous combustion. Friable coals which produce a considerable amount of fines when mined are more vulnerable to spontaneouscombustion.The changes in moisture content of the coal affect the potential of coal for spontaneous combustion. It has been found that the rate of oxidation increases with an increase in moisture content. Also, wetting is an exothermic process and drying is an endothermic process.Airflow rateFor spontaneous combustion to develop, the rate of heat generation should be more than the rate of heat dissipation. At very high airflow rates almost unlimited oxygen for the oxidation of coal is available but dissipation of the heat generated by oxidation is very efficient. A low flow rate restricts the amount of oxygen available , but does not allow the heat generated to be dissipated. A critical flow rate is one that provides sufficient oxygen for widespread oxidation but does not dissipate the heat generated.Geological factorsThe presence of faults in coal seams often contributes to the development of heating in coal mines by allowing air and water to migrate into the coal seams. Zones of weakness which usually develop in the area around the faults also aid in the development of heating.The temperatures of the strata increase with depth. Therefore, the oxidation rate will increase with depth, making deeper seams more vulnerable to spontaneous combustion. On the other hand, the higher rank of coal found in these seams decreases the chances of heating.Thick coal seams are often considered to have more potential for spontaneous combustion because the working of these seams is invariably accompanied by high losses of coal in the goaf areas. The low thermal conductivity of coal compared with that of shale or sandstone is also a contributory factor.When a coal seam under a shallow overburden is mined, the goaf areas become connected to the surface by cracks and fissures. Air and water from the surface can gain access to the coal and increase the potential for spontaneous combustion. Similarly, when multi-seams in close proximity are worked, the cracks and fissuresdeveloped in the intervening strata increase the potential for spontaneous combustion of the surrounding unmined seams, particularly the undermined seams.Mining practiceSome of the most common places where spontaneous heatings occur are goaf areas and unconsolidated wastes, pack wall a high proportion of coal, the edges of goaves where high strata pressure causes crushing, roof falls and floor heaves, crushed pillars, regulators doors and air crossings and constrictions in the roadways.Coal left in goaf areas is very liable to spontaneous combustion as the air movement there is very sluggish, and any heat generated as g result of oxidation will not be removed.In coal mines, coal is left in the roof and/or floor to support the weak adjoining strata or bands of inferior quality coal which are left unmined. However on long standing, roof falls and floor heaves occur causing large-scale crushing of the left coal and creating conditions susceptible for heating.Pillars that have been standing for a long time are prone to heating, particularly when they are liable to crushing.Regulators, doors and air crossings are points of high air leakage, the air moving through the fractures in the solid coal around them. The greater the pressure difference across them, the greater the leakage. Constrictions of mine roadways also cause leakage of air. Changes in ventilation, either intentional or accidental, may cause excessive air leakages or may suddenly bring moist air into contact with dry coal.Goaf areas, where a large amount of coal is left and particularly where a bleeder ventilation system is used to clear gas from the gofa, present optimal conditions for spontaneous heating.Incubation periodThe term ‘incubation period’generally implies the time required for the oxidation of coal, in suitable circumstances, to cause a rise in temperature to its ignition point. It depends on the characteristics of the coal, the air leakage and the heat accumulation in the environment. For low-rank coals, the time period generallyvaries between 3 and 6 months, but with high-rank coals the period varies between 9 and 18 months. The incubation period can be extended by reducing fissuration and/or air leakage. Under adverse conditions, the period can be less than 2 weeks, especially with low-rank coals.Prevention of spontaneous combustionPrevention of spontaneous combustion is based on two factors: (1) elimination of coal from the area and (2) control of ventilation so as to exclude oxygen entirely from the area, or to supply a sufficient flow of air to dissipate the heat efficiently as it is generated and before a critical temperature is reached. The methods adopted depend upon the local situation.Mining layoutWhen designing mining layouts for seams liable to spontaneous heating it is essential that the general layout of the mine is simple and that each area can be quickly and effectively sealed off. The relative positions of the various districts in the seam and surrounding seams must also be taken into account. It is essential to follow descending order of extraction when mining multiple seams.The panel system is an appropriate one for mining seams liable to spontaneous combustion. This system facilitates effective sealing with a few stopping. The size and configuration of the panels depend upon the method of mining, the seam contours and other geological considerations. If necessary, the panels must be of a size which would permit complete extraction within the incubation period. The size of panel barriers needs to be sufficient for stability.When working seams by the bord and pillar method, the size of the pillars must be sufficient to avoid excessive crushing. This also applies to coal pillars left at the start of longwall faces.When working a seam by a longwall, the retreating method is preferable as it eliminates leakage currents through the goaf area.On completion of production from a panel, reclamation of material should be completed without delay and the panel adequately sealed as quickly as possible.Air leakageAs far as is practicable, the formation of leakage paths should be minimised by providing adequate support, e.g. adequately sized pillars and good gateside packs. If this is not sufficient to prevent air leakage, leakage paths should be sealed off by sealant coating or injection.Fractures extending to the surface offer a source of air leakage into sealed areas. Artificial sealing from the surface, usually by sand, can prevent such leakage.Doors, regulators and stoppings should be properly sited. Unnecessary stopping and starting of main and booster fans should be avoided. When a panel has ceased production and is to be stopped off, the ventilation pressure difference should be balanced across the old panel. Balancing the ventilation pressure is not a substitute but a complementary requirement for effective stoppings.InhibitorsIn storage areas and surface stock piles, certain chemical agents can be applied to the coal surface which can hinder the penetration of oxygen into the coal by sealing the surface pores and thereby stopping initiation of auto-oxidation of coal at ambient temperatures. Surface stock piles can also be sealed off by consolidation and bitumen. Stock piles can be so designed as to reduce air movement through them.Detection of spontaneous combustionThe development of heating underground is accompanied by the progressive appearance of:(1) haze formed when air heated by an incipient fire meets colder air;(2) sweating or condensation on the roof and exposed surfaces due to the moisture formed by combustion;(3) goaf stink or fire stink with a characteristic smell, variously described as musty, oily, petrolic, aromatic or tarry;(4) smoke in airways; and(5) fire.In the past, reliance has been placed on these indications for the detection of spontaneous combustion, although it has never been satisfactory for the reason that the spontaneous combustion must have reached an advanced stage, thus seriouslylimiting the time available for control, reclamation of equipment and sealing off.Modern methods of early detection of spontaneous combustion are based on changes in air composition. The oxidation leading to the spontaneous combustion of coal consumes oxygen from the air and produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is produced in much greater quantities than carbon monoxide but its presence cannot be used as an indication of the onset of spontaneous combustion because of the high base levels in fresh air (3000ppm) which make small changes undetectable. On the other hand, there is no carbon monoxide in fresh air and virtually none in a panel intake so that a change in level of a few parts per million can mean a severalfold increase.Exhausts from diesel engines and blasting fumes are two common sources of carbon monoxide underground but their effects can be distinguished from a gradual increase or trend due to spontaneous combustion because they are basically intermittent in nature.In panels where ventilation conditions are steady, even a small change in the concentration of carbon monoxide in the return airway may be sufficient to detect a spontaneous heating condition. Fluctuations in ventilation affect the concentration of carbon