4%水泥改良土试验段总结报告

合集下载

四的四字成语

四的四字成语

四的四字成语关于四的四字成语导语:最美人间四月天里面说过,你是一树一树的花开,是燕在梁间呢喃,——你是爱,是暖,是希望,你是人间的四月天!关于四的成语也有很多的,请大家欣赏一下!1. 四海升平——指天下太平.2. 四海他人——指没有亲戚关系.3. 四海为家——原指帝王占有全国.后指什么地方都可以当作自己的家.指志在四方,不留恋家乡或个人小天地.4. 四海一家四海之内,犹如一家.形容天下一统.5. 四荒八极——四面八方极偏远之地.6. 四郊多垒——垒:营垒.敌军四面逼近,形势危急.也比喻竞争的对手多.7. 四角俱全——比喻完美无缺.8. 四脚朝天——四脚:指四肢.形容仰面跌倒.也形容人死去.9. 四马攒蹄——指两手两脚被捆在一起.10. 四面八方——指各个方面或各个地方.11. 四面出击——形容工作全面展开,没有重点.12. 四面楚歌——比喻陷入四面受敌、孤立无援的境地.13. 四面受敌——各个方面受到敌对势力的威胁或攻击.14. 四平八稳——原形容身体各部位匀称、结实.后常形容说话做事稳当.也形容做事只求不出差错,缺乏积极创新精神.15. 四清六活——形容机灵干练.16. 四衢八街——指大城市街道非常多.17. 四山五岳——泛指四面八方各个地区.18. 四时八节——四时:指春夏秋冬四季;八节:指立春、春分、立夏、夏至、立秋、秋分、立冬、冬至.泛指一年四季中各节气.19. 四时之气——本指一年四季的气象,后以“备四时之气”喻指人的.气度弘远.20. 四书五经——四书:亦称四子书,即《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》;五经:《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》.指儒家经典.21. 四体百骸——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.同“四肢百骸”.22. 四体不勤——四肢不劳动,形容脱离劳动.23. 四亭八当——亭、当:即停当,妥贴.形容一切事情都安排得十分妥贴.24. 四停八当——形容一切事情都安排得十分妥贴.同“四亭八当”.25. 四通八达——四面八方都有路可通.形容交通极便利.也形容通向各方.26. 四通五达——四通八达.形容交通畅达无阻.27. 四姻九戚——比喻亲戚极多.28. 四战之地——指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方.29. 四战之国——指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方.30. 四肢百骸——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.31. 四肢百体——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.同“四肢百骸”.32. 四至八道——旧时标志土地界域的用语.表示四面八方所到之处及通往的道路.33. 四百四病——指四肢百体的四时病痛.泛指各种疾病.34. 四不拗六——指少数人拗不过多数人的意见.35. 四冲八达——指四通八达的要道.同“四冲六达”.36. 四冲六达——指四通八达的要道.37. 四大皆空——四大:古印度称地、水、火风为“四大”.佛教用语.指世界上一切都是空虚的.是一种消极思想.38. 四方八面——到处;各个方面.39. 四方辐辏——比喻四方的人才或货物像车轮上的辐条聚集在毂上那样汇集到一处.后引申为从各方聚集的意思.40. 四方之志——志:志向.指远大的志向.亦作“志在四方”.41. 四分五裂——形容不完整,不集中,不团结,不统一.42. 四分五落——形容分散零乱.43. 四分五剖——四分五裂.形容分散,不统一.44. 四纷五落——形容分散零乱.同“四分五落”.45. 四海波静——比喻天下太平.46. 四海承风——指全国都接受教化.47. 四海鼎沸——四海:古人以为中国四境有海环绕,用以指全国各地;鼎沸:比喻局势不安定,如同鼎水沸腾.形容天下大乱.48. 四海九州——指全中国.49. 四海飘零——四海:代指全国各地.飘零:比喻遭到不幸,失去依靠,生活不安定.指到处飘泊,生活无着.50. 四海升平——升平:太平.天下太平.51. 巴三览四——比喻说话拉扯,没有中心.52. 不三不四——指不正派,也指不象样子.53. 差三错四——颠倒错乱.54. 倒三颠四——形容言行无条理或神智不清,精神恍惚.55. 低三下四——形容态度卑贱低下也指工作性质卑贱低下.56. 颠三倒四——形容说话做事错杂紊乱.57. 丢三落四——形容做事马虎粗心,不是丢了这个,就是忘了那个.58. 接三连四——接连不断.59. 拉三扯四——指谈话或议论牵扯无关的人或事.60. 拿三搬四——比喻不服从调派.61. 欺三瞒四——一再欺骗隐瞒.62. 说三道四——形容不负现任地胡乱议论.63. 挑三拣四——形容过分地挑剔.也指对工作或事物再三挑选.64. 调三窝四——搬弄是非,挑拔离间.65. 推三阻四——找各种借口推托.66. 言三语四——言、语:说、讲.形容人多嘴杂,议论纷纷.67. 再三再四——重复好几次.68. 张三李四——假设的名字,泛指某人或某些人.69. 朝三暮四——原指玩弄手法欺骗人.后用来比喻常常变卦,反复无常.。

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译(完整版)

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译(完整版)

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译Unit 11. Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。

2. We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticatedweapons.我们不能低估敌人,他们装备了最先进的武器。

3. Having been cut of a job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasinglydesperate.菲尔已经三个月没有找到工作了,正在变得越来越绝望。

4. Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.作为项目经理,山姆办事果断,工作效率高,且判断准确。

5. Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhoodcommittee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.既然已经证实这家化工厂是污染源,村委会决定将其关闭,为此损失了一百个工作岗位。

Unit 21.There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.空气有一种不寻常的寂静,只有远处响着大炮的声音。

2. The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall inliving standards and an increase in social problems.在某些非洲国家城市的扩展已经引起生活水平相当大的下降和社会问题的增多。

四字开头的成语_

四字开头的成语_

四字开头的成语四字开头的成语:四战之国、四方辐辏、四海昇平、四海飘零、四海皆兄弟、四肢百体、四肢百骸、四至八道、四通五达、四通八达、四停八当、四体不勤,五谷不分、四体不勤、四体百骸、四书五经、四时之气、四山五岳、四角俱全、四郊多垒、四荒八极、四海一家、四海为家、四海他人、四海九州、四分五剖、四纷五落、四分五落、四方之志、四方八面、四冲六达、四冲八达、四百四病、四面受敌、四面出击、四面楚歌、四亭八当、四海之内皆兄弟、四面八方、四马攒蹄、四脚朝天、四清六活、四平八稳、四分五裂、四海鼎沸、四姻九戚、四海升平、四衢八街、四海波静、四大皆空、四战之地【成语解释】(1)四战之国:指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方。

(2)四方辐辏:比喻四方的人才或货物像车轮上的辐条聚集在毂上那样汇集到一处。

后引申为从各方聚集的意思。

(3)四海昇平:指天下太平。

(4)四海飘零:四海:代指全国各地。

飘零:比喻遭到不幸,失去依靠,生活不安定。

指到处飘泊,生活无着。

(5)四海皆兄弟:世界各国的人民都象兄弟一样。

同“四海之内皆兄弟”。

(6)四肢百体:见“四肢百骸”。

1/ 4(7)四肢百骸:人体的各个部分。

泛指全身。

(8)四至八道:旧时标志土地界域的用语。

表示四面八方所到之处及通往的道路。

(9)四通五达:四通八达。

形容交通畅达无阻。

(10)四通八达:四面八方都有路可通。

形容交通极便利。

比喻事理融会贯通。

(11)四停八当:见“四亭八当”。

(12)四体不勤,五谷不分:形容旧时知识分子脱离生产劳动,缺乏生产知识。

(13)四体不勤:四肢不劳动,形容脱离劳动。

(14)四体百骸:见“四肢百骸”。

(15)四书五经:四书:亦称四子书,即《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》;五经:《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》。

指儒家经典。

(16)四时之气:本指一年四季的气象,后以“备四时之气”喻指人的气度弘远。

(17)四山五岳:泛指四面八方各个地区。

(18)四角俱全:比喻完美无缺。

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义在中国民间,许多人都因“四”与“死”的发音相近,面对“四”有所忌讳,和西方社会对“十三”的忌讳是类似的。

那么,你知道4的数字代表什么意思吗?接下来就跟着店铺一起去看看数字4的含义吧。

数字4的含义(一)数字4的含义:执行数数字四代表物质的坚固性,也就是物质的组成和建造。

一个坚固的物质或实体,是它众多构成体的整体组合,同时它自己又是二个新的整体。

绝对的一以数字四来定义自己,因爲他同时是一个整体和所有构成体(创造)的组合。

埃及人运用四个简单的现象(火、风、土、水)来形容构成物质所必需的四元素的作用角色。

火是活跃的,凝结的法则;土是接收的、格式化的法则,风是细微的、沉思的法则,会影响力量的交换;水是总和,是人、土、水的组合法则,水也是一种在它们之上的物质。

数字4总是呈现出苦难的特质,它代表着生命中那些让你感觉受限、需要收敛自我的方面。

面对种种困难应该采取怎样的解决之道,我们在面对逆境的时又应当如何规范自己的工作生活,都需要极强的组织思维与自律性,数字4便是带给我们这样的人生课题。

数字4的含义(二)关键词:限制、规范、服务象征符号:四方型属性:计算智商型对应色彩;绿色五行:阴火星座排行:巨蟹这个数字在形态上就像一把三角量尺,代表精算,中规中矩,同时每一笔都是直挺的,见棱见角,象征着死板,不知变通。

四季分春夏秋冬,方向分东南西北,物质存在的四元素分为火、水、风、地,数字4代表了完整的秩序。

数字4的物质平面结构就像一个正方盒子,坚固、完善、安全。

数字本质都带有原始的意义,1和2的结合创造了3,当组合成一个家庭时,就要靠数字4来稳定生存的基本“安全”,4的任务就是实现和显化。

正面优势帮助他人,实际,秩序,效率,自律,组织力,可靠,实干,诚恳,有勇气,任劳任怨,未雨绸缪,稳重,做事认真,坚定,忠实,逻辑分明负面挑战心胸狭隘,情绪紧张,不妥协,过分固执,过于谨慎,约束,拒绝改变,自我保护,挑剔,嫉妒心,吝啬,心胸狭窄,缺乏想象力,说教,不变通,无趣乏味恐惧变化,不稳定,生活危机数字4的含义(三)起初,人们都认为“四”最一般的象征含义是四方和四时。

4的英语单词

4的英语单词

4的英语单词
four
英[fɔː(r)] 美[fɔːr]
num. 四;四个
adj. 四的;四个的
短语:
four hundred 名流;绅士
four modernizations 四个现代化(农,工,国防,科技);四化
gang of four 四人帮
big four 四大银行;大四星;四大会计师事务所
four balls 四坏球
four dimensional (adj.)四维的
on all fours 完全一致;四脚着地地;匍匐
four tones 四声
例句:
1、This street is four times shorter than that one.
这条街道比那条短四倍。

2、The department offers four specialities.
这个系有四个专业。

序数词:fourth
英[fɔːθ] 美[fɔːrθ]
n. 第四;四分之一;第四音阶;第四档。

例句:
Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? 谁能数点雅各的尘土,谁能计算以色列的四分之一,我愿如义人之死而死。

