Chap_02像经济学家一样思考(39)

观察, 理论 ，更多的观察
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Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
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1,000
汽车产量
Quantity of Cars Produced
Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier
Observation, Theory and More Observation!
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科学方法
利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的 真实世界如何运行。 形成理论，收集并分析数据来验 证理论。
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Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.
被称为命令性分析。
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Positive or Normative Statements?
? 实证性还是规范性表述？
An increase in the minimum wage
The Production Possibilities Frontier
生产可能性边界
Quantity of Computers 电脑产量
Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
1,000
C
A
Production 生产
possibilities frontier
可能性边界
B
0
300
600 700
How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
当他们努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。
When they are trying to change the world, they are policy advisors.
当他们想要改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。
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Positive versus Normative Analysis
Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.
Called descriptive analysis
Normative statements are statements about how the world should be.
. . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:
Legislative Executive Judicial
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生产可能性边界
生产可能性边界—— 表示一个经济在 可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时 所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。
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Efficiency Tradeoffs Opportunity Cost Economic Growth
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生产ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ能性边界阐明的概念
效率 权衡取舍 机会成本 经济增长
提高最低工资水平得到的利益比由此 带来的稍微的就业减少造成的损失大
?
? Positive 规范性
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Economists in Washington . . .
will cause a decrease in employment
among the least-skilled.
提高最低工资水平会导致最低技能
工人的就业减少。
?
Positive 实证性
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Spending
Goods & Services bought
Firms
Households
Inputs for production
Market for
Factors
Wages, rent, of Production
and profit
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Labor, land, and capital
Income
经济循环图
收入
销售商品 和服务
物品与劳务 市场
支出
购买商品 和服务
企业
家庭
生产投入
生产要素
工资、租金
市场
和利润
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The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy. 循环流向图——一个直观地说明一个 经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易 行为的简单方式。
Called prescriptive analysis
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实证分析与规范分析
实证表述 是企图描述世界是什么的 观点。
被称为描述性分析。
规范表述 是企图描述世界应该如何 运行的观点。
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The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue
Goods & Services sold
Market for Goods
and Services
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The Production Possibilities Frontier
The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.
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微观经济学与宏观经济学
微观经济学 的研究对象是经济中的个体
家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在 特定市场上相互交易。
宏观经济学 研究经济总体现象。
从总体上看，各种市场在国家水平上如何相 互影响。
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The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Two of the most basic economic models include:
The Circular Flow Model The Production Possibilities Frontier
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经济模型
经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我 们更好地理解这个世界。
两个最基本的经济学模型是：
循环流向图 生产可能性边界
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The Circular-Flow Model 经济循环流向图
Positive or Normative Statements?
? ? 实证性还是规范性表述？ The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.
劳动、土地 和资本
收入
The Circular-Flow Diagram 经济循环图
Factors of Production 生产要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生产物品与劳务的投入 Land, labor, and capital 土地、劳动和资本
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Two Roles of Economists 经济学家的两个角色
When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists.
Thinking Like an Economist
像经济学家一样思考
Chapter 2
The Economist as a Scientist 作为科学家的经济学家
The economic way of thinking . . . 经济学思考方法…
Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客观地分析与思考。 Makes use of the scientific method. 利用科学的方法。