monoxide by dilution but an allowance for this can be made by calculating either the carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio or the actual production of carbon monoxide.Carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio(Graham ’s ratio)The calculation of this ratio depends on the constant ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in fresh air. The formula for the calculation is:22222265.010004.7993.20100.O N CO O N CO ratio def O CO -=-= where CO ,2N and 2O are the percentages of the gases present at any given time in a sample of air coming from the suspected area in a mine.Every mine and every panel has its own typical value or ‘norm’ for the make of carbon monoxide and for the carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio depending on the oxidation of the coal and the conditions in which it is mined. Any analysis showing a higher value than the norm determined should be followed by resampling. Confirmation of continuous increase warrants immediate investigation underground.Typical values of the carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio for underground coal mines are given below:0.4 or less – normal value0.5 – necessity for a thorough check-up1.0 –heating is almost certain2.0 – heating is serious, with or without the presence of active fire3.0 – active fire surely existsContinuous monitoring of carbon monoxide in mine airAutomatic monitoring for carbon monoxide is done in mines susceptible to heating. Automatic monitoring also permits the determination of carbon monoxide trends and absolute values using microprocessors without the need to relate them to oxygen deficiency.Continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide at a number of strategic points in the mine can give timely warning of the onset of spontaneous combustion and permit delineation of areas in a mine. Computerised data collection systems with graphic displays and a continuous graphical record permit easy recognition of the changes in background levels and enable exhausts from diesel equipment or other sources to be distinguished.Two types of analysers are available available for continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide in the air: (1) the infra-red analyzer and (2) the electrochemical analyzer. Only the infra-red analyzer is available in a form approved for use in underground coal mines.There are two systems used in monitoring. In one system, the analysers are installed at various points underground and they either record the percentage of carbon monoxide on site or telemeter the results to some convenient pointunderground or on the surface. In the other system, lengths of tube are installed from the sampling points to the surface and the samples drawn through these tubes are analysed sequentially. This system is known as the tube bundle system.The main advantage of installing on-site analysers underground lies in the immediate availability of results. But analysers are dedicated instruments and can monitor only carbon monoxide. The advantage of the tube bundle system is that is provides a sample for analysis on the surface which can be analysed for all gases. The limitation of this system is the delay between the air entering the tube at the sampling point and its subsequent analysis on the surface. For detecting spontaneous combustion, a delay of one or possibly two hours in getting the results of the samples is not a serious matter because spontaneous combustion has a relatively long incubation period.Generally, for large installations involving many sampling points, the tube bundle system is much less expensive than a system in which each point has a separate analyzer. The costs of pneumatic tubing are normally comparable with the wiring costs for analysers installed underground; however, the tube bundle system requires only one analyzer, whereas the other system requires an analyzer at each point underground. This reduces the cost of the tube bundle system substantially. Moreover, maintenance costs for a single analyzer and pumping station are lower than for a system containing many individual analysers, each of which must be periodically checked, cleaned, or adjusted for sensitivity. (However, when the system is to be used for monitoring ventilation during a sealing-off operation, on-site analysters are far superior due to the instant availability of results.)Control of spontaneous combustionThe method adopted for dealing with spontaneous combustion once it has occurred must depend upon the position and intensity of the heating, the likelihood of accumulation of inflammable gas and the accessibility of the heating from the point of view of ventilation and treatment. The three basic methods of control are:(1) the extraction of the hot coal;(2) the use of extinguishing agents; and(3) the exclusion of oxygen from the affected area.When the seat of heating is accessible to the existing transport system, the heated coal may be dug out and removed from the time. Under such circumstances care is usually taken to prevent the coal from catching fire while in transport by covering it with stone dust liberally as it is loaded. The disturbance of heated coal, which has been near its ignition temperature, often results in its inflammation. Steps must be taken to protect workers loading burning coal.Water under pressure as a means of controlling underground heatings must be used with caution particularly when there is no through ventilation because this would generally only aggravate the fire and introduce the risk of ignition due to a semi-water gas/producer gas reaction. Bentonite slurry, if available, may be used instead of water.The final expedient in dealing with the control of heatings underground is the sealing off of an area, thus isolating it from the rest of the mine. The object of sealing-off is to prevent further access of oxygen to the site and if done effectively there will be a gradual diminution of the amount of oxygen available until the stage is reached where the atmosphere within the sealed area will no longer support combustion.煤炭自燃煤通过于空气接触发生了缓慢的氧化作用，产生大量的水蒸气，释放出热量，当热量没有消散时，引起煤温的继续升高。
煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or, alternatively, connected to downcast shafts or main intakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal mines are required, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxicfumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the current ventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuitingwhen one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularly convenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able tosuccessfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relative efficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations ofequipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocities of 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majorityof dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwall production levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surfacewater into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。
采矿专业外文文献翻译----煤矿瓦斯预防和治理
原文Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines,Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, SpainMaría B. Díaz Aguado C. González Nicieza AbstractUnderground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Central Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressure and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining thepermeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of overstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.1. IntroductionCoalbed and coal mine methane research is thriving due to the fact that power generation from coal mine methane will continue to be a growing industry over the coming years in certaincountries. For instance, China, where 790 Mm3 of CH4 were drained off in 1999 (Huang, 2000), has 30 Tm3 of estimated CBM potential in the developed mining areas (Zhu, 2000). The estimate by Tyler et al. (1992) of the in-place gas in the United States is about 19 Tm3, while Germany's total estimated coalbed methane resources are 3 Tm3, very similar to Polish or English resources (World Coal Institute, 1998).This increase in the CBM commerce has opened up new lines of research and has allowed the scientific community to increase its knowledge of some of the propertiesof coal and of methane gas, above all with respect to the properties that determine gas flow, which until now had not been sufficiently analyzed. Some of these parameters are the same ones that affect the occurrence of coal mining hazards, as methane has the potential to become a source of different fatal or non-fatal disastrous events.2. Description of the Asturian Central basin and of the 8th CoalbedThe 8th Coalbed of the Riosa–Olloniego unit, located in the Southwest of the Asturian Central Coal Basin (the largest coal basin in the Cantabrian Mountains, IGME, 1985), has CBM potential of about 4.81 Gm3. This is around 19.8% of the estimated resources of the Asturian Central Basin and 12.8 % of the total assessed CBM resources in Spain (Zapatero et al., 2004). 