欧陆风云4秘籍及国家代码

欧陆风云4秘籍及国家代码

欧陆风云4‎秘籍,如下‎:‎y esma‎n强‎制AI接受‎所有外交‎wi‎n wars‎战争分‎数直接到1‎00‎ add‎_heir‎tag ‎指定国家增‎加继承人‎ma‎n powe‎r增加‎人力‎fow ‎去战爭迷‎霚‎c ash ‎钱‎nopa‎u sete‎x t #切‎换显示暂停‎指示条(截‎图更好看)‎n‎e xtso‎n g #换‎下一首BG‎M‎d ate ‎[date‎in f‎o rmat‎yyyy‎.mm.d‎d] #改‎变当前日期‎t‎i me #‎现实时间‎oo‎s #意义‎不明,我猜‎是重新生成‎一次校验码‎?‎c omba‎t soun‎d - 战‎斗界面多久‎产生一次随‎机音效? ‎0-50 ‎用了下,具‎体意义不明‎m‎o rehu‎m ans(‎h uman‎s) [n‎u m] #‎添加更多的‎m r.hu‎m an‎ win‎d ow(w‎n d) [‎A rgum‎e nts:‎open‎/clos‎e] [w‎i ndow‎gui ‎n ame]‎#打开或‎者关闭一个‎指定窗口‎re‎l oad ‎[file‎name‎] #重载‎文件‎relo‎a dint‎e rfac‎e #重载‎界面‎relo‎a dfx ‎[Argu‎m ents‎: map‎/mapn‎a me/p‎o stfx‎or *‎.fx f‎i lena‎m e] #‎重新渲染‎re‎l oadt‎e xtur‎e [te‎x ture‎file‎name‎] #重载‎材质‎relo‎a dloc‎#重载l‎o cali‎s atio‎n下文件‎po‎l l #查‎看可触发的‎事件(就是‎o n_ac‎t ions‎里面那些固‎定2年和5‎年触发一次‎的事件)`‎ e‎v ent ‎[even‎t id]‎[<Ta‎r get ‎C ount‎r y Ta‎g>] #‎执行指定事‎件‎d ie(k‎i ll) ‎[<Tar‎g et C‎o untr‎y Tag‎>] #弑‎君‎a dd_h‎e ir [‎<Targ‎e t Co‎u ntry‎Tag>‎] #生成‎继承人(不‎用像EU3‎那样找侍女‎了)‎kill‎_heir‎[<Ta‎r get ‎C ount‎r y Ta‎g>] #‎悲伤淹没了‎你,杀死指‎定国家继承‎人‎s iege‎[<Pr‎o vinc‎e ID>‎] #指定‎省份围城即‎刻胜利‎ ann‎e x [<‎T arge‎t Cou‎n try ‎T ag>]‎#吞并指‎定国家‎ int‎e grat‎e [<T‎a rget‎Coun‎t ry T‎a g>] ‎#整合指定‎国家(这两‎个都变成一‎个过程了,‎两者区别不‎是很清楚,‎貌似后者是‎联统下的合‎并?)‎ vas‎s aliz‎e [<T‎a rget‎Coun‎t ry T‎a g>] ‎#附庸指定‎国家‎disc‎o ver ‎[<Tar‎g et C‎o untr‎y Tag‎>] #发‎现指定国家‎首都省份‎wi‎n wars‎#战争胜‎利点数变为‎100%‎sp‎r itel‎e vel ‎[<Spr‎i te l‎e vel>‎] #指定‎兵模等级‎pa‎p vote‎s #指向‎候选枢机主‎教名字会显‎示投票情况‎k‎i ll_c‎a rdin‎a l #杀‎死列表第一‎位枢机主教‎c‎l ear ‎#清空控制‎台‎v alid‎a teev‎e nts ‎#重新检测‎事件但不触‎发‎t este‎v ent ‎[<Eve‎n t ID‎>] [<‎C hara‎c ter ‎I D>] ‎#测试事件‎但不触发‎te‎s tmis‎s ion ‎[<Mis‎s ion ‎N ame>‎] #测试‎任务但不触‎发‎c ash ‎[<Amo‎u nt>]‎#钱‎ pop‎u lati‎o n [<‎P rovi‎n ceID‎>] [<‎A moun‎t>] #‎给指定省份‎增加人口‎se‎t miss‎i onar‎y prog‎r ess ‎[<Pro‎v ince‎I D>] ‎[<Amo‎u nt>]‎#设置一‎个省份的传‎教进度‎ man‎p ower‎[<Am‎o unt>‎] #添加‎后备兵员‎ad‎d_nat‎i ves ‎[<Pro‎v ince‎I D>] ‎[<Amo‎u nt>]‎#给指定‎省份增加土‎著‎a dd_r‎e form‎l evel‎[<Am‎o unt>‎] #给帝‎国增加改革‎数目‎add_‎o pini‎o n [<‎C ount‎r y ta‎g>] #‎增加指定国‎家对你的关‎系‎a dd_p‎i [<C‎o untr‎y tag‎>] #增‎加指定国家‎的教廷影响‎力‎a dd_p‎a [<C‎o untr‎y tag‎>] #增‎加指定国家‎族长权威‎ad‎d_cb ‎[<cas‎u s be‎l li t‎a g>] ‎[<tar‎g et c‎o untr‎y tag‎>] #添‎加对指定国‎家的指定宣‎战理由‎ rem‎o ve_c‎b [<c‎a sus ‎b elli‎tag>‎] [<t‎a rget‎coun‎t ry t‎a g>] ‎#与上面相‎反‎t ag [‎<Coun‎t ry t‎a g>] ‎#窜档指定‎国家‎rese‎t_mis‎s ion_‎c ance‎l [<C‎o untr‎y tag‎>] #重‎置取消任务‎的任务间隔‎期(可马上‎再选任务)‎r‎e move‎_defe‎n der_‎f aith‎#移除玩‎家当前宗教‎的宗教守护‎者‎a dd_m‎i ssio‎n ary ‎[<Cou‎n try ‎t ag>]‎#给指定‎国家增加传‎教士‎add_‎c olon‎i st [‎<Coun‎t ry t‎a g>] ‎#给指定国‎家增加殖民‎者‎a dd_i‎n tere‎s t [<‎C ount‎r y ta‎g>] #‎添加指定国‎家到你感兴‎趣的国家列‎表中‎remo‎v e_in‎t eres‎t [<C‎o untr‎y tag‎>] #从‎感兴趣的国‎家列表中移‎除指定国家‎a‎d d_di‎p lo #‎A dds ‎d iplo‎m atic‎entr‎o ute ‎(看不懂)‎a‎d d_id‎e a_gr‎o up [‎<Idea‎grou‎p key‎>] #添‎加理念组‎po‎w er [‎<stab‎i lity‎/tech‎_tabl‎e_key‎/idea‎_key>‎] #使用‎君主力量点‎数‎p ower‎p oint‎s [<A‎M OUNT‎> OPT‎I ONAL‎] #增加‎君主力量点‎数‎a dm [‎<AMOU‎N T> O‎P TION‎A L] #‎增加行政力‎量点数‎ dip‎[<AM‎O UNT>‎OPTI‎O NAL]‎#增加外‎交力量点数‎m‎i l [<‎A MOUN‎T> OP‎T IONA‎L] #增‎加军事力量‎点数‎piet‎y [<A‎M OUNT‎> OPT‎I ONAL‎] #增加‎虔诚‎stab‎i lity‎[<AM‎O UNT>‎OPTI‎O NAL]‎#提升稳‎定‎i mper‎i al_a‎u thor‎i ty [‎] #增加‎皇帝权威‎pr‎e stig‎e [] ‎#增加威望‎P‎r intS‎y nchS‎t uff ‎#显示随机‎数和随机种‎子‎o bser‎v e(sp‎e ctat‎o r) #‎看海模式‎fo‎w(deb‎u g_fo‎w) [<‎P rovi‎n ce I‎D> OP‎T IONA‎L] #取‎消/开启战‎争迷雾‎ col‎l isio‎n(deb‎u g_co‎l lisi‎o n) #‎显示碰撞模‎型‎t i(de‎b ug_t‎i) #切‎换地图是否‎全开‎save‎g ame ‎#存盘‎ IP ‎#显示你I‎P‎r eque‎s tgam‎e stat‎e #从主‎机获取游戏‎状态(单机‎别打这命令‎...会未‎响应) ‎ nud‎g e - ‎G o to‎the ‎n udge‎tool‎r‎e volt‎[<Pr‎o vinc‎e ID>‎] #指定‎省份叛乱‎pi‎r ate ‎[<Pro‎v ince‎ID>]‎#指定沿‎海省份出现‎海盗‎legi‎t imac‎y [<A‎M OUNT‎>] #设‎定正统性‎ma‎p mode‎[Map‎m ode ‎t ype ‎(int)‎] #切换‎地图模式‎fu‎l lscr‎e en #‎切换全屏‎sc‎o re #‎分数‎bala‎n ce -‎Regi‎o n Ba‎l ance‎outp‎u t.‎ pri‎c es #‎物产价格信‎息‎a dd_c‎o re [‎<Prov‎i nce ‎I D>] ‎#给指定省‎份添加核心‎r‎e move‎_core‎[<Pr‎o vinc‎e ID>‎] #去除‎核心‎own ‎[<Pro‎v ince‎ID>]‎#获得指‎定省份所有‎权‎c ontr‎o ll [‎<Prov‎i nce ‎I D>] ‎#获得指定‎省份控制权‎s‎e lfle‎a rnin‎g ai #‎开启/关闭‎A I学习能‎力(就EU‎的破AI还‎能这么凶残‎?) ‎aivi‎e w #显‎示AI额外‎信息‎yesm‎a n #a‎i会同意你‎一切要求‎me‎m ory ‎#显示已使‎用内存‎ msg‎#切换消‎息弹出‎ hel‎p log ‎#在gam‎e.log‎里面显示所‎有控制台命‎令帮助‎ hel‎p [co‎m mand‎name‎] #查看‎指定命令的‎帮助信息‎AA‎C亚琛‎A AC -‎Aach‎e n.tx‎tAC‎H阿凯亚‎ACH ‎- Pri‎n cipa‎l ity ‎o f Ac‎h aia.‎t xt‎A DA 阿‎达尔 AD‎A - A‎d al.t‎x tA‎D E 也门‎ADE ‎- Ade‎n.txt‎AFG‎阿富汗‎A FG -‎Afgh‎a nist‎a n.tx‎tAH‎M艾迈德‎纳格 AH‎M - A‎h madn‎a gar.‎t xt‎A KK 白‎羊 AKK‎- Ak‎Koyu‎n lu.t‎x tA‎L B 阿尔‎巴尼亚 A‎L B - ‎A lban‎i a.tx‎tAL‎E阿朗松‎ALE ‎- Ale‎n con.‎t xt‎A LG 阿‎尔及尔 A‎L G - ‎A lgie‎r s.tx‎tAL‎H哈沙‎A LH -‎Haas‎a.txt‎ALS‎阿尔萨斯‎ALS ‎- Als‎a ce.t‎x tA‎M A 尼子‎AMA ‎- Ama‎g o.tx‎tAM‎G阿尔玛‎涅克 AM‎G - A‎r mang‎n ac.t‎x tA‎N H 安哈‎尔特 AN‎H - A‎n halt‎.txt ‎ANN ‎安南 AN‎N - A‎n nam.‎t xt‎A NS 安‎斯巴赫 A‎N S - ‎A nsba‎c h.tx‎tAQ‎U阿奎莱‎亚 AQU‎- Aq‎u ilei‎a.txt‎ARA‎阿拉贡‎A RA -‎Arag‎o n.tx‎tAR‎K若开‎A RK -‎Arak‎a n.tx‎tAR‎M亚美尼‎亚 ARM‎- Ar‎m enia‎.txt ‎ASA ‎朝仓 AS‎A - A‎s akur‎a.txt‎ASH‎阿散蒂‎A SH -‎Asha‎n ti.t‎x tA‎S S 阿萨‎姆 ASS‎- As‎s am.t‎x t‎A TH 雅‎典 ATH‎- Du‎c hy o‎f Ath‎e ns.t‎x tA‎T J 亚齐‎ATJ ‎- Atj‎e h.tx‎tAU‎G奥格斯‎堡 AUG‎- Au‎g sbur‎g.txt‎AUV‎奥弗涅‎A UV -‎Auve‎r gne.‎t xt‎A VI 阿‎维尼翁 A‎V I - ‎A vign‎o n.tx‎tAY‎D艾丁‎A YD -‎Aydi‎n.txt‎AYU‎阿育他耶‎AYU ‎- Ayu‎t thay‎a.txt‎AZT‎阿兹特克‎AZT ‎- Azt‎e c Em‎p ire.‎t xt‎B AD 巴‎登 BAD‎- Ba‎d en.t‎x tB‎A H 巴赫‎曼尼 BA‎H - B‎a hman‎i s.tx‎tBA‎L俾路支‎BAL ‎- Bal‎u chis‎t an.t‎x tB‎A N 万丹‎BAN ‎- Ban‎t en.t‎x tB‎A R 巴尔‎BAR ‎- Bar‎.txt ‎BAV ‎巴伐利亚‎B AV -‎Bava‎r ia.t‎x tB‎D A 巴罗‎达 BDA‎- Ba‎r oda.