3.84 Gm3 of the CBM potential of the 8th Coalbed belongs to San Nicolás and Montsacro: 1.08 Gm3 to San Nicolás area and 2.76Gm3 to Riosa, down to the −800m level (IGME, 2002).The minable coalbeds of this unit are concentrated in Westphalian continental sediments (Suárez-Ruiz and Jiménez, 2004). The Riosa–Olloniego geological unit consists of three seams series: Esperanza, with a total thickness of 350 m, contains 3–6 coalbeds with a cumulative coal thickness of 3.5 to 6.5 m; Pudingas, which is 700 m thick, has 3–5 coalbeds with a thickness of 5–7m; whereas the Canales series, the most important one, I 800 m thick, with 8–12 coalbeds that sum up to 12–15 m thick. This series, which contains the 8th Coalbed, the coalbed of interest in this study, has a total thickness of 10.26mat SanNicolás and 15.13matMontsacro (Pendás et al., 2004). Fig. 1 shows the geological map of the two coal mines, whereas Fig. 2represents a front view of both mines and the location of the instrumented areas. In this particular study, the 8th Coalbed is situated at a depth of between 993 and 1017 m, in an area of low seismi intensity.Instantaneous outbursts pose a hazard to safe, productive extraction of coal in both mines. The mechanisms of gas outbursts are still unresolved but include the effect of stress, gas content and properties of the coal. Other factors such as geological features, mining methods, bord and pillarworkings or increase in rate of advance may combine to exacerbate the problem (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Some of the main properties of the 8th Coalbed favoring gas outbursts (Creedy and Garner, 2001; Díaz Aguado, 2004) had been previously studied by the mining company, in their internal reportsM.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266255Fig. 1. Geological map.as well as in the different research studies cited in Section1: the geological structure of the basin, the stress state of the coalbed and its surrounding wall rock and some properties of both coal-bearing strata and the coalbed itself. The next paragraphs summarize the state of the research when this project started.Many researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and geological factors. Cao et al. (2001), found that, in the four mining districts analyzed, outbursts occurred within tectonically altered zones surrounding reverse faults; this could help to delimit outburst-prone zones. In the 8th Coalbed, some minor outbursts in the past could be related to faults or changes in coal seam thickness. Hence, general geological inspections are carried out systematically, as well as daily monitoring of any possible anomalies. But, in any case, some other outbursts could be related neither to local nor general faults.Fig. 2. General location of the study area.M.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266 For some years now, the technical experts in charge of the mine have been studying the stress state of the coalbed by means of theoretical calculations of face end or residual rock mass projections that indicated potential risk areas, based on Russian standards (Safety Regulations for Coal and Oil Shale Miners, 1973).Assuming that there was an initial approach to the stress state, this parameter was therefore not included in the research study presented in this paper. In the Central Asturian Coal Basin, both the porosity and permeability of the coal-bearing strata are very low,the cleat structure is poorly developed and cleats are usually water-filled or even mineralized. Consequently, of 5.10 m3/t. In some countries, such as Australia (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998) or Germany, a gas outburst risk value has been established when methane concentration exceeds 9 m3/t (although close to areas of over-pressure, this risk value descends to 5.5 m3/t). As the average gas contents in the coalbed are comparable with those of the Ruhr Basin (which according to Freudenberg et al., 1996, vary from 0 to 15 m3/t), the values in the 8th Coalbed would be close to the risk values.Desorption rate was considered the most important parameter by Williams and Weissmann (1995), in conjunction with the gas pressure gradient ahead of the face. Gas desorption rate (V1) has been defined as the volume of methane, expressed in cm3, that is desorbed from a 10 g coal sample, with a grain size between 0.5 and 0.8 mm, during a period of time of 35 s (fromsecond 35 to 70 of the test). Desorption rates have been calculated from samples taken at 2 m, 3 m and 7 m, following the proceedings of the Technical Specification 0307-2-92 of the Spanish Ministry of Industry. The average values obtained during the research are: 0.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2 m depth, 0.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 3 m and 1.6 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at the only paths for methane flow are open fractures. Coal gas content is one of the main parameters that had been previously analyzed. The methane concentration in the Central Asturian Basin varies between 4 and 14 m3/t of coal (Suárez Fernández,1998). Particularly, in the Riosa–Olloniego unit, the gas content varies from 3.79 to 9.89 m3/t of coal (Pendás et al., 2004). During the research, the measured values in the area of study have varied between 4.95 and 8.10 m3/t, with an average value7m.Maximumvalues were of 1.7 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2m depth, 3.3 at 3 m and up to 4.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 7 m.The initial critical safety value to avoid gas outbursts in the 8th Coalbed was 2 cm3 / (10 g·35 s). Due to incidents detected during this research study, the limit value was reduced to 1.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s).But other properties, such as coal gas pressure, the structure of the coal itself and permeability, had beeninsufficiently characterized in the Riosa Olloniego unit before this research study.Two methods had been previously employed to determine the gas pressure in the mine: the Russian theoretical calculations for the analysis of the stress state and the indirect measurements of the gas pressure obtained by applying criteria developed for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin (Germany), Poland and the former Soviet Union. These indirect measurements were the Jahns or borehole fines test (Braüner, 1994), which establishes a potential hazard when the fines exceed a limiting value. Although there are tabulated values for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin, it is not the case for the coals of the Riosa–Olloniego unit. Therefore, in this paper an improvement to the gas pressure measurement technique is proposed by developing a method and a device capable of directly measuring in situ pressures.The 8th Coalbed is a friable bituminous coal, high in vitrinite content, locally transformed into foliated fabrics which, when subjected to abutment pressure, block methane migration intoworking faces (Alpern, 1970). With low-volatile content, it was formed during the later stages of coalification and, as stated by Flores (1998) this corresponds to a large amount of methane generated. Moreover, the coal is subject to sudden variations in thickness (that result in unpredictable mining conditions) and to bed-parallel shearing within the coalbed, that has been considered an influence on gas outbursts (Li, 2001). Its permeability had never been quantified before in this mining area. Thus, during research in the 8th Coalbed it was decided to perform in situ tests to measure pressure transients, to obtain site values that will allow future calculations of site permeability, in order to verify if it is less than 5 mD, limit value which, after Lama and Bodziony (1998), makes a coalbed liable to outbursts.Therefore, in this study we attempted to characterize gas pressure and pressure transients, for their importance in the occurrence of gas outbursts or events in which a violent coal outburst occurs due to the sudden release of energy, accompanied by the release of significant amount of gas (González Nicieza et al.,2001), either in breaking or in development of the coalbed (Hardgraves, 1983).3. ConclusionsCoalbed is still a major hazard affecting safety andproductivity in some underground coal mines. This paper highlights the propensity of the 8th Coalbed to give rise to gas outbursts, due to fulfilling a series of risk factors, that have been quantified for 8th Coalbed for the first time and that are very related to mining hazards: gas pressure and its variation, with high valuesmeasured in the coalbed,obtaining lower registers at Montsacro than at San Nicolás (where 480 kPa were reached in the gas pressure measurements at the greatest depth). These parameters, together with the systematic measurement of concentration and desorption rate that were already being carried out by the mine staff, require monitoring and control. A gas-measurement-tube set was designed, for measuring gas pressure and its variations as well as the influence of nearby workings to determine outburstprone areas. The efficacy of injection as a preventative measure was shown by means of these measurement tubes. Injection decreases the gas pressure in the coalbed, althoughthe test must be conducted maximizing all the precautionary measures, because gas outbursts may occur during the process itself.The instrumentation results indicated the convenienceof mining the 7th Coalbed at least one sublevel