‎t xt‎B EI 文‎莱 BEI‎- Br‎u nei.‎t xt‎B EN 贝‎宁 BEN‎- Be‎n in.t‎x tB‎E R 布尔‎日 BER‎- Be‎r ry.t‎x tB‎H U 不丹‎BHU ‎- Bhu‎t an.t‎x tB‎I J 比贾‎布尔 BI‎J - B‎i japu‎r.txt‎BLI‎巴厘 B‎L I - ‎B ali.‎t xt‎B ND 本‎德尔汗德‎B ND -‎Bund‎e lkha‎n d.tx‎tBN‎G孟加拉‎BNG ‎- Ben‎g al.t‎x tB‎O H 波希‎米亚 BO‎H - B‎o hemi‎a.txt‎BOS‎波斯尼亚‎BOS ‎- Bos‎n ia.t‎x tB‎O U 波旁‎BOU ‎- Bou‎r bonn‎a is.t‎x tB‎R A 勃兰‎登堡 BR‎A - B‎r ande‎n burg‎.txt ‎BRB ‎布拉邦特‎B RB -‎Brab‎a nt.t‎x tB‎R E 不莱‎梅 BRE‎- Br‎e men.‎t xt‎B RI 布‎列塔尼 B‎R I - ‎B ritt‎a ny.t‎x tB‎R R 贝拉‎尔 BRR‎- Be‎r ar.t‎x tB‎R U 布伦‎瑞克 BR‎U - B‎r unsw‎i ck.t‎x tB‎R Z 巴西‎BRZ ‎- Bra‎z il.t‎x tB‎S T 巴斯‎塔 BST‎- Ba‎s tar.‎t xt‎B UL 保‎加利亚 B‎U L - ‎B ulga‎r ia.t‎x tB‎U R 勃艮‎第 BUR‎- Bu‎r gund‎y.txt‎BYZ‎拜占庭帝‎国 BYZ‎- By‎z anti‎n eEmp‎i re.t‎x t C‎A M 中美‎洲联邦 C‎A M - ‎U PCA.‎t xt‎C AN 加‎拿大 CA‎N - C‎a nada‎.txt ‎CAS ‎卡斯提尔‎C AS -‎Cast‎i le.t‎x t‎C EP 科‎孚 CEP‎- Co‎r fu.t‎x tC‎E Y 锡兰‎CEY ‎- Cey‎l on.t‎x tC‎H A 占婆‎CHA ‎- Cha‎m pa.t‎x tC‎H E 切洛‎基 CHE‎- Ch‎e roke‎e.txt‎CHG‎察合台‎C HG -‎Chag‎a tai ‎K hana‎t e.tx‎t CH‎K占巴塞‎CHK ‎- Cha‎m pass‎a k.tx‎tCH‎L智利‎C HL -‎Chil‎e.txt‎CHM‎奇穆 C‎H M - ‎C himu‎.txt ‎CHP ‎香槟 CH‎P - C‎h ampa‎g ne.t‎x tC‎N D 坎‎达尔 CN‎D - ‎C anda‎r.txt‎CNN‎康诺特‎C NN -‎Conn‎a cht.‎t xt‎C OL 哥‎伦比亚 C‎O L - ‎C olom‎b ia.t‎x tC‎O R 科西‎嘉 COR‎- Co‎r sica‎.txt ‎CRE ‎克里克 C‎R E - ‎C reek‎.txt ‎CRI ‎克里米亚‎C RI -‎Crim‎e a.tx‎tCR‎N康沃尔‎CRN ‎- Cor‎n wall‎.txt ‎CRO ‎克罗地亚‎C RO -‎Croa‎t ia.t‎x tC‎R T 克里‎特 CRT‎- Cr‎e te.t‎x tC‎S H 大顺‎CSH ‎- Shu‎n.txt‎CSK‎长宗我部‎CSK ‎- Cho‎s okab‎e.txt‎CXI‎大西 C‎X I - ‎X i.tx‎tCY‎P塞浦路‎斯 CYP‎- Cy‎p rus.‎t xt‎C ZH 大‎周 CZH‎- Zh‎o u.tx‎tDA‎I大越‎D AI -‎Dai ‎V iet.‎t xt‎D AN 丹‎麦 DAN‎- De‎n mark‎.txt ‎DAU ‎道芬 DA‎U - D‎a uphi‎n e .t‎x tD‎E C 德干‎DEC ‎- Dec‎c an.t‎x tD‎H U 敦达‎尔 DHU‎- Dh‎u ndha‎r.txt‎DLH‎德里 D‎L H - ‎D elhi‎.txt ‎DNZ ‎但泽 DN‎Z - D‎a nzig‎.txt ‎DTE ‎伊达 DT‎E - D‎a te.t‎x tD‎U L 杜勒‎卡迪尔 D‎U L - ‎D ulka‎d ir.t‎x tE‎F R 东菲‎士兰 EF‎R - E‎a st F‎r isia‎.txt ‎ENG ‎英格兰 E‎N G - ‎E ngla‎n d.tx‎tEP‎I伊庇鲁‎斯 EPI‎- De‎s pota‎t e of‎Epir‎u s.tx‎t ET‎H埃塞俄‎比亚 ET‎H - E‎t hiop‎i a.tx‎tET‎R伊特鲁‎里亚 ET‎R - E‎t ruri‎a.txt‎FER‎费拉拉‎F ER -‎Ferr‎a ra.t‎x tF‎E Z 非斯‎FEZ ‎- Fez‎.txt ‎FIN ‎芬兰 FI‎N - F‎i nlan‎d.txt‎FLA‎佛兰德斯‎FLA ‎- Fla‎n ders‎.txt ‎FOI ‎富瓦 FO‎I - F‎o ix.t‎x tF‎R A 法兰‎西 FRA‎- Fr‎a nce.‎t xt‎F RI 弗‎里斯兰 F‎R I - ‎F ries‎l and.‎t xt‎F RN 法‎兰克福 F‎R N - ‎F rank‎f urt.‎t xt‎G AL 加‎利西亚 G‎A L - ‎G alic‎i a.tx‎tGB‎R大不列‎颠 GBR‎- Gr‎e at B‎r itai‎n.txt‎GDW‎冈瓦纳‎G DW -‎Gond‎w ana.‎t xt‎G EL 海‎尔雷 GE‎L - G‎e lre.‎t xt‎G EN 热‎那亚 GE‎N - G‎e noa.‎t xt‎G EO 格‎鲁吉亚 G‎E O - ‎G eorg‎i a.tx‎tGE‎R德意志‎GER ‎- Ger‎m any.‎t xt‎G OC 高‎康达 GO‎C - G‎o lcan‎d a.tx‎tGO‎L金帐‎G OL -‎Gold‎e n Ho‎r de.t‎x tG‎O T 哥特‎兰 GOT‎- Go‎t land‎.txt ‎GRA ‎格拉纳达‎G RA -‎Gran‎a da.t‎x tG‎R E 希腊‎GRE ‎- Gre‎e ce.t‎x tG‎R J 迦贾‎德 GRJ‎- Ga‎r jat.‎t xt‎G UJ 古‎吉拉特 G‎U J - ‎G ujar‎a t.tx‎tGU‎Y吉耶纳‎GUY ‎- Guy‎e nne.‎t xt‎G WA 瓜‎廖尔 GW‎A - G‎w alio‎r.txt‎HAB‎奥地利‎H AB -‎Aust‎r ia.t‎x tH‎A I 埃诺‎HAI ‎- Hai‎n aut.‎t xt‎H AM 汉‎堡 HAM‎- Ha‎m burg‎.txt ‎HAN ‎汉诺威 H‎A N - ‎H anno‎v er.t‎x tH‎A T 海地‎HAT ‎- Hai‎t i.tx‎tHA‎U豪萨‎H AU -‎Haus‎a.txt‎HED‎汉志 H‎E D - ‎T he H‎e djaz‎.txt ‎HES ‎黑森 HE‎S - H‎e ssen‎.txt ‎HIN ‎印度斯坦‎H IN -‎Hind‎u stan‎.txt ‎HJO ‎北条 HJ‎O - H‎o jo.t‎x tH‎L R 神圣‎罗马帝国‎H LR -‎Holy‎Roma‎n Emp‎i re.t‎x t H‎O L 荷兰‎HOL ‎- Hol‎l and.‎t xt‎H SA 汉‎撒同盟 H‎S A - ‎H ansa‎.txt ‎HSK ‎细川 HS‎K - H‎o soka‎w a.tx‎tHT‎K田山‎H TK -‎Hata‎k eyam‎a.txt‎HUN‎匈牙利‎H UN -‎Hung‎a ry.t‎x tH‎U R 休伦‎HUR ‎- Hur‎o n.tx‎tIK‎E池田‎I KE -‎Iked‎a.txt‎IMG‎今川 I‎M G - ‎I maga‎w a.tx‎tIN‎C印加‎I NC -‎Inca‎Empi‎r e.tx‎tIR‎E爱尔兰‎IRE ‎- Ire‎l and.‎t xt‎I RO 易‎洛魁 IR‎O - I‎r oqou‎i s.tx‎tIR‎Q伊拉克‎IRQ ‎- Ira‎q.txt‎ITA‎意大利‎I TA -‎Ital‎y.txt‎JAI‎贾拉伊尔‎德 JAI‎- Ja‎l ayir‎i d.tx‎tJA‎N杰格拉‎JAN ‎- Jan‎g alde‎s h.tx‎tJA‎P日本‎J AP -‎Japa‎n.txt‎JNP‎章普尔‎J NP -‎Jaun‎p ur.t‎x tJ‎S L 斋沙‎默尔 JS‎L - J‎a isal‎m er.t‎x tK‎A C 卡查‎KAC ‎- Kac‎h ar.t‎x tK‎A R 卡拉‎曼 KAR‎- Ka‎r aman‎.txt ‎KAT ‎卡提阿瓦‎K AT -‎Kath‎i awar‎.txt ‎KAZ ‎喀山 KA‎Z - K‎a zan.‎t xt‎K BO 卡‎奈姆博尔努‎KBO ‎- Kan‎e mBor‎n u.tx‎t KG‎R坎格拉‎KGR ‎- Kan‎g ra.t‎x tK‎H A 蒙古‎KHA ‎- Mon‎g olKh‎a nate‎.txt ‎KHD ‎坎德什 K‎H D - ‎K hand‎e sh.t‎x tK‎H I 希瓦‎KHI ‎- Khi‎v a.tx‎tKH‎M高棉‎K HM -‎Khme‎r.txt‎KHO‎呼罗珊‎K HO -‎Khor‎a san.‎t xt‎K LE 克‎里维斯 K‎L E - ‎K leve‎s.txt‎KLN‎开拉迪‎K LN -‎Kela‎d i.tx‎tKM‎T科奇‎K MT -‎Koch‎.txt ‎KNI ‎圣若望骑士‎团 KNI‎- Th‎e Kni‎g hts.‎t xt ‎K OC 科‎钦 KOC‎- Ko‎c hin.‎t xt‎K OJ 耶‎路撒冷王国‎KOJ ‎- Jer‎u sale‎m.txt‎KOK‎浩罕 K‎O K - ‎K okka‎n d.tx‎tKO‎L科隆‎K OL -‎Colo‎g ne.t‎x tK‎O N 刚果‎KON ‎- Kon‎g o.tx‎tKO‎R朝鲜‎K OR -‎Kore‎a.txt‎KRA‎克拉科夫‎KRA ‎- Kra‎k ow.t‎x tK‎R K 卡纳‎提克 KR‎K - C‎a rnat‎i c.tx‎tKS‎H克什米‎尔 KSH‎- Ka‎s hmir‎.txt ‎KUR ‎库尔兰 K‎U R - ‎C ourl‎a nd.t‎x tK‎Z H 哈萨‎克 KZH‎- Kh‎a zak ‎H orde‎.txt ‎LAN ‎兰开斯特‎L AN -‎Lanc‎a ster‎.txt ‎LAP ‎拉普拉塔‎L AP -‎La P‎l ata.‎t xt‎L AU 萨‎克逊-劳恩‎堡 LAU‎- La‎u enbu‎r g.tx‎t LE‎I伦斯特‎LEI ‎- Lei‎n ster‎.txt ‎LIE ‎列日 LI‎E - L‎i ege.‎t xt‎L IT 立‎陶宛 LI‎T - L‎i thua‎n ia.t‎x tL‎I V 利沃‎尼亚骑士团‎LIV ‎- Liv‎o nian‎O rder‎.txt ‎LNA ‎兰纳 LN‎A - L‎a nNa.‎t xt‎L OA 卢‎安果 LO‎A - L‎o ango‎.txt ‎LOR ‎洛林 LO‎R - L‎o rrai‎n e.tx‎tLO‎U路易斯‎安那 LO‎U - L‎o usia‎n a.tx‎tLU‎A琅勃拉‎邦 LUA‎- Lu‎a ng P‎r aban‎g.txt‎LUN‎吕讷堡‎L UN -‎Lune‎b urg.‎t xt‎L UX 卢‎森堡 LU‎X - L‎u xemb‎o urgh‎.txt ‎LXA ‎澜沧 LX‎A - L‎a nXan‎g.txt‎MAB‎马拉巴尔‎MAB ‎- Mal‎a bar.‎t xt‎M AD 马‎杜赖 MA‎D - M‎a dura‎i.txt‎MAE‎前田 M‎A E - ‎M aeda‎.txt ‎MAG ‎马格德堡‎M AG -‎Magd‎e burg‎.txt ‎MAI ‎美因茨 M‎A I - ‎M ainz‎.txt ‎MAJ ‎满者伯夷‎M AJ -‎Maja‎p ahit‎.txt ‎MAL ‎马里 MA‎L - M‎a li.t‎x tM‎A M 马穆‎鲁克 MA‎M - M‎a melu‎k s.tx‎tMA‎N曼图亚‎MAN ‎- Man‎t ua.t‎x tM‎A R 马拉‎塔 MAR‎- Ma‎r atha‎s.txt‎MAW‎迈瓦尔‎M AW -‎Marw‎a r.tx‎tMA‎Y五月‎M AY -‎Maya‎.txt ‎MAZ ‎马佐维亚‎M AZ -‎Mazo‎v ia.t‎x tM‎C H 满洲‎MCH ‎- Man‎c hu.t‎x tM‎E I 迈森‎MEI ‎- Mei‎s sen.‎t xt‎M EN 孟‎忒瑟的 M‎E N - ‎M ente‎s e.tx‎tME‎R梅瓦尔‎MER ‎- Mew‎a r.tx‎tME‎W梅瓦特‎MEW ‎- Mew‎a t.tx‎tME‎X墨西哥‎MEX ‎- Mex‎i co.t‎x tM‎K L 梅克‎伦堡 MK‎L - M‎e ckle‎n burg‎.txt ‎MKS ‎望加锡 M‎K S - ‎M akas‎s ar.t‎x tM‎L C 马六‎甲 MLC‎- Ma‎l acca‎.txt ‎MLO ‎米兰 ML‎O - M‎i lan.‎t xt‎M LW 摩‎腊婆 ML‎W - M‎a lwa.‎t xt‎M NG 大‎明 MNG‎- Mi‎n g.tx‎tMN‎S明斯特‎MNS ‎- Mun‎s ter.‎t xt‎M OD 摩‎德纳 MO‎D - M‎o dena‎.txt ‎MOE ‎摩里亚 M‎O E - ‎M orea‎.txt ‎MOL ‎摩尔达维亚‎MOL ‎- Mol‎d avia‎.txt ‎MON ‎黑山 MO‎N - M‎o nten‎e gro.‎t xt‎M OR 摩‎洛哥 MO‎R - M‎o rocc‎o.txt‎MOS‎莫斯科‎M OS -‎Musc‎o wy.t‎x tM‎R I 毛利‎MRI ‎- Mor‎i.txt‎MSA‎马来亚‎M SA -‎Mala‎y a.tx‎tMT‎R马塔兰‎MTR ‎- Mat‎a ram.‎t xt‎M UG 莫‎卧儿 MU‎G - M‎u ghal‎.txt ‎MUL ‎木尔坦 M‎U L - ‎M ulta‎n.txt‎MUN‎明斯特‎M UN -‎Muns‎t er.t‎x tM‎Y S 迈索‎尔 MYS‎- My‎s ore.‎t xt‎N AG 那‎格浦尔 N‎A G - ‎N agpu‎r.txt‎NAJ‎内志 N‎A J - ‎N ajd.‎t xt‎N AP 那‎不勒斯 N‎A P - ‎N aple‎s.txt‎NAT‎原住民‎N AT -‎Nati‎v es.t‎x tN‎A V 纳瓦‎拉 NAV‎- Na‎v arra‎.txt ‎NAX ‎纳克索斯‎N AX -‎Naxo‎s.txt‎NED‎尼德兰‎N ED -‎Neth‎e rlan‎d s.tx‎tNE‎V纳韦尔‎NEV ‎- Nev‎e rs.t‎x tN‎O G 诺盖‎NOG ‎- Nog‎a i.tx‎tNO‎L诺森伯‎兰 NOL‎- No‎r thum‎b erla‎n d.tx‎tNO‎R挪威‎N OR -‎Norw‎a y.tx‎tNO‎V诺夫哥‎罗德 NO‎V - N‎o vgor‎o d.tx‎tNP‎L尼泊尔‎NPL ‎- Nep‎a l.tx‎tNR‎M诺曼底‎NRM ‎- Nor‎m andy‎.txt ‎NUB ‎丰吉 NU‎B - F‎u nj.t‎x tN‎Z H 下诺‎夫哥罗德‎N ZH -‎Nizh‎n y No‎v goro‎d.txt‎ODA‎织田 O‎D A - ‎O da.t‎x tO‎D H 奥德‎ODH ‎- Oud‎h.txt‎OIR‎瓦剌 O‎I R - ‎O irat‎H orde‎.txt ‎OLD ‎奥尔登堡‎O LD -‎Olde‎n burg‎.txt ‎OMA ‎阿曼 OM‎A - O‎m an.t‎x tO‎R I 奥里‎萨 ORI‎- Or‎i ssa.‎t xt‎O RL 奥‎尔良 OR‎L - O‎r lean‎s.txt‎OTM‎大友 O‎T M - ‎O tomo‎.txt ‎OUC ‎大内 OU‎C - O‎u chi.‎t xt‎O YO 奥‎约 OYO‎- Oy‎o.txt‎PAL‎巴列丁奈‎PAL ‎- The‎Pala‎t inat‎.txt ‎PAP ‎教宗国 P‎A P - ‎P apal‎Stat‎e s.tx‎tPA‎R帕尔玛‎PAR ‎- Par‎m a.tx‎tPA‎T北大年‎PAT ‎- Pat‎t ani.‎t xt‎P EG 勃‎固 PEG‎- Pe‎g u.tx‎tPE‎R波斯‎P ER -‎Pers‎i a.tx‎tPE‎U秘鲁‎P EU -‎Peru‎.txt ‎PIR ‎海盗 PI‎R - P‎i rate‎s.txt‎PIS‎比萨 P‎I S - ‎P isa.‎t xt‎P LC 波‎兰立陶宛联‎邦 PLC‎- Th‎e Com‎m onwe‎a lth.‎t xt ‎P LT 波‎罗茨克 P‎L T - ‎P olot‎s k.tx‎tPO‎L波兰‎P OL -‎Pola‎n d.tx‎tPO‎M波美拉‎尼亚 PO‎M - P‎o mmer‎n.txt‎POR‎葡萄牙‎P OR -‎Port‎u gal.‎t xt‎P RG 巴‎拉圭 PR‎G - P‎a ragu‎a y.tx‎tPR‎M彼尔姆‎PRM ‎- Per‎m.txt‎PRO‎普罗旺斯‎PRO ‎- Pro‎v ence‎.txt ‎PRU ‎普鲁士 P‎R U - ‎P russ‎i a.tx‎tPS‎K普斯科‎夫 PSK‎- Ps‎k ov.t‎x tP‎U N 旁遮‎普 PUN‎- Pu‎n jab.‎t xt‎Q AR 黑‎羊 QAR‎- Qa‎r a Ko‎y unlu‎.txt ‎QAS ‎卡西姆 Q‎A S - ‎Q asim‎K hana‎t e.tx‎tQN‎G大清‎Q NG -‎Qing‎.txt ‎QUE ‎魁北克 Q‎U E - ‎Q uebe‎c.txt‎RAG‎拉古萨‎R AG -‎Ragu‎s a.tx‎tRA‎M拉玛赞‎RAM ‎- Ram‎a zan.‎t xt‎R EB 叛‎军 REB‎- Re‎b el S‎c um.t‎x tR‎F R 革命‎法兰西 R‎F R - ‎R evol‎u tion‎a ry F‎r ance‎.txt ‎RIG ‎里加 RI‎G - R‎i ga.t‎x tR‎M N 罗马‎尼亚 RM‎N - R‎o mani‎a.txt‎RUS‎俄罗斯‎R US -‎Russ‎i a.tx‎tRY‎A梁赞‎R YA -‎Ryaz‎a n.tx‎tRY‎U琉球‎R YU -‎Ryuk‎y u.tx‎tSA‎R撒丁尼‎亚 SAR‎- Sa‎r dini‎a.txt‎SAV‎萨伏依‎S AV -‎Savo‎y.txt‎SAX‎萨克森‎S AX -‎Saxo‎n y.tx‎tSB‎A斯波‎S BA -‎Shib‎a.txt‎SCA‎斯堪的纳‎维亚 SC‎A - S‎c andi‎n avia‎.txt ‎SCO ‎苏格兰 S‎C O - ‎S cotl‎a nd.t‎x tS‎E R 塞尔‎维亚 SE‎R - S‎e rbia‎.txt ‎SHA ‎肖尼 SH‎A - S‎h awne‎e.txt‎SHL‎荷尔施泰‎因 SHL‎- Ho‎l stei‎n.txt‎SHR‎沙迦 S‎H R - ‎S harj‎a h.tx‎tSH‎Y乌兹别‎克 SHY‎- Sh‎a yban‎i d.tx‎tSI‎B西伯利‎亚 SIB‎- Si‎b ir.t‎x tS‎I C 西西‎里 SIC‎- Si‎c ily.‎t xt‎S IE 锡‎耶纳 SI‎E - S‎i ena.‎t xt‎S IL 西‎里西亚 S‎I L - ‎S iles‎i a.tx‎tSL‎Z萨尔茨‎堡 SLZ‎- Sa‎l zbur‎g.txt‎SMO‎斯模棱斯‎克 SMO‎- Sm‎o lens‎k.txt‎SMZ‎岛津 S‎M Z - ‎S hima‎z u.tx‎tSN‎D信德‎S ND -‎Sind‎.txt ‎SOF ‎塞古 SO‎F - S‎o fala‎.txt ‎SOK ‎索科托 S‎O K - ‎S okot‎o.txt‎SON‎桑海 S‎O N - ‎S ongh‎a i.tx‎tSP‎A西班牙‎SPA ‎- Spa‎i n.tx‎tSP‎I撒丁-‎皮德蒙特‎S PI -‎Sard‎i niaP‎i edmo‎n t.tx‎t SR‎U萨鲁汉‎SRU ‎- Sar‎u han.‎t xt‎S ST 掸‎邦 SST‎- Sh‎a n.tx‎tST‎Y斯提里‎亚 STY‎- St‎y ria.‎t xt‎S UK 素‎可泰 SU‎K - S‎u khot‎h ai.t‎x tS‎U L 苏禄‎SUL ‎- Sul‎u.txt‎SWE‎瑞典 S‎W E - ‎S wede‎n.txt‎SWI‎瑞士 S‎W I - ‎S witz‎e rlan‎d.txt‎SYR‎叙利亚‎S YR -‎Syri‎a.txt‎TAU‎东吁 T‎A U - ‎T aung‎u.txt‎TEU‎条顿骑士‎团 TEU‎- Te‎u toni‎c Ord‎e r.tx‎t TH‎U图林根‎THU ‎- Thu‎r ingi‎a.txt‎TIB‎乌斯藏‎T IB -‎Tibe‎t.txt‎TIM‎帖木儿‎T IM -‎Timu‎r id E‎m pire‎.txt ‎TIR ‎蒂罗尔 T‎I R - ‎T yrol‎.txt ‎TKD ‎武田 TK‎D - T‎a keda‎.txt ‎TKG ‎德川 TK‎G - T‎o kuga‎w a.tx‎tTO‎K东京‎T OK -‎Tonk‎i n.tx‎tTO‎U图卢兹‎TOU ‎- Tou‎l ouse‎.txt ‎TRA ‎特西瓦尼亚‎TRA ‎- Tra‎n sylv‎a nia.‎t xt‎T RE 特‎拉比松 T‎R E - ‎T rebi‎z ond.‎t xt‎T RI 特‎里尔 TR‎I - T‎r ier.‎t xt‎T RP 的‎黎波里 T‎R P - ‎T ripo‎l i.tx‎tTU‎N突尼斯‎TUN ‎- Tun‎i sia.‎t xt‎T UR 奥‎斯曼 TU‎R - O‎t toma‎n Emp‎i re.t‎x tT‎U S 托斯‎卡纳 TU‎S - T‎u scan‎y.txt‎TVE‎特维尔‎T VE -‎Tver‎.txt ‎TYR ‎泰隆 TY‎R - T‎y rone‎.txt ‎UES ‎上杉 UE‎S - U‎e sugi‎.txt ‎UKR ‎乌克兰 U‎K R - ‎U krai‎n e.tx‎tUL‎M乌尔姆‎ULM ‎- Ulm‎.txt ‎URB ‎乌尔比诺‎U RB -‎Urbi‎n o.tx‎tUS‎A美利坚‎USA ‎- Uni‎t ed S‎t ates‎.txt ‎UTR ‎乌得勒支‎U TR -‎Utre‎c ht.t‎x tV‎E N 威尼‎斯 VEN‎- Ve‎n ice.‎t xt‎V IE 万‎象 VIE‎- Vi‎e ntia‎n e.tx‎tVI‎J维查耶‎那加尔 V‎I J - ‎V ijay‎a naga‎r.txt‎VND‎维纳德‎V ND -‎Vena‎d.txt‎VNZ‎委内瑞拉‎VNZ ‎- Ven‎e zuel‎a.txt‎WAL‎瓦拉几亚‎WAL ‎- Wal‎l achi‎a.txt‎WBG‎维尔茨堡‎WBG ‎- Wur‎z burg‎.txt ‎WES ‎威斯特伐利‎亚 WES‎- We‎s tfal‎i a.tx‎t WL‎S威尔士‎WLS ‎- Wal‎e s.tx‎tWU‎R符腾堡‎WUR ‎- Wur‎t temb‎e rg.t‎x t Y‎A R 雅罗‎斯拉夫 Y‎A R - ‎Y aros‎l avl.‎t xt ‎Y MN 山‎名 YMN‎- Ya‎m ana.‎t xt‎Y OR 约‎克 YOR‎- Yo‎r k.tx‎tZA‎N斯瓦希‎里 ZAN‎- Zw‎a hili‎.txt ‎ZAP ‎萨波特克‎Z AP -‎Zapo‎t ec.t‎x tZ‎A Z 扎波‎罗热 ZA‎Z - Z‎a poro‎z hie.‎t xt ‎Z IM 穆‎塔帕 ZI‎M - M‎u tapa‎.txt ‎‎。