ahead of the 8th Coalbed. This means having completed longwall caving of the corresponding sublevel both eastward and westward, and having allowed the necessary time to elapse for distention to take effect. This distention time was estimated between two and three months.The constructed instrumentation likewise allowed the effect of overlapping of workings to be measured: as the longwall caving of the coalbed situated to the roof of the instrumented coalbed approaches the area of advance of the 8th Coalbed, an increase in the pressure of the gas is produced in the 8th Coalbed. This may even triplicate the pressure of the gas and is more pronounced as the longwall caving approaches the position of the measuring equipment. A spatial range of the influence of longwall caving of some 55–60 m was estimated and a time duration of 2–3 months. The main contribution of this article resides in theproposal of measures of control and risk of gas outbursts that complement the systematic measurements in the mine itself, with the aim of improving safety in mining work. This proposal, apart from certain practical improvements in mining work, above all regarding the exploitation sequence, would involve the installation of gas measurement tubes before initiating the advance or at the overlap of workings. It would consist intemporarily detaining the advance in the 8th Coalbed when an overlap of workings may occur or prior to the commencement of an advance in the 8th Coalbed, installing measurement tubes in the face. The values and the trend of the measured gas pressures, together with the values obtained from gas concentration tests, would enable control of the conditions of the coalbed and the establishing of what moment would be appropriate to renew the advance. The gas measurement tubes would hence be a reliable, economic control and evaluation measure of the risk of gas outbursts. Furthermore, this equipment would enable the openingof other lines of research, both for calibrating the time and range of influence of mining work in each advance, as well as for calculating the permeability of the coal. By means of the designed test (gas flow between two gasmeasurement-tube sets), permeability could be estimated by numerical models calibrated with site data, both in areas of the mine that have still to be affected by mining work and in those already subject to mining works. These calibrations would also allow the variation in permeability with the depth of the coalbed itself to be analyzed.References[1] Alexeev, A.D., Revva, V.N., Alyshev, N.A., Zhitlyonok, D.M., 2004.[2] True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int. J. Coal Geol. 58, 245–250.[3] Alpern, B., 1970. Tectonics and gas deposit in coalfields: a bibliographical study and examples of application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 7, 67–76.[4] Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, J.P., 1998. Instantaneous outbursts in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 27–55.[5] Braüner, G., 1994. Rockbursts in Coal Mines and Their Prevention. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 137 pp.[6] Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C., 2001. Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults. Int. J. Coal Geol. 48, 47–63.[7] Creedy, D., Garner, K., 2001. UK-China Coalbed Technology Transfer. Report N° Coal R207 DTI/Pub URN 01/584, 24 pp.[8] Díaz Aguado, M.B., 2004. Análisis, Control y Evaluación de Riesgo de Fenómenos Gaseodinámicos en Minas de Carbón, PhD Thesis, University of Oviedo (Spain) Publishing Service,I.S.B.N.: 84-8317-434-0, 301 pp. (in Spanish, with English Abstract).[9] Durucan, S., Edwards, J.S., 1986. The effects of stress and fracturing on permeability of coal Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 205–216.[10] Flores, R.M., 1998. Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource. Int. J.Coal Geol. 35, 3–26西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstract Department of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines,Independencia, 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要在煤矿井下开采环境中必须控制着不同气体的存在。
煤矿方面外文翻译资料
Conveyor belt entry fire hazards and controlH. Verakis & M. HockenberryU.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Triadelphia, West Virginia, USA ABSTRACT: A fire in a coal mine conveyor belt entry represent a major safety and health risk to miners. Fighting belt entry fires can be a commanding effort. If there is a failure of one aspect in the fire fighting needs such as a dissimilar hose-valve connection, then it can result in the inability to extinguish a fire. Fire incident data compiled over nearly 30 years for underground coal mines shows that fires in belt entries account for 15-20 percent of the total number of fires. Fires in the belt entries of coal mines have resulted in injuries and fatalities. New regulations have been promulgated that require an unplanned fire not extinguished within 10 minutes of discovery to be reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). A fire that is not extinguished within several minutes may take hours or days to extinguish or may require sealing a section or the mine in some cases. The current fire protection regulations in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 30, Part 75 are designed to prevent or control the fire hazards present in a belt entry. These requirements and other factors affecting belt entry fires are discussed, including fire detection and warning, fire suppression devices, type and location of fire fighting equipment, waterlines, and cleanup and removal of combustible materials. The fire suppression systems used to extinguish/control a belt fire and the effect of ventilation on the propagation of conveyor belt fires are also discussed.1IntroductionA fire occurring in an underground coal mine conveyor belt entry represents a major safety and health risk to miners. If the fire is small when discovered, it most likely will be extinguished before becoming a major conflagration. Fighting a conveyor belt entry fire can be a commanding effort and failure of one aspect can result in losing control of extinguishing the fire.Fire incident data compiled over nearly 30 years for underground coal mines show that fires in belt entries account for 15-20 percent of the total number of fires. Fires in the belt entries of coal mines have resulted in injuries and fatalities. Most of the fire incident data compiled was obtained from mine operator reports of underground coal mine fires lasting 30 minutes or longer. Prior to December 8, 2006, an unplanned underground mine fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery was to be reported by the mine operator to MSHA. However, beginning December 8, 2006, new MSHA regulations (1) require a mine operator to report an unplanned underground mine fire that is not extinguished within 10 minutes of discovery. A fire that is not extinguished within several minutes may take hours or days to extinguish or may require sealing a section or the mine in some cases. The current fire protection regulations in 30 CFR Part 75 are designed to prevent or control the fire hazards present in a belt entry. These requirements and other factors affecting belt entry fires are discussed which include fire detection and warning, fire suppression devices, type and location of fire fighting equipment, waterlines, and cleanup of combustibles. The fire suppression systems used to extinguish/control a belt fire and the effect of ventilation on the propagation of conveyor belt fires are also discussed. 2Conveyor Belt Fire Incident DataA large amount of data has been collected and analyzed on underground coal mine fires (2), (3), (4). The data shows over the past 30 years that fires in conveyor belt entries continue to represent about 15 to 20 percent of all underground coal mine fires. More recent fire incident data for conveyor belt entries in U.S. underground coal mines has been summarized by year, 1980-2005 (4). As indicated in Figure 1, which is prepared from the 1980-2005 data on ignition sources indicated in Francart’s paper (4) and the MSHA presentation on “Reducing Belt Entry Fires in Underground Coal Mines” (5), there were 63 conveyor belt entry fires. Of the 63 fires, friction at the belt drive and along the belt served as the ignition source for 36 percent. Frictional heating continues to be a most common ignitionsource in underground coal mine conveyor belt entry fires.drive18%cutting & welding8%18%3%not determinedFigure 1 – Ignition Sources for U.S. Underground Coal Mine Belt Entry Fires, 1980-2005The data published in Francart’s paper (4) preceded the more recent underground coal mine conveyor belt fire that12th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium 2008 – Wallace (ed)ISBN 978-0-615-20009-5occurred in the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 on January 19, 2006. According to the MSHA Investigation Report (6), the fire occurred as a result of frictional heating when the longwall belt became misaligned in the 9 Headgate longwall belt takeup storage units. This frictional heating ignited accumulated combustible materials. Twenty-nine miners were working underground in the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 at the time. During the evacuation process, two of