含有四的优美诗句

含有四的优美诗句

含有四的优美诗句
1、四更山月吐青涟,人在花林未肯眠。

《夜行潭上》
2、四顾水皆绕,所居幽出尘。

《赠金山智公》
3、四月笙歌沸苑池,瑞莲花对海棠丝。

《唐宫词》
4、四百峰峦列海图,飞云绝顶敞玄都。

《罗浮》
5、四塞黄云接,西征更北征。

《出塞(二首)》
6、四月旌旂出白狼,千山晴雪照油幢。

《塞下曲赠翁东厓侍郎总制十首》
7、四方骚乱六州安,锦缆云帆去不还。

《登源越国祖庙》
8、四野望不尽,双鸥飞自闲。

《舟行杂兴(四首)》
9、四百余年睡未苏,得非忘我更忘吾。

《书希夷卧像洞壁》
10、四序推佳候,胜春正夏初。

《初夏即事三首》
11、四山一片秋色,野客独坐茅亭。

《山中小景》
12、四明二百八峰盘,雾阁云窗绿玉寒。

《赠翁鄞县》
13、四十归田已是迟,田家乐处有谁知。

《田家乐二首》
14、四时互相竭,两曜无停轴。

《感秋(二首)》
15、四更城上寒,刁斗鸣不歇。

《从军五更转(五首)》
16、四七续炎运,渐台殪狂新。

《咏史(二十一首)》
17、四郊丰稔听歌农,尊俎无劳为折冲。

《夜酌不能成趣辄命儿辈出韵引杯得二首》
18、四月南风吹白沙,春江游子思无涯。

《送友人归上沙》
19、四明山水名天下,师去那知客路遥。

《送僧游天台次张外史韵》
20、四指回杓犹障塞,颠毛如许怯簪冠。

《辛未除夕》。

4论发怒

4论发怒

• 例子: • 夫妻刚结婚的时候,卿卿我我“相敬如宾”, 生活一段时间,平淡了,问题出现了,吵架生 气,如果不能得到及时解决,就会“相敬如 兵”,唇枪舌剑,互不相让,当气愤转为怨恨 的时候,就会导致“相敬如冰”了,冷的连话 都不想说,这样的光景,势必让魔鬼钻空子, 撒旦的谎言就会在你心中动工“这日子没法过 了”“他根本不爱我”,一个家庭就这样容易 破裂,原本一对相爱的人,就因为小事生气含 怒长久,导致爱不在,人分离。心灵造成很大 的创伤。
由21-26 节开始,主耶稣用六个例 子来讲解神的律法
• 一、旧约:不可杀人──新约:不可动怒、辱 骂、不和(21~26 节) • 二、旧约:不可奸淫──新约:不可动淫念、 离婚(27~32 节) • 三、旧约:不可背誓──新约:不可起誓、多 法利赛人 耶 稣 说 (33~37 节 ) 1、不可杀人 1、不可发怒 •2 四、旧约:以眼还眼 ──新约:不可作对、推 、不可奸淫 2、不可淫念 辞 (38~42 节 ) 3、不可背誓 3、不可说谎 •4 五、旧约:爱邻舍、恨仇敌 ──新约:爱仇敌、 、以眼还眼 4、不要做对 为逼迫者祷告 (43~47 节 5、恨仇敌 5、爱仇敌
• 上帝发怒 诗7:11 神是公义的审判者,又是天 天向恶人发怒的神。 出34:6 不轻易发怒 • 主耶稣也曾动怒(太21:12-19;23:17;可3: 15) • 摩西发怒 [出32:19]„„看见牛犊,又看见 人跳舞,便发烈怒,把两块版扔在山下摔碎 了„„ • 义怒:因圣洁的属性,恨恶罪恶;公义施行审 判 • 人的怒气即使出于公义,也常常容易失控而犯 罪,因为人的怒气也常常带着私欲。(人不绝 对公平)
• 例子: 开车司机 • 有的人气急了,说:傻了吧唧的,缺心眼啊; 也有人,嘴上不说,记在心里,心中怀恨、怀 怨,不肯饶恕,冷若冰霜。 • 因此,主耶稣提醒我们不要容许自己自私的怒 气。 • 如果动怒是被禁止的,那么侮辱和攻击的言词 同样是可耻的,是犯罪。

4为什么是中国最吉利的数字

4为什么是中国最吉利的数字

一.4为什么是中国最吉利的数字?
1、人丁兴旺:首先四就像是一个四合院,象征着家族中人丁兴旺、子孙满堂,这是一种非常有福气的寓意。

所以对于一个人丁稀少的家庭来说,最好选择和数字四有关的东西,比如住在4层楼,买东西买4个等等,这都是能够增加家里人口的好办法,而且让家中的子孙运会一直增长下去。

2、好事成双:数字四本身就是一个双数,所以大多数的时候,它们都是代表着成双成对的寓意,比如四喜临门、四喜发财等等,在民间还有一道菜叫做四喜丸子,这些说法都是在寓意着好事成双,象征着一种极为富贵吉利的寓意。

故而我们可以将数字四作为吉利数字来进行使用。

3、和谐稳固:自古以来,中国的建筑设计和园林风格都是在讲究对称的,因为人们相信四平八稳的对称才是最和谐、最稳固的形态,直到今天,方方正正依旧还是各种设计种主要的运用方式,比如衣柜、桌椅等等,都是在讲究方方正正的对称。

而数字四就是这样方方正正的对称,所以四代表着和谐和稳固。

数字4的风水含义是什么

数字4的风水含义是什么

数字4的风水含义是什么
【数字4的风水含义】
1、阴阳平衡:数字4可以把阴阳的力量平衡起来,表示着阴与阳的不
断变化和互相补充,象征和谐、长寿、统一。

2、造型象征:数字4有“方正”之美,比喻调和之美,可以应用到建筑、装饰、摆设等方面,给人以宽广、充满、安全的感觉。

3、古德耆境:数字4与中国传统哲学的“道德耆境”有着巨大的关联,
反映了四季的到来,以及极乐世界和宇宙的起源、互动和演化。

4、五行关联:数字4有着与五行关联的含义,阳有着土、金、水、火,而阴有木,这五者是相互结合、彼此促进的,象征着新的生命和宁静。

5、四象传承:数字4和“四象”有着深刻的联系,象征着永恒不变、四
季之秀、平和宽容,在整个宇宙体系里具有根本的纽带作用。

6、吉祥意义:数字4代表吉祥、繁荣、和平,可以用在室内、家居装
饰上,把不同的物质与精神元素完美结合,给人以喜乐,祝愿团圆,
家庭团聚。

7、合圆卦象:数字4与家庭组织的卦象有着重要的相关性,象征着图
腾的复合性和社会的维系。

可以把它用在书画、香梯、摆件等上,预
示着一家人和睦、完满相处。

高中英语必修4翻译

高中英语必修4翻译

高中英语必修4翻译★清华大学★英语系测试:为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站:/清华大学英语教授研究组提供必修4第一单元女人成就感阅读如果你想观赏非洲野生动物的一名学生这是45是,太阳初升带来超过贡贝国家公园东非。

证明简的研究途径黑猩猩,我们小组都去拜访他们在森林里。

简研究这些家庭野生黑猩猩很多年了,帮助人们了解多少它们像人类。

看一个家庭的黑猩猩醒来是我们的第一项活动的时间。

这意味着回到的地方,让我们离开了家睡在树是昨天。

每个人会和等待在树荫下树,而家庭开始醒来,驶去了。

然后我们坚持他们在进了森林。

大多数时候,黑猩猩要么饲料或清洁彼此示爱的一种方式,在他们的家庭。

简警告我们,我们的团队将会非常累又脏的下午,她是对的。

然而,晚上,什麽都值得。

我们能看到母亲黑猩猩和她的孩子们玩的那棵树。

然后我们再来看看他们去睡在一起在他们的巢过夜。

我们意识到债券成员之间的家庭是一只母黑猩猩一样强大在一个人类的家庭。

没有人在简完全理解黑猩猩的行为。

她花了几年的观察和记录他们的日常活动。

因为她的童年她原先想对动物的研究工作在自己的环境。

然而,这不是一件容易的事。

当她第一次到达贡贝在1960年,是不同寻常的女人生活在森林里。

只有在她母亲来帮助她在最初的几个月里使她得以开始自己的计划。

她的工作改变方式人们想黑猩猩。

举例来说,最重要的一点是,她发现黑猩猩打猎和吃肉。

在那之前,每个人都认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。

她实际观察的黑猩猩,作为一个群体,准备捕捉一只猴子,然后吃它。

她也发现黑猩猩彼此沟通,她的研究他们的肢体语言帮助她制定好社会制度。

四十年学者珍‧古德已直言不讳的关于使世界上的其他国家了解和尊重这些动物的生命。

她声称,野生动物应离开了野生地和不使用娱乐或广告。

她已经帮助建立特别的地方,在那里他们可以安全地生活。

她正领导忙碌的生活,但她说:“当我停,这都是,我记得的拥挤黑猩猩在实验室进行的。

这真是糟透了。

它影响着我,当我看野生黑猩猩。

四种人格类型

四种人格类型
与这种类型的人进行沟通,首先要刺探其想法,提供各种备选方案,若决定不合适,可以提供其它方案,投其所好,趁其不备,提出新点子。若直接反驳或使用结论性的语言,罗罗嗦嗦,这样的沟通注定是低效甚至是无效的。
2.表现型
具有这种沟通风格的人显得外向,热情,生气勃勃,魅力四射,喜欢在销售过程中扮演主角;他们干劲十足,不断进取,总喜好与人打交道并愿意与人合作:具有丰富的想象力,对未来充满憧憬与幻想,也会将自己的热情感染给他人。他们富有情趣,面部表情丰富,动作多,节奏快,幅度大,善用肢体语言传情达意,但是往往情绪波动大,易陷入情感的旋涡,可能会给自己及其顾客带来麻烦。
2、表现型风格的销售人员与不同类型的顾客沟通
(1)驾驭型
驾驭型的顾客在有些方面与表现型的销售人员类似,如外向、富有想象力和竞争性。与他
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
们沟通,销售人员要切忌让人感觉自己容易情绪化、流于外表或者肤浅,因而你需要用实在的结果支持你的热情,展示你的真才实学,准时并且显示出专业化,尽可能地让驾驭型的顾客做出选择。
与这种类型的人沟通,应该了解其内心的真实观点,多谈点主题内容,多提封闭式问题并以自己的观点适度影响他。与其沟通应尽可能少提开放式问题,不要过多增加自己的主观意识,压力过大,回避或退却,同时要避免跟着此人的思路走,因为这种人不愿对一些棘手的事做出决策。
4.分析型
具有这种沟通风格的人擅长推理,一丝不苟,具有完美主义倾向,严于律己,对人挑剔,做事按部就班,严谨且循序
与这种类型的人沟通时,首先应该成为一个好观众或好听众,少说多听,热情反馈,支持与肯定,加之适度的引导。切忌将自己的观点强加给他或打断、插话,或冷漠、无动于衷,这都会影响与这种类型的人的有效沟通。
3.平易型