the twelve miners from 2 Section became separated from the remainder of the crew when they encountered dense smoke. Initial attempts to locate the two missing miners and extinguish the fire were unsuccessful. The two miners died as a result of the fire. The remaining twenty-seven miners working underground escaped safely. The fire was eventually brought under control by mine rescue teams and the two deceased miners were found two days later on January 21, 2006. In addition to the MSHA report, an overview of the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 fire was presented by Francart (7) to the federal Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining ().Subsequent to the conveyor belt fire data presented in Francart’s paper (4), an analysis was made of the MSHA database information reported for underground coal mine fires for 2006 through July 2007 (8). There were two reported underground coal mine belt entry fires in 2006, one of which was the Aracoma Alma Mine No.1 fire. There were two reported underground coal belt entry fires that occurred in the period January to June 2007 and each one lasted less than 30 minutes.3Belt and Other Combustible Fire HazardsThe potential risk of fire in a conveyor belt entry of an underground coal mine is high. No coal mine using conveyor belt haulage is immune from a fire involving the conveyor belt. In a conveyor belt entry there is an abundant supply of combustible materials including the conveyor belt itself, coal and coal fines, grease and oil and possibly wooden supports. Belt entry fires have occurred from various sources of ignition as shown in Figure 1. It doesn’t take much time for a conveyor belt fire to build in intensity and create a potentially lethal atmosphere. Conveyor belt fires have burned as much as 610 meters (2000 feet) of belting. A conveyor belt that has poor resistance to fire will spread flames along the exposed surfaces of the belt and eventually ignite other combustibles such as the coal. As the belt fire progresses and extends to other combustibles, the concentrations of toxic gases increase to potentially lethal levels. The mine ventilation can be disrupted from a propagating conveyor belt fire. The disruption of the ventilation can introduce a threat of explosion from the accumulation of methane and the release of flammable gases. As an example, mine rescue teams fighting a conveyor belt fire at the Marianna Mine were withdrawn because high levels of methane accumulated, posing the threat of explosion (9). Large-scale conveyor belt tests have shown the magnitude of the fire hazard, including the various flammability characteristics of conveyor belting as affected by the ventilating airflow and the potential of the fire to spread to other combustibles (10), (11), (12), and (13). These large-scale conveyor belt fire tests have shown that a ventilating airflow of about 92 meters per minute (300 feet per minute) is optimum for flame propagation. Figure 2 shows the propagation of a conveyor belt fire during a large-scale test at the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Laboratory.Increasing the fire resistance of the conveyor belting and limiting the amount of combustibles in the belt entry are among the measures that will reduce the potential for a disastrous fire. As a matter of fact, the accumulation of combustible materials was the most frequently cited underground coal mine safety standard (30 CFR 75.400) by MSHA enforcement personnel in 2006(). Cleanup of combustible materials, particularly the extraneous coal is one of the most important fire safety measures in a belt entry.The federal Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining has made recommendations that encompass conveyor belt entry and conveyor maintenance and improved fire resistant standards for conveyor belting. Information on the Panel’s recommendations and final report may be found on MSHA’s website at/BeltAir/BeltAir.aspFigure 2 – Propagation of a Conveyor Belt Fire during a Large-scale Test at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Lab4Fire Protection RequirementsThere are extensive MSHA regulations addressing belt conveyor fire protection and control in 30 CFR, Part 75, Subpart L, Fire Protection (14). The regulations address slippage and sequence switches, fire resistant conveyor belting, fire detection and warning systems, fire hose and waterlines including suitable fittings, and automatic firesuppression equipment. For underground coal mines thatuse belt air to ventilate working sections there are fire protection requirements specified in the MSHA regulations under Part 75, Subpart D Ventilation (15). Another source is the U.S. Department of Labor eLaws® which include an MSHA Fire Suppression and Fire Protection Advisor. This Advisor provides minimum fire protection requirements for underground coal mine electrical equipment which includes conveyor belts(/elaws/msha/fire/fire_3.asp).The MSHA regulations pertaining to conveyor belt fire protection and control are minimum requirements intended to reduce the incident of fire in a belt entry and to control a fire should one develop. Of primary importance are properly designed and maintained fire detection and fire suppression systems. The requirements for the use and installation of fire suppression systems, including water deluge, water sprinklers, foam generator, and dry powder chemical systems are specified in 30 CFR, Part 75, SubpartD (14). The importance of properly designed fire suppression systems, particularly as the use of wider belts increases, is one of the outcomes from on-going large-scale research being conducted by NIOSH in partnership with MSHA on the suppression of conveyor belt fires. The design of a fire suppression system must include measures to appropriately cover wider belts with the fire suppressing agent and to address the effect of higher rates of airflow where employed in belt entries. Also, early fire detection through the use of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke detectors, is critical to alerting miners and attending to a fire incident and can mean the difference between extinguishing a fire and having to contend with a fire that has grown out of control. Another key component is waterlines used with a fire hose for fighting a fire in a belt entry. Waterlines shall be capable of delivering 189 liters (50 gallons) of water a minute at a nozzle pressure of 3.5 kilograms per square centimeter (50 pounds per square inch). This is a minimum performance standard specified in 30 CFR, Part 75.1100-1(a) and is commonly referred to as the “50/50” rule. The length, size and type of hose affect compliance with this performance standard because water flowing through a hose will create pressure loss along the hose due to friction. The magnitude of this friction pressure loss will depend upon the water flow rate and the length, size and type of hose (16).Undoubtedly, those measures needed to reduce the hazards of conveyor belt entry fires are prevention, early detection, improved belt fire resistance, proper response and communication, extinguishment, and proper maintenance and examinations. Another source of detailed information for fire prevention and control in underground coal mine belt entries is the National Fire Protection Association Standard 120 (17). Other key factors are preparedness and proficient response to a fire in a belt entry. An excellent source for fire preparedness is the report “Fire Response Preparedness for Underground Mines” prepared by Ron Conti, et. al. (18). 5Cost of Belt Entry FiresThere are inherent costs associated with a conveyor belt entry fire, especially if the fire is not quickly extinguished. These costs can encompass lost production days, costs for extended work hours, extinguishment costs for chemical agents and equipment, costs of sealing a section of the mine or the mine itself, and costs for rehabilitation of the affected area(s).The effect and impact of the Marianna Mine fire is an example of the expenses that are incurred in fighting a belt-entry fire. Personnel and equipment from nearby mines were brought to the mine to fight the fire. Food, lodging, and wages were provided for these personnel by the mine operator. When the rescue teams were withdrawn, all equipment was left in the mine, and mines that loaned the equipment were reimbursed. More than 30 boreholes were drilled in an attempt to form underground seals for controlling the fire by using materials pumped from the surface. Access rights were purchased from landowners, and roadways were cleared and built so that drilling equipment could be installed. Material was pumped into the mine through the boreholes in an attempt to create underground seals. When this attempt to extinguish the fire failed, the entire mine was sealed. During the 30 days between the discovery of the fire and sealing of the mine, the direct cost of the fire fighting efforts was reported to have been between $5 and $6 million. Costs other than the fire fighting efforts not included in this $5 to $6 million amount would significantly increase the total cost of the Marianna Mine fire. The annual lost revenue at the time of the fire in 1988 would have been about $24 million. Miner benefits were maintained for a time following the mine shutdown. Underground mining