上海外语教育出版社大学英语听说教程4听力原文

上海外语教育出版社大学英语听说教程4听力原文

全新版大学英语听说教程第四册听力原文(上海外语教育出版社)Unit1(BOOK4)Part B The Hospital WindowJack and Ben, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. Jack, whose bed was next to the room's only window, was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. But Ben had to spend all day and night flat on his bed. To kill time the two men began to talk. They talked for hours about their wives, families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, and where they had been on vacation. As days went by, a deep friendship began to develop between them.Every afternoon when Jack could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to Ben all the things he could see outside the window. And Ben began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amid flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees beautified the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance.As Jack described all this in exquisite detail, Ben would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scenes.One warm afternoon Jack described a parade passing by. Although Ben couldn't hear the band -- he could see it in his mind's eye as Jack portrayed it with descriptive words.Days and weeks passed. One morning the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of Jack, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.Ben was heart broken. Life without Jack was even more unbearable. How he longed to hear Jack's voice and his melodious descriptions of the outside world! As he looked at the window, an idea suddenly occurred to him. Perhaps he could see for himself what it was like outside. As soon as it seemed appropriate, Ben asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone.Slowly, painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself! He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall!'What could have compelled my roommate to describe such wonderful things outside this window?' Ben asked the nurse when she returned.'Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you to live on,' she said. 'You know, he was blind and could not even see the wall.'Questions:1. What does the story mainly tell us?2. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Jack?3. What did Jack describe to Ben according to the story?Part CAdditional ListeningShort ConversationsConversation 1:M: How do you like your roommate, Debby?W: Ever since we met on the first day of college, we've been inseparable.Q: What do you know about Debby and her roommate?Conversation 2:M: Have you heard from Linda lately? You two were so intimate in college.W: Well, honestly, I haven't heard from her as much as I used to since she moved to the east coast two months ago. But I'm sure the friendship between us is as strong as it was before.Q: What can you infer from the woman’s response?Conversation 3:W: Do you keep in touch with your old friends back home now that you don't see them regularly? M: Frankly, after I moved to this city, I'm out of touch with most of them except a few close ones. Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 4:W: It's polite to call a friend before we visit, isn't it?M: You're right. People usually don't like surprise visits. But close friends often drop in on each other.Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 5:M: Cathy, it seems that you and Sally do almost everything together.W: That's true. You see, we were born on the same day. We both majored in fashion designing. And we even have the same love for using bright-colored material in our designs. Isn't it amazing! Q: What can we learn from the conversation?Part DThe Colors of FriendshipLegend has it that the colors of the world started to quarrel one day. All claimed that they were the best, the most beautiful.Green said: "Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Without me, all animals would die."Blue interrupted: "You only think about the earth, but have you ever considered the color of the sky and the sea?"Hearing this, Yellow chuckled: "You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety and warmth into the world. I am the color of the sun, the moon and all the stars. Without me there would be no fun."Orange started next to blow her trumpet: "I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious, for I serve the needs of human life."At this, Red could stand it no longer. He shouted: "I am the ruler of all of you. I am the color of blood -- life's blood! I am also the color of danger and bravery, of passion and love."Purple rose up to his full height: "I am the color of royalty and power. I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey."Finally Indigo spoke: "Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection."And so the colors went on boasting. Their quarrelling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightning, followed by a roll of thunder. Rain started to pourdown. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.Just then rain began to speak: "You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me."Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands.Then rain continued: "From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky to form a great bow of colors as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow."And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, a rainbow appears in the sky, to let us remember to appreciate one another.Unit 2Part BEmbarrassing Experiences (Part One)Interviewer: Rob, you went to Brazil, didn't you?Rob: Yes, I did.Interviewer: So, what happened?Rob: Well, I went into this meeting and there were about, er... seven or eight people in there and I just said 'Hello' to everybody and sat down. Apparently, what I should have done is to go round the room shaking hands with everyone individually. Well, you know, it's silly of me because I found out later it upset everyone. I mean, I think they felt I was taking them for granted.Kate: Well, I know that because when I was in France the first time, I finished a meeting , with 'Goodbye, everyone!' to all the people in the room. There were about half a dozen people there but I was in a hurry to leave, so I just said that and left. Well, I later found out that what I should have done is shake hands with everyone in the group before leaving. Now, apparently, it's the polite thing to do.Interviewer: Well, people shake hands in different ways, don't they?Rob: Oh, yes, that's right, they do. See, normally I shake hands quite gently when I meet someone. So when I went to the US for the first time, I think people there thought my weak handshake was a sign of weakness. Apparently, people there tend to shake hands quite firmly.Kate: Oh, gosh, you know, that reminds me: on my first trip to Germany, it was a long time ago, I was introduced to the boss in the company when he passed us in the corridor. Well, I wasn't prepared, and I mean, I had my left hand in my pocket. And when we shook hands I realized my left hand was still in my pocket. Well, that was, you know, very bad manners and I was quite embarrassed.Interviewer: And how about using first names? Have you made any mistakes there?Rob: Oh, yes, I have! When I first went to Italy I thought it was OK to use everyone's first name so as to seem friendly. And I later discovered that in business you shouldn't use someone's first name unless you are invited to. Oh, and you should always use their title as well.Kate: Hm, yeah, well, when I met people in Russia, you know, they seemed to be puzzled when I shook hands with them and said 'How do you do?' Well, what they do when they greet a stranger is to say their own names, so I had that all wrong!Rob: Oh, yes, I agree with that. Remembering names is very important.Interviewer: Shall we take a break? When we come back we'll move on to our next topic.Kate & Rob: OK.Questions:1. What is the conversation mainly about?2. Who might be the people Rob and Kate met in various countries?3. What can we infer about Kate and Rob from the conversation?4. Which countries has Kate visited, according to the conversation?5. Which countries has Rob visited, according to the conversation?6. What is the main message that the speakers want to tell us?Part CAdditional ListeningAmerican PartiesAs you would imagine, Americans move about a great deal at parties. At small gatherings they may sit down, but as soon as there are more people than chairs in a room - a little before this point - you will see first one and then another make some excuse to get to his feet to fetch a drink or greet a friend or open a window until soon everyone is standing, moving around, chatting with one group and then another. Sitting becomes static beyond a certain point. We expect people to move about and be "self-starters". It is quite normal for Americans to introduce themselves; they will drift around a room , stopping to talk wherever they like, introducing themselves and their companions. If this happens, you are expected to reply by giving your name and introducing the person with you; then at least the men generally shake hands. Sometimes the women do so as well, but often they merely nod and smile. A man usually shakes a woman's hand only if she extends it. Otherwise he too just nods and greets her.Statements:1. We can't imagine that Americans do not like big parties and they prefer going around at parties.2. At small parties they may sit down, but as more people come, they would stand up and move about.3. The reason why Americans like to stand is that they like the free atmosphere of the party.4. The meaning of "self-starters" is that Americans help themselves to drinks during the parties.5. Americans are more open-minded than British people according to the passage.6. If a woman doesn't extend her hand to a man at the party, he should not shakes hands with the woman.7. The passage shows a unique aspect of American culture.Embarrassing Experiences (Part Two)Interviewer: Let's go on with our talk. What do you think of business cards, Rob?Rob: I found them very useful when I was in Japan not so long ago. Each person can clearly see the other's name and the job title on the card. And I found out that you have to treat business cards with respect. What you've got to do is hold them with both hands and then read them very carefully. What happened to me was the first time I just took a man's card with one hand and put it straight into my pocket.Interviewer: What other advice do you have, Kate?Kate: Well, one time I unintentionally caused some problems when I was in China. Well, I was trying to make a joke when I pretended to criticize my business associate for being late for a meeting. And he was embarrassed, I mean, he was really embarrassed instead of being amused. Now you shouldn't criticize people in China or embarrass them. I mean, you must avoid confrontation. That's for sure!Rob: Oh, I must tell you about the first time I was in Mexico! I have to admit I found it a bit strange when business associates there touched me on the arm and the shoulder. Well, I tried to move away and, of course, they thought I was being very, very unfriendly. Apparently, it's quite usual there for men to touch each other in, you know, in a friendly way. Oh ... oh, and another thing, the first time I went to Korea I thought it was polite not to look someone in the eye too much. The Koreans I met seemed to be staring at me when I spoke, which seemed, you know, a bit odd at first. In Korea, eye contact conveys sincerity and it shows you're paying attention to the speaker.Kate: Oh, well, it seemed strange because you British don't look at each other so much when you're talking to each other. I mean, you look away, you know, most of the time. I found this hard to deal with when I first came to the UK, because people seemed to be embarrassed when I looked at them while they were speaking to me.Interviewer: So what's the thing visitors to Britain should avoid most?Rob: Well, I don't think we're all that sensitive, do you, Kate?Kate: Ohoo, well, I'll tell you, I made a big mistake when I was in Scotland. I found myself referring to the UK as "England" and to the British as "the English". Now, I know that would be just as bad in Wales, I guess.Rob: Yes, it certainly would!Unit 3Part BBirthday Celebrations Around the WorldChairman: Welcome to this special birthday edition of One World. Yes, folks, we've been on the air for exactly one year now, and we thought it would be a nice idea to have a special program dedicated to birthday celebrations around the world. With us in the studio tonight we have Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane, who have a weekly column on birthdays in the Toronto Daily Star. Shaheen: Good evening.Pat: Good evening.Chairman: Shaheen, perhaps we could begin with you. How are birthdays celebrated in India? Shaheen: Well, perhaps we're all assuming that everyone in the world celebrates their birthday. This just isn't the case. Low-income families in India, for instance, simply can't afford any festivities. And most Muslims don't celebrate their birthdays.Pat: I think Shaheen has raised an interesting point here. The Christian church, too, was actively against celebrating birthdays, and in any case most people, until a couple of hundred years ago, couldn't even read and wouldn't have even been able to spot their birthday on a calendar anyway. Shaheen: Of course some Muslims do celebrate their birthdays. In Egypt, Turkey and Indonesia, for example, the rich people invite friends and families around. But not in small villages. Chairman: Here in England your twenty-first used to be the big one. But now it seems to have moved to eighteen. Is that true?Pat: Yes, in most parts of the West eighteen is now the most important birthday. In Finland, for example, eighteen is the age when you can vote, you know, or buy wines, drive a car and so on. But in Japan I think you have to wait till you're twenty before you can smoke or drink. Shaheen: I know in Senegal, which is another Muslim country, girls get to vote at sixteen and boys at eighteen. And in Bangladesh, girls at eighteen and boys at twenty-one.Chairman: That's interesting. I mean is it typical that around the world girls are considered to bemore mature than boys?Shaheen: Yes, I think so, and there are some countries, particularly in South America, which have a big party only for girls. In Mexico and Argentina, for example, they have enormous parties for 15-year-old girls.Pat: You know in Norway they have a great party for anyone who's not married by the time they're thirty. It's kind of embarrassing. I mean you get pepper thrown at you.Chairman: Pepper? Why pepper?Pat: I'm not really sure.Shaheen: So does that mean that on your 29th birthday you can start thinking 'God I better get married'?Pat: Well, I'm not sure how seriously they take it.Chairman: In England we have quite big parties for your fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth and so on. Pat: Well, in Japan your eighty-eighth is considered ...Chairman: Eighty-eighth?Pat: ... to be the luckiest birthday. Eight is a very lucky number in Japan.Questions:1. What is One World?2. What is the topic of the program?3. What do Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane do?4. Why don't some people in India celebrate their birthdays?5. According to Pat, when did people around the world begin to celebrate their birthdays?6. Why is the eighteenth birthday so important in Finland?7. Why can girls in some countries get to vote at an earlier age than boys?8. Which of the countries mentioned in the text are Muslim countries?Part CAdditional ListeningsOne World One MinuteOne World One Minute is a unique film project that invites participants in every country around the globe to record, simultaneously, one minute of their lives, one minute of our world. Sponsors of this project have chosen 12:48 GMT, September 11th 2002 as the one minute to record. At that moment exactly a year earlier began the terrorist attacks that led to the deaths of more than 2,000 people from over 60 countries. For many this will be a time of remembrance and reflection. And for others this will be an appropriate time for international communication, cooperation and sharing. It will offer them an opportunity to share a moment of their world and their life with others, an opportunity to both talk to and listen to the world, to join with others around the globe and create a truly unique record and experience. This is the idea behind the project One World One Minute.Participants are free to choose what and how to record their One Minute. Some may want to take photographs, some paint or draw pictures, while others may want to write something and record their readings. The material can be submitted to the project organizers in Scotland via e-mail or post within 6 weeks of September 11th. All the material will then be made into a feature-length film, which will capture that One Minute of our existence.The film will explore the rich diversity that is both humanity and our world. It will allow a voice to all people regardless of nationality, religion, race, political viewpoint, gender or age. Therich diversity that is Humanity shall be there for all to see.Participants will not only be kept informed of the progress of the film and the release process but will be invited to actively participate through newsletters and discussion forums.When the film is finished, it will be shown in every country of the world, both in cinemas and on TV. Contributors will be invited to attend the premiere of the film in their respective countries and will receive a full screen credit on the finished production.Statements:1. One World One Minute is a project sponsored by some filmmakers in Hollywood.2. The purpose of the project is to record how people of the world mourn the death of those who lost their lives in New York's World Trade Center.3. Participants may come from different races or nations, have different religious beliefs, and maintain opposite political viewpoints.4. Participants are invited to record one minute of their lives on any given day.5. Participants are encouraged to make short video films to record an important event in their lives.6. The project will offer people from various parts of the world an opportunity to share a moment of their life with others.7. The organizers believe that humanity is represented by the colorful variety of people's life all over the world.8. Participants are required to submit what they have recorded to organizers by e-mail not later than September 11, 2002.9. All the material submitted by the participants will be made into a feature-length film and shown on TV and in cinemas throughout the world.10. The film will become a powerful means to unite people all over the world in the war against terrorism.Part DOne World, Many UniversesOurs is, in many ways, a world without boundaries. Being a citizen of a particular nation is almost as much as being a resident of a particular town or province. Boundaries of class and caste that once shaped societies continue to fade. The freedom of people to move increases gradually with the relaxation of immigration laws in the last century. Many countries have fairly simple requirements for obtaining citizenship and voting rights.In Europe, for example, the European Union's membership has grown to 15 countries and may increase to 21 or more by 2010. It has developed a common body of laws, common policies and practices, and a great deal of cooperation among its members. The adoption of the single currency, the euro, by 12 of its member countries and the circulation of euro cash in January 2002 have enabled citizens in these countries to move about even more freely.In addition, all of the major organized religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, are alive and well, but less clearly and exclusively identified with specific cultures and geographic regions. People everywhere feel free to convert to other religions, and many people identify themselves with more than one religion.Since 1995, which is called the Year of the Internet, cyberspace has become a rich and realistic realm of experience. Its activities include the No-Self Network, which is concerned with liberation from the self. The network's members regard this liberation as an ordinary humanachievement-roughly comparable to learning to play the piano -- and not as a superhuman or divine feat. One World, Many Universes is, for me, the most persuasive mix of idealism and realism. This particular future is likely to be the most fast-changing one, rapidly evolving beyond what I have described.Questions:1. What is the passage mainly about?2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a reason that makes national boundaries less prominent?3. Which of the following is not one of the major religions mentioned in the passage?4. What enabled citizens in many EU countries to move about more freely?Unit4PartBHow to Use an OHPM: I want to use the overhead projector for my presentation. Could you show me how to use it? W: OK, let me show you. Just watch what I do. I... I'll talk you through the procedure.M: Thanks.W: Right, well. First of all, you put the OHP on the table here, about 2 meters from the wall or the screen. Er...do you have a screen?M: Er...no. I thought I'd just use the wall.W: Oh, er...well, a screen's better, but I suppose this wall will be all right. It is sort of white. Anyway, let's try it. So, the next thing you have to do is press these buttons in and lift this part up until it snaps into place.M: I see.W: And then turn it round so the head is facing towards the screen, I mean the wall, and now we can plug it in.M: Right, and you switch it on?W: Yeah. Then I press the switch here on the front...M: Right.W: There! And the light should come on.M: Right, OK.W: Yeah, there we are. So, you just place your transparency here on the glass.M: OK, there, oh!W: Oh, no! No, the other way up.M: Oh yes, of course.W: That's right, yeah. And to raise or lower the image you move this flap up or down... There, that's better.M: Right, OK.W: And finally, to focus the image you turn this wheel to make it sharp. There we are, that's not too bad.M: Oh, that's great, yeah. OK, thanks.W: Oh, one more thing: whatever you do, don't keep switching it on and off. I'm going to switch it off now. Now, when you use it in your presentation, you should leave it switched on, with a piece of paper over the glass.M: Right, I...er... I don't understand why you have to leave it on.W: Well, the reason why you have to do that is that you don't want the bulb to fail. The bulb fails easily if the machine is on and off frequently. If it does, you'll have to replace the bulb, which will be very hot and you may not have a spare anyway. So that's about it. Any questions?M: Erm...no, that seems all very clear. Thank you very much.W: You're welcome. Oh, and I really do think you need to get a screen, by the way. The picture would be much brighter than on that wall, you know.M: Oh, OK. Well, I'll ask Jim if he's got one.W: Oh, good idea! And make sure he shows you how to put it up!M: I will. Thanks again.PartCAdditional ListeningsHow to Send an E-mailM: I would like to send an e-mail to a friend of mine. Could you tell me how to do it?W: Certainly. First, you choose the e-mail program on your computer and click New Message. M: All right.W: OK? Well, then you start typing the name of the recipient. The program remembers the name and completes the e-mail address. Well, if not, you look up the name in the address book or contact list. OK? Well, if you want other people to get copies of the same message, you send them 'CCs', which are copies of the message. OK? Then you press Return on the keyboard and then you type the subject of the message. Now, there's no need to put the date because that goes in automatically when you send the message, together with the time. OK?M: Oh, yeah.W: Well, then you press Return again and start writing the message. Now, if you make a mistake, you just press Backspace to delete the previous letter or word and then type it again correctly. M: I see.W: Now, when you've finished, you read the whole message through to make sure it looks right and contains the right information. Now, if you decide you want to change sentences around, you can copy sentences and paste them in other places.M: And...er...er...how about spelling and punctuation, er...that can be corrected automatically, can't it?W: Well, yes and no. You can run your spell checker and that may bring up some mis-typings and things like that. But it definitely won't catch them all, so you must read it through to check your spelling, too. And check your punctuation at the same time. Now if you notice a misspelt word, or if you want to change a word or something like that, double-click on the word and type the new word over it.M: Fine. That's easy.W: Hmm. And then it's ready to send. You just click on Send and it'll go off immediately. And the other person will find your message in their Inbox when they next go online to get their messages. M: Right. Well, that sounds much easier than handwriting a message and faxing it.W: Sure it does.Questions:1. Where does the computer store the e-mail addresses of your friends?2. What does "CCs" stand for? When do you use "CCs"?3. What can you do if you want to change sentences around?4. What can you do if you want the computer to check mis-typings?5. What do you do if you want to change a word?PartDLayout of a LetterAs we go through, I'm going to tell you the layout of a formal letter in English -- you might want to note this information down on a separate piece of paper. OK, the first thing is to write the sender's address in the top right-hand corner. OK. This has a set order with the number of the house or flat followed by the name of the street; and then underneath that, perhaps the district if it's a big town, then under that the name of the town or city, with the postcode. And it's now common, quite acceptable, to write all this without any punctuation at all. And the address -- please write it now in the top right-hand corner -- is 12 Greenwood Avenue.And the next line is West Ealing (that's E-A-L-I-N-G). Next line: London W5-then a small gap -- 6RJ. London W5 6RJ.Now leave a line, and then write the date directly underneath the address. Now you can do this in several different ways. You can put 10 September, or September 10, or just 10 dot 9 dot 2003. So use one of these methods and put today's date in the correct place.And now, if you want, you could write the address of the person you are writing to. If you do that, you put it on the left-hand side of the paper, and you would usually start the address at roughly the same level as the date which is on the right-hand side.The next thing we write is the salutation. Our letter is to Sean White, and we begin Dear Mr. White -- please note exactly where it goes.Now, if you don't know the person's name you just put Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam. In an informal letter you still use "Dear", but you start with the person's first name -- for example, Dear Maria or Dear Stephen or whatever.And at the end of the letter you sign off "Yours sincerely" -- capital "Y", but small "s". So could you write that now at the end of the letter, leaving a line first?Now, we put "sincerely" if we know the name of the person that we are writing to. But if you don't know the name, the traditional ending is "Yours faithfully". Now, this is the custom in Britain, although it is true to say that not everyone keeps to it, and I think in America they use different endings -- for example, they may finish a letter with "Truly yours".OK, if you are writing to a friend, then it's usually something like "best wishes", or often "love" if it's a member of your family or a very close friend, but not so common between two friends who are men. After the ending, in this case "Yours sincerely", leave a line, and then put your signature directly underneath. If your name is Maria Lee, write M. Lee underneath "Yours sincerely" Then type your full name below your signature. So do that now -- write your signature at the end of the letter. And that's it.Questions:1. According to the speaker, what should be included in the sender's address in a formal letter in English?2. Which of the following is not an acceptable way to date an English letter?3. What does the speaker say about addressing the receiver in a formal letter if we don't know the person's name?4. What does the speaker say about the ways to end a letter?5. When is it not advisable to end a letter with the word "love"?。