supplies, equipment, and firefighting equipment owned by the mine operator were left underground when personnel were withdrawn. The cost of this abandoned mining equipment alone was in the millions of dollars. Of the 327 employees employed at the Marianna mine site, only a few remained employed in mining. In the case of the Marianna underground coal mine conveyor belt entry fire that occurred in 1988, the significant cost impact was the permanent sealing and closing of the mine and the loss of resources.6SummaryA primary fire hazard in a conveyor belt entry is the belt itself. The fire resistant level of a conveyor belt will have a significant impact on the occurrence and extent of a belt entry fire, should one develop. The first line of defense in strictly limiting the propagation of fire involving a conveyor belt is to use a conveyor belt of high fire resistance. The safety measures discussed for conveyor belt fire protection and control are systems that encompass redundancy. Early detection of a fire is paramount to determining the nature of a fire incident and subsequent warning of miners. Nonetheless important are all the other requirements and measures that address slippage and sequence switches, fire hose and waterlines, automatic firesuppression equipment, cleanup of combustibles, proper maintenance, communications, and fire response and preparedness. The combination of all the safety elements discussed is intended to reduce the hazard of conveyor belt entry fires. The success in this endeavor will not only result from the regulations, policies and technologies employed, but also from the dedication of the mine operator and miners to belt entry fire safety.ReferencesConti, Ronald, S., Chasko, Linda, L., Wiehagen, William, J., and Lazzara, Charles, P., “Fire Response Preparedness for Underground Mines,” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Information Circular 9481, 2005.DeRosa, Maria, I., “Analysis of Mine Fires for All U.S.Underground and Surface Coal Mining Categories: 1990-1999, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9470, 2004.Fires,” U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 9570, 1995.Francart, W.J., “Reducing belt entry fires in underground coal mines,” 11th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium, Mutmansky & Ramani (eds),2006.Francart, W.J., Overview of a Fatal Mine Fire, Aracoma Alma Mine #1, occurred on January 19, 2006, presentation at the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in UndergroundCoal Mining, May 16, 2007, Salt Lake City, Utah. Lazzara, Charles, P., and Perzak, Frank, J., “Conveyor Belt Flammability Studies,” Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Institute on Coal Mining Health, Safety and Research, August 1990.Marianna Mine No. 58 (ID No. 36-00957), Beth Energy Mines, Inc., Mine Safety and Health Administration Report of Investigation, Mine Fire, Marianna Borough, Washington County, Pennsylvania, March 7,1988.MSHA Program Policy Letter No. P06-V-2, “Interpretation of 30 CFR 75.1100-1 and 2 Regarding Water DeliveryCapability of Coal Mine Waterlines When Fighting aFire with a Fire Hose and Nozzle,” 2006.MSHA, “Reducing belt entry fires in underground coal mines,” presentation made to the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining, March 29, 2007, Pittsburgh, PA.MSHA database for reported underground coal mine fires from 2006 through July 2007.National Fire Protection Association, Standard 120, “Standard for Fire Protection and Control in Coal Mines,” Quincy, MA, 2004 Edition.Perzak, Frank, J., Litton, Charles, D., Mura, Kenneth, E., and Lazzara, Charles, P., “Hazards of Conveyor Belt Pomroy, William, H. and Carigiet, Annie, M.,“Analysis of Underground Coal Mine Fire Incidents inthe United States From 1978 Through 1992,” U.S,Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9426, 1995. Report of Investigation, Fatal Underground Coal Mine Fire, Aracoma Alma Mine #1, Aracoma Coal Company, Inc. Stollings, Logan County, West Virginia, I.D. N0. 46-08801, occurred January 19,2006, U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety & Health Administration, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 75, Subpart L, Fire Protection, July 1, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 75, Subpart D, Ventilation, Section 75.350, 75.351, and75.352, July 1, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 50, Section 50.2 Definitions, 50.2h(6), July 1, 2007. Verakis, Harry, C., “Reducing the Fire Hazard of Mine Conveyor Belts,” Proceedings of the Fifth U.S. MineVentilation Symposium, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), 1991.Verakis, Harry C and Dazell, Robert, W., “Impact of Entry Air Velocity on the Fire Hazard of Conveyor Belts,”Proceedings of the Fourth International Mine Ventilation Congress, July 1988.。
煤矿安全专业外文文献(中英文对照)
附录 A关于煤矿安全监控系统技术的研究Zhi Chang, Zhangeng Sun & Junbao GuSchool of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin 300160, China前言：无线射频的新的发展和运用使得RFID（射频识别）技术的应用越来越广泛。
同时结合矿山与RFID技术的特点，我们建立了一个地下的安全完整的、实时灵活的监测系统。
这套系统能在发生危险时自动报警并且提高搜索和救援的效率。
该系统可以管理危害气体的浓度、规划工人的安排、进出巷道通过工作的访问控制、巷道人员的分布和工人的资料，实现地下管理的信息化和可视化，提高矿业生产管理水平和矿井安全生产水平。
关键词：射频识别，安全监控系统，电子标签，读写器煤矿事故往往发生在中国近几年，除了矿业主的安全和法律意识薄弱，滞后的安全机构和采矿的人员和设备的不完善管理人员是重要原因。
通过分析近期内一些十分严重的事故，一般存在以下常见问题：（1）地面人员和地下人员之间的信息沟通不及时；（2）地面人员不能动态地掌握井下人员的分布和操作情况，并且不能掌握地下人员的确切位置；（3）一旦煤矿事故发生，救援效率低，效果较差。
因此，准确、迅速实施煤矿安全监控职能非常重要和紧迫，有效管理矿工，并确保救援高效率的运作。
文章中提出的煤炭采矿人员和车辆安全监测系统可以跟踪、监视和定位在矿井实时的有害气体，人员和车辆以及提供有关网络的矿井巷道，个人的定位，车辆的位置，危险区域的动态信息和地面人员相应线索。
如果发生意外，该系统还可以查询有关人员的分配，人员数量，人员撤离路线，以提供从事故救援监视计算机科学依据。
同时，管理人员可以利用系统的日常考勤功能实施矿工考勤管理。
一、RFID技术简介射频识别是一种非接触式自动识别技术进行排序，可以自动识别的无线电频率信号的目标，迅速跟踪货物和交换数据。
煤矿职业危害范文精选
煤矿职业危害范文精选英文回答：Coal mining is a dangerous occupation that posesvarious occupational hazards to the workers involved. These hazards can have serious health implications and evenresult in fatalities. In this essay, we will discuss the occupational hazards associated with coal mining and the measures that can be taken to mitigate these risks.One of the major hazards in coal mining is the risk of underground explosions. Methane gas, which is released during the mining process, can accumulate in the mine and create an explosive environment. To prevent such explosions, proper ventilation systems and methane gas detectors should be installed in the mines. Regular monitoring and maintenance of these systems are crucial to ensure a safe working environment.Another significant hazard in coal mining is the riskof coal dust explosions. Coal dust, which is highly flammable, can ignite and cause explosions if it is not properly controlled. To prevent coal dust explosions, effective dust control measures such as water sprays and dust suppression systems should be implemented. Regular cleaning and maintenance of equipment and machinery can also help reduce the accumulation of coal dust.Furthermore, coal mining exposes workers to harmful substances such as silica dust and coal dust. Prolonged exposure to these substances can lead to respiratory diseases such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and silicosis. To protect the workers from these hazards, personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators and dust masks should be provided. Regular medical check-ups and health monitoring programs should also be conducted to detect any early signs of respiratory diseases.In addition to respiratory hazards, coal mining also poses risks of accidents and injuries. Workers can be exposed to falls, collapses, and equipment-related accidents. To prevent such accidents, proper training andeducation should be provided to the workers. Safetyprotocols and procedures should be strictly enforced, and regular inspections of equipment and machinery should be conducted to ensure their proper functioning.In conclusion, coal mining is a hazardous occupationthat exposes workers to various occupational hazards. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to implement proper safety measures such as ventilation systems, dust control measures, and personal protective equipment. Regular monitoring, maintenance, and training are crucial to ensure a safe working environment for coal miners.中文回答：煤矿工作是一项危险的职业，对从事该工作的工人们带来了各种职业危害。
煤矿安全意识研讨材料范文
煤矿安全意识研讨材料范文Mining safety is a critical issue that affects the lives of workers in the industry. 煤矿安全意识是一个关键问题，它影响着煤矿工人的生活。
From the dangers of underground explosions to the risk of collapsing tunnels, coal mining presents numerous hazards that require a high level of awareness and preparedness. 从地下爆炸的危险到隧道塌陷的风险，煤矿开采存在许多危险，需要高度的意识和准备。
In order to effectively address these risks, it is essential for mining companies and workers to participate in safety awareness workshops and discussions. 为了有效应对这些风险，矿业公司和工人参与安全意识研讨会和讨论是至关重要的。
One of the key factors in ensuring mining safety is to cultivate a strong safety culture within the industry. 确保煤矿安全的关键因素之一是在行业内培养强大的安全文化。
This involves promoting open communication, empowering employees to report hazards, and fostering a collective commitment to prioritizing safety above all else. 这包括促进开放的沟通，赋予员工报告危险的权力，以及培养集体的承诺，将安全置于首位。
外文翻译--煤矿开采与安全
附录1煤矿开采与安全关键词: “三软”煤层; 矿压显现特征一、“三软”煤层放顶煤工作面矿压规律研究1 工作面概况 12090 工作面位于大峪沟矿务局红旗井西二采区东翼下部, 西至西二皮带运输下山, 东至西二采区边界停采线. 工作面走向平均长420 m , 倾向长100 m.该工作面回采的二1 煤层, 赋存于二叠系山西组下方. 煤层由于受沉积环境及后期构造运动的影响, 厚度不均, 变化较大, 在回采范围内有薄煤带存在(上副巷在掘40～180 m 段时, 煤层厚度变为0～1. 6 m ) , 给回采工作带来一定难度. 煤层倾角为7～14°, 煤层平均厚度为4. 62 m , 煤质为无烟煤, 煤质松软、强度极低, 易冒落. 直接顶板为砂岩、泥岩和砂质泥岩; 直接底板为砂岩、灰岩; 在直接顶、底板之间, 局部存在伪顶和伪底, 其岩性多为炭质泥岩或泥岩, 厚度一般小于0. 5 m .2 矿压观测内容及测点布置矿压观测的主要目的是了解大峪沟矿务局“三软”煤层炮采放顶煤工作面的超前压力分布规律及顶板初次来压步距、周期来压步距和强度. 主要观测内容有巷道支架压力、工作面支架压力. 同时在观测过程中还要注意采面、支架的宏观状态变化; 观察顶煤破碎放出情况以及顶煤放出后顶板的运移3 工作面超前压力的分布特征3. 1 观测数据整理工作面回风巷超前压力观测期间, 每天派专人到井下记录各测站压力表读数, 测量工作面至测站的距离, 宏观观察机巷、风巷及围岩的变化状况, 并测量支架剧烈变形区至工作面的距离. 经过计算处理, 绘出图表.3. 2 超前压力分布规律由风巷支架受力实测曲线可知, 因工作面采煤而引起的超前压力影响至工作面前方34 m 处, 即处于工作面前方34 m 以内的回采巷道将受到工作面超前压力的影响. 超前压力峰值区在工作面前方9～12 m 处, 该段巷道变形量显著增加, 顶部荆笆折断增多, 有时还会出现煤兜, 有碎煤屑落下. 工作面前方34 m 以外的巷道可认为不受超前压力的影响, 处于应力稳定区.由于二1 煤层属于“三软”不稳定厚煤层, 老顶来压不明显, 导致工作面前方集中应力分布范围扩大, 应力峰值区距工作面较远, 应力集中系数不大, 但巷道围岩相对移近量较大, 为减少回采巷道围岩的过度变形与破坏, 充分发挥支架对围岩变形的控制作用, 工作面前方21 m 范围内的两巷要进行超前支护.4 采煤工作面顶板来压规律4. 1 采煤工作面矿压观测数据的收集与处理为了解炮采放顶煤工作面支架载荷及顶板矿压的分布规律, 在红旗井12090 工作面利用减压式压力计对工作面支架载荷进行了一个半月的现场观测, 观测结果经过计算处理后所得结果如图 3 - 图5 所示. 图3 是将所测工作面支柱载荷数据以观测循环为横坐标, 以时间加权平均支架载荷作为纵坐标. 由图3 可看出,沿工作面推进方向, 顶板有周期性运动现象, 周期来压步距为19 m. 图4 是以工作面斜长为横坐标, 以正常推进时3 个测站所测支柱载荷的平均值为纵坐标. 由图4 可见, 沿工作面倾斜方向顶煤(板) 运动矿压显现有分区特点, 中间压力最大, 上部次之, 下部最小.4. 2 采场矿压显现的基本规律通过对观测数据的分析, 采场矿压显现有如下明显特点:(1) 总体来说, 支架初撑力及工作阻力均不大. 由于本工作面与π型钢梁直接接触的上位顶煤很软,再加上顶板也很软, 在支设支架时初撑力很难提高.平均初撑力为226. 38～227. 36 kN/ 对棚, 为额定工作阻力的15. 4 %～16. 8 % , 工作阻力平均为252. 84～272. 44 kN/ 对棚, 为额定工作阻力的17.2 %～18. 5 % , 来压时最大工作阻力为372. 4 kN/ 对棚,占额定工作阻力的23. 3 % , 平均支护强度为102. 3～144. 5 kN/ m2 . 造成这种现象的原因主要是底板和顶煤太软, 单体柱插底严重(有的支柱插底达到 700 mm 以上) , 有时钢梁还钻顶. 较低的支护体刚度, 限制了支架能力的发挥.(2) 在工作面连续推进过程中支架载荷变化不剧烈、矿压显现较缓和、周期来压不明显(与分层开采相比变化不明显) ,表明采场上覆岩层运动不剧烈.(3) 老顶初次来压步距为19 m 左右, 来压期间支架插底量普遍增加, 最深达到95 cm ; 煤壁片帮严重, 最深达到0. 5m ; 护顶杆折断增多, 超前替棚矿压显现明显.(4) 顶板周期来压步距一般为6～12 m , 平均为9 m. 来压时, 支架峰值载荷与平均载荷比值一般为1. 1～1. 3 .(5) 工作面上、中、下3 处工作面支架阻力基本相同. 这主要是由于顶煤松碎, 顶板极易垮落,两巷放煤后, 上下隅角处基本不出现三角弧形悬顶. 整个采场顶板垮落均匀, 采空区充填效果较好.(6) 顶板压力放煤前较放煤后小, 放煤前平均为237. 16 kN/ 对棚, 放煤后平均为268. 52 kN/ 对棚. 这主要是因为放煤前采空区被垮落的顶板和顶煤充填较实, 在采场形成了一个由底板、支架、垮落物、顶煤组成的平衡体系, 在这一体系中,支架主要起支撑上位顶煤和下位顶板的作用. 放煤后,架后原先由垮落顶煤充填的空间被放空, 而顶板的完全垮落要滞后,原先的平衡体系被破坏, 这时的支架不仅要支撑上位顶煤, 还要支撑顶板及附加在上面的压力, 因此支架受力有一定增加.但该面顶板较软, 随采随垮, 不会形成大面积悬顶, 垮落时不会对支架造成冲击危害.5 结论 12090 炮采放顶煤工作面支架载荷偏小, 矿压显现不明显. 这一方面因为该煤层属于“三软”煤层, 支柱插底让压严重, 支架效能未能得到充分发挥; 另一方面因为该工作面顶板较厚, 随采随落,采空区充填效果较好. 有鉴于此, 应提高采面的支护刚度, 提高支柱的初撑力, 增加支架的稳定性.二、煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的电气诱因与对策目前，我国煤矿大多以向上倾角向前掘进，使得这类煤矿具有局部或全部上倾的巷道顶部，其原因是为了利用重力作用运出开采的煤。
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煤矿安全管理要素探讨李俊(山西焦煤集团有限责任公司,太原030024)摘要:通过对煤矿安全管理要素的分析强调了以人为本的安全管理思路,针对目前煤矿安全管理中存在的一些误区,结合企业实际和其它煤炭企业管理经验, 以及安全管理要素相互作用的理论,提出了以“人”为本、以“物”保“人”、以“环境”影响“人”的管理方法和工作措施。
关键词:煤矿安全管理; 要素分析;以人为本0 引言安全是煤炭企业永恒的主题。
煤矿安全生产关系职工生命安全, 关系煤炭工业健康发展, 关系社会稳定大局。
实现煤矿安全生产是落实科学发展观的必须要求, 是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。
但近些年全国发生的几起大的煤矿安全事故说明了煤矿安全生产的形势依然严峻, 安全管理中存在的问题仍十分尖锐。
因此, 有必要也必须寻求一种更科学更有效的安全管理方法来解决安全生产中的突出问题, 确保职工的生命安全和企业的健康稳定发展。
1. 煤矿安全管理概念简述煤矿安全管理就是对煤矿安全生产相关要素和过程进行计划、组织、协调和控制的一系列活动, 以保障职工在生产过程中的生命安全, 保证生产工作的顺利开展, 保护国家和集体的财产不受损失。
由于煤矿生产、管理工作中时时处处都与安全相联系,因此安全管理应该是全面的、全员的和全过程的, 是煤矿所有管理工作的核心。
2 煤矿安全管理要素分析管理要素是指管理活动和过程必不可少的组成部分。
从煤矿安全管理的活动和过程看, 煤矿安全管理的要素主要包括人、物、环境三大要素。
人是指员工的本体、意识和行为;物包括工程、设备、材料等硬件和技术、工艺、流程等软件两个方面;环境也包括硬件环境和软件环境两个方面, 硬件环境指由装备、技术等构成的生产、工作环境, 软件环境指由安全文化、宣传教育等构成的思想文化氛围。
在人、物、环境诸因素中,人是最积极的因素,人既是安全管理的主体,也是安全管理的客体, 同时也是安全管理的直接目的-人的安全。
而人的安全从狭义的角度也可以说是安全事故的承受者-决大部分生产一线员工的生命安全。
3 以人为本的安全管理思想以人为本的管理思想是现代管理理念的主旋律。
以人为本的管理是指任何管理都要以人为中心, 把提高人的素质、处理人际关系、满足人的需要、调动人的主动性、积极性、创造性的工作放在首位。
因此在煤矿企业进行安全管理的时候,必须坚持以安全管理的主、客体, 对安全管理起着主导性作用的因素-人为根本, 立足于自身的意识、素质、能力的提高, 通过对外部其它管理要素物和环境的组织和控制影响作用与人, 从而实现安全生产。
从安全管理的最直接的目的-人的安全来看, 安全管理中的“以人为本”管理思想应更多地倾向于生产一线的员工。
4. 以人为本的安全管理方法和具体工作从以人为本的管理思想和人、物、环境三要素相互作用的理论出发,研究安全管理的思路和方法, 尤其是对生产一线职工的安全管理,应该从以下三个方面进行。
4. 1以人为本从提高职工安全意识和技能素质以及建立健全有效的监督约束机制方面进行研究,使员工在自身和外界约束下保证安全行为, 进而保证人的安全。
1．职工安全意识的提高是根本.以人为本的安全管理是从职工是心理、意识、情绪、性格等方面入手,激发职工的主动管理性。
加大对职工“安全第一”安全意识的宣传和教育，通过媒体、宣传、教育等方法注重提高职工对安全重要性和必要性的认识。
加强对安全事故案例的学习,做到警钟长鸣。
针对最近发生的煤矿安全事故,及时开展全员事故反思学习,举一反三,在分析事故产生原因的同时,通过事故教训从思想上对职工进行再教育。
2．职工技能素质的提高是基础。
继续加大职工培训教育力度,加强培训基地的建设,在坚持单位自身培训的基础上,可以同煤炭院校进行合作,借鉴煤炭院校建设经验,也可借院校平台来加强对职工的正规培训力度。
3．有效的监督激励管理机制是保证。
在职工有了足够的自我安全意识和业务技能素质,能够自发地良好地履行岗位安全职责的同时,还应制定相应的激励、约束、管理机制来使职工的这种安全行为、安全意识坚持下来。
首先，加强安全生产岗位责任制的落实和考核,针对不同的工种制定安全生产岗位责任制,使每个岗位的职工都明确各自岗位的安全职责,签订安全生产责任状,按照责任轻重和所担风险,实行工效挂钩、绩效考核。
其次，借鉴潞安集团安全管理经验, 推行职工个人安全档案管理。
建立职工个人安全行为档案、职工培训教育档案、职工家庭情况档案。
通过三个档案统一管理,及时全面掌握职工的情况和思想动态,排查安全薄弱人物,对各类职工根据不同情况,采取不同措施, 确保职工的安全行为和安全思想。
最后，注重通过职工家属对职工的安全行为进行激励和约束, 以家庭幸福、亲情感化激励来提高职工搞好安全生产的自觉性和主动性。
4. 2 以物保人加大安全投入力度,推行安全生产一体化管理、安全机电一体化管理、安全技术一体化管理,狠抓安全费用工程、装备升级、技术创新等工作,以先进的系统、装备、技术等为职工的安全提供强有力的保障。
1．全力推进安全费用工程的完成。
安全费用工程项目的施工队伍要通过招投标来确定,争取让高素质、高水准、高资质的队伍来组织施工。
狠抓工程的施工组织和管理,积极协调解决施工过程中出现的各种问题,保证各项工程按进度计划安排正常施工。
与施工单位签订工程责任状, 严格过程考核和竣工验收, 确保工程的高质量、高标准投产。
2.继续加大装备升级的力度。
重点加强一通三防、防治水、瓦斯治理等安全重点方面设备的更新和升级。
全方位引进高科技、现代化的设备,逐步以科技和信息为主导, 作为装备升级的手段和目的。
3.加快技术的引进和创新步伐推行安全技术一体化管理. 利用科技化、信息化的手段对人、物、环境的安全状态进行监控和调整,不断优化设计、优化程序、优化工艺, 保持安全最佳状态。
4.3 以环境影响人积极探索“环控”的理论,从生产工作的硬件环境和思想文化的软件环境两个方面进行研究,在为职工创造良好的工作环境和安全氛围的同时对职工的安全行为进行影响和控制。
1. 狠抓质量标准化建设, 创造安全生产的硬环境。
突出以人为本,强化基础装备、基础设施、基础资料的建设,保证质量标准化工作的高标准运作和动态达标,使安全生产时刻保持在良好的运行状态。
抓好现场管理是基础，抓好班组建设是关键，有效的监督管理机制是促进，军事化管理的推行是有效手段。
2. 狠抓重大隐患的排查治理。
通过对一通三防、防治水、安全供电、小煤窑治理等重大安全隐患的排查治理,使安全生产硬环境的安全系数不断提高。
制定安全隐患排查专项治理方案, 尤其是一通三防、防治水、安全供电、瓦斯煤尘治理、小煤窑治理等重大安全隐患的排查治理必须制定专项治理方案, 明确工作目标、职责、措施并严格落实。
同时，不断增强对薄弱环节的监控力，逐步形成对薄弱地点、薄弱环节、薄弱时间的重点监控, 及时发现和消除薄弱点。
3. 狠抓安全文化建设, 创造安全生产的软环境。
通过建立形象化的安全文化, 营造良好的安全生产氛围,从思想、心理、意识的层面对职工进行潜移默化影响和管理。
5 结束语坚持以人为本的管理思想,在提高职工个人的自主安全意识和技能的前提下,加大对物的投入和环境的创造,为安全创造良好的基础和氛围的同时反作用于人,使职工在自身需求和外界激励约束下时刻保证自己的安全行为和状态。
只要每一个职工都能时刻保证安全,企业的安全发展将顺理成章。
参考文献[1] 李湖生,姜传胜, 刘铁民. 重大危机事件应急关键科学问题及其研究进展[ J]. 中国安全生产科学技术,2008, 4( 5)[2] 刘铁民. 危机型突发事件应对与挑战. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2010, 6( 1)[3] 邓云峰,郑双忠, 刘铁民. 突发灾害应急能力评估及应急特点[ J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2005, 1( 5)[4] 罗艾民,多英全, 魏利军. 隐患治理及研究[ J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2009, 5( 4)[5] 刘铁民.安全生产工作体系建设[ J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2008, 4( 5): 5 7Coalmine safety management factors is discussedLI Jun( ShanxiCokingCoalCo., Ltd., Taiyuan030024, China)Abstract:This article through to the coal mine safety management of the elements of the analysis emphasizes the people-oriented safety management ideas, and aiming at the coal mine safety management exists some pitfalls, according to enterprise reality and other coal enterprise management experience, and interaction of safety management elements theory, put forward a man , based on the thing cover man , with environment impact person management method and work method. Keywords: coalmine safety management; analysis of elements; people first0 IntroductionSafety is the eternal theme in coal enterprise. Coal mine safety production relates to worker life safety, social stability and healthy development of the coal industry. To realize the coal mine safety production is to implement the scientific concept of development necessary request, is the construction socialism harmonious society's important content.But in recent years the national happened a few up big coal mine safety accidents illustrate the coal mine safety production situation is still severe, the security problems existing in the management still very sharp.Therefore, it is necessary to seek a more scientific and efficient safety management method to solve the problems in production safety, ensure that the worker's life safety and healthy and stable development of the enterprise.1.Concept briefly of the management of coal mine safetyCoal mine safety management is to the coal mine safety production related elements and process planning, organization, coordination and control of a series of activities which guarantee a worker in production process of life safety, ensure the production work smoothly, protect national and collective property do not suffer loss.Due to the coal mine production and management work everywhere are associated with safety, so safety management should be comprehensive, all of our employees and whole process, is the core of all management work in the coal mine.2. The management of coal mine safety factor analysisManagement’s elements is refers to the indispensable part of management activities and process. Reference to the activities and processes of coal mine safety management, coal mine safety management elements include three elements: man, objects and environment.Man refers to the staff's ontology, consciousness and behavior; The things including two aspects, part of it is hardware such as engineering, equipment, materials and so on; the other part is software as technology, process, etc ; The environment also includes hardware and software environment in two aspects: the hardware environment refers to the equipment, technology of production, working environment; Software environment refers to the ideological and cultural atmosphere that is constituted by the security culture and publicity education.In these factors, man, content and environmental, man is the most active factor, the man is not only the main body of safety management, but also the object of safety management, and at the same time, the safety management of direct purpose - people's safety.While the human security from a narrow angle can also be said that the safety accident bear - most of the production line staff of life safety.3. Human-oriented safety management thoughtThe idea of human-oriented management is a modern management philosophy theme. Thepeople-oriented management refers to any management should be a center with the person. To improve the person's quality, interpersonal relationships, to meet the needs of the people, to arouse people's initiative, enthusiasm, creative work ，meanwhile, be a prime concern.Therefore, in the coal mining enterprises to carry out safety management, we must adhere to the man as the fundamental, based on their own consciousness, quality, ability, through the foreign ministry and other management,through the external other management elements, content and environmental, effect on organization and control to realize safety production. From safety management's the most direct purpose - human's safety, safety management in the "people-oriented" management idea should be more inclined to the staff of production line.4. Human-oriented safety management method and concrete workTo research safety management ideas and methods should be based on the "human-oriented" management idea and man, objects, environment, this three factor interaction theory. Especially, safety management of the workers on the production line should be carried out from the following three aspects.4.1 Human-oriented"Human-oriented" should from improve worker safety consciousness and skills as well as to establish the effective supervision and restraint mechanism be studied, so that employees ensure safe behavior in the internal and external constraints, so as to guarantee the security of the person.1. Employee security awareness is essential. The people-oriented safety management arouses the worker's active management from employee psychological consciousness, emotion, personality, and other aspects. We should intensify the worker "safety first" safety publicity and education, through the media, publicity, education and other methods to improve the safety of staff on the importance and necessity of understanding. Company draw lessons from the recent coal mine safety accidents and in time carry out reflective study, infer other things from one fact, through accident lessons add to the worker's again education.2. Improving workers' skills is the foundation of quality. The company will continue to increase staff training and education, strengthen the training base construction, adhere to the unit's own training as the basis, with the coal institutes cooperation, draw lessons from coal colleges construction experience, can also be learning platform to strengthen workers on the formal training.3. the workers have enough self safety awareness and business skills and can the ability to spontaneously good performance the post's safety responsibility at the same time, the company also should establish corresponding incentive, constraint, management mechanism to staff insist this safety behavior, safety consciousness. First of all, the company should strengthen the implementation and evaluation of safety production responsibility system, aim at different types the development of safe production responsibility system, which make each job staff to clear the respective post safety responsibility, the staff sign form of safe production responsibility, in accordance with the responsibility and the risk, performance-related salary system, performance appraisal. Secondly, from the Luan group company safety management experience, company will carry out the staff personal safety archives management, establish the staff personal safety behavior profile, training and education of workers, workers and family archives. The company through managing the three file, timely grasp the situation and thinking of dynamic employees, troubleshoot security weak characters, adopt different measures that made by all types of workers according to the different situation, so as to ensure worker safety behavior and safety thought. Finally, we will pay attention to the workers' safety behavior incentive and restraint through the family members of workers, to improve worker safety production consciousness and initiative which lean on family happiness and family influence motivation.4.2 Based on the thing cover manThat in order to provide strong safeguard for worker’s safety should increase the management of safety investment, safety production integration，security, security technology of mechanical and electrical integration, also firm catch safe cost engineering, equipment upgrade, technological innovation and so on.1. To promote completion the safety cost engineering. Safety cost project construction team through the bidding to determine, and project try to be organized by the high quality, high standard, high qualified team. The major persons-in-charge of the project should pay close attention to project construction organization and management, and actively coordinate and solve the construction problems appeared in the process, which ensure that each project according to the project schedule can be normal finished. The company should sign a responsibility certificate with construction unit, strict process evaluation and the completion inspection and acceptance, and to ensure the project’s production high quality, high standard.2. Continue to increase the strength of equipment upgrade. We will focus on strengthening the prevention and control of a three proofing, water, gas control and security key aspects and equipment update and upgrade. The means and purpose which all-round import high-tech and modern equipment, and gradually by the technology and information as the leading factor aim to upgrade equipments.3. To speed up the introduction of technology and innovative step implement safety technology integration management. We use technology, the information means to monitor and adjust people, goods, environment safety. Meanwhile, to keep maintain security in best state constantly optimize design, program, process.4.3 Environmental influence peopleActively explore "ring control" theory, from the production of hardware environment and thought culture software environment this two aspects researching, influence and control the worker's safety behavior and create a good working environment and safety atmosphere at the same time.1. Ensure the quality, standardized construct and create the safe product hardware. Which highlight the people-oriented, strengthen based equipment, infrastructure and basic material of construction and ensure the quality standardized work the high standard operation and dynamic target make the safe production keep in good condition at every time. Pays special attention to the site management is a foundation, pays special attention to the team construction is the key, the effective supervise mechanism is boost and implement militarization management is effective means.2. Vigorously promote traffic management of the great hidden trouble. Through managing a three proofing, prevention and control of water, safe power supply and major security hidden danger of small coal mines, safety coefficient of safety product will be constant improved. To make safety hidden trouble regularly special control scheme, especially a three proofing, prevent and control water, safe power supply, manage gas and dust, small coal mines and other major security hidden dangers spent should formulate special control scheme, clear objectives, responsibilities and measures, and strictly implement. At the same time, and constantly strengthen the force of weak link monitoring and gradually form key monitoring for its location, weak links, weak time, timely discover and eliminate weak point.3 .Vigorously promote the construction of safety culture, create the soft of environment safe production. Through establishing visualization safety culture, we should create a good atmosphere of safety production, subtle influence and manage the worker from the thought, psychology and consciousness.5. SummaryAdhering the people-centered management thinking which improve worker individual independent safety awareness and skill premise, increase the content’s input and the environment’s create and security create a good foundation and the atmosphere at the same time reacted in person, make the worker’s safety behavior and state under in keeping with their own needs and Outside incentive and constraint. As long aseach worker can constant ensure safe, the safety of the enterprise development will be logical.References[1] LI Hu-sheng, JIANG Chuan-sheng, LIU Tie-min. The key scientific problems and research progress of major crisis emergencies response.[ J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2008, 4(5)[2] LIU Tie-min. Crisis type emergency response and challenges. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2010, 6(1)[3] DENG Yun-feng, ZHENG Shuang-zhong, LIU Tie-min.Reviewof disaster capability assessment and emergency system[ J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology. 2005, 1(5)[4] LUO Ai-min, DUO Ying-quan, WEI Li-jun. Management and investigation of accident potential[ J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology.2009, 5(4)[5] LIU Tie-min. Work system construction for work safety [ J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2008, 4(5)注：考生属哪种类别请划“√”（博士、在校硕士、工程硕士、同等学力、研究生班，自主单招）辽宁工程技术大学研究生考试试卷考试时间：考试科目：考生姓名：段文杰评卷人：考试分数：注意事项1.考前研究生将上述项目填写清楚2.字迹要清楚，保持卷面整洁3.试题、试卷一齐交监考教师4.教师将试题、试卷、成绩单，一起送研究生部，专业课报所在院、系。