4的英文怎么写

4的英文怎么写

1.4的英文怎么写4的英英语单词是four。

词汇分析音标:英 [fɔː] 美 [fɔr]释义:num. 四;四个adj. 四的;四个的n. (Four)人名;(西)福尔;(法)富尔短语four hundred 名流;绅士four modernizations四个现代化(农,工,国防,科技);四化gang of four 四人帮big four 四大银行;大四星;四大会计师事务所four balls 四坏球four dimensional adj. 四维的on all fours 完全一致;四脚着地地;匍匐four tones 四声例句1、The department offers four specialities. 这个系有四个专业。

2、His relationship with Mary went through four stages. 他与玛丽的关系经历了四个阶段。

3、about four months out of six, the Senator is away politicking. 六个月中约有四个月,这位参议员外出参加竞选活动。

4、Four quarts constitute a gallon. 四夸脱构成一加仑。

5、I bid four diamonds. 我叫四个方块。

2.3/4 的英文怎么写基数词+序数词threequarter(s)四分之三two-thirds [ 'tu:'θə:dz ]num. 三分之二英语分数的表示法:)~~一、用“基数词+序数词”表示分数在英语中通常是借助于基数词和序数词来共同表达的。

其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母。

如:2.However,the number of boys will bea third or less than the girls in the class.但是,班里男生的人数将比女生少三分之一或更少。

从以上例子可以看出:分子除用one外,也可用a;如果分子大于1,分母要用复数形式。

4字励志成语

4字励志成语

4字励志成语成语有很大一部分是从古代相承沿用下来的,在用词方面往往不同于现代汉语,以下是“励志成语”,希望给大家带来帮助!4字励志成语1、心坚石穿:意志坚决,能将石头穿透。

比喻只要意志坚定,事情就能成功。

2、戮力同心:“戮力”,合力。

这则成语的意思是大家同心合力。

3、言简意赅:年轻人要特别培养沟通和表达能力,口才的关键不是你能说多少,而是你说的多有效。

如果你一句可以说明的,就不要罗嗦十句。

4、实事求是:这就话是为人正直之本,记得孔子说:勿意勿必,不要主管臆断,不要想当然。

5、白手起家:一切靠自己艰苦奋斗,创立了一番事业。

6、坚韧不拔:韧,有韧性;拔,动摇,改变。

形容意志坚定,毫不动摇。

7、事半功倍:不是在鼓励大家投机取巧,而是鼓励大家做任何事情都要注重效能效果效率。

8、水滴石穿:有一次见证积累的力量,正如愚公移山的精神,如果年轻人能够保持坚韧和恒心,再加上青年的智慧还有什么不可以做到呢?9、有志竟成:只要有好的志向,努力去做,就一定能达到目的。

10、随机应变:年轻人更激灵还是老头更激灵?可能挑战在于做事情的时候,什么该坚持什么该灵活,不过总体的上应该是原则和目标要坚持,过程和方法可以更有创造力。

11、坚韧不拔:成功路上不可避免有风有雨有挫折,生活也不会总是一帆风顺,面对困难要向胡爷爷鼓励灾区青少年说的:要从小学会坚强!以百折不饶的精神,勇敢顽强的生活奋斗成长!12、朝夕不倦:朝:早晨。

早晚都不懈怠。

形容勤奋努力,孜孜不倦。

13、水落石出:水滴石穿这则成语的本意是水不住往下滴,时间长了能把石头滴穿。

比喻只要坚持不懈,细微之力也能做出很难办的事。

14、坚持不懈:懈,松懈。

坚持到底,一点不忪懈。

15、一举多得:同理事半功倍,做事情前做好筹划,多思考多合作,就会通过一件事情收获更多的结果。

16、卷土重来:人马奔跑时卷起的尘土。

形容失败后组织力量,重图恢复。

17、始终不懈:自始自终一直不松懈。

18、笨鸟先飞:行动笨拙的鸟要先飞。

经典四字成语及解释大全

经典四字成语及解释大全

【导语】孩⼦们在学习语⽂的过程中,肯定会学习到成语,成语就是⽤最简短的语⾔,表达最深刻的意思。

下⾯是⽆忧考分享的经典四字成语及解释⼤全。

欢迎阅读参考!1.经典四字成语及解释 1、喜出望外:遇到出乎意料的事情⽽特别⾼兴。

2、流连忘返:留恋得忘记了回去。

3、⾻瘦如柴::形容消瘦到极点。

4、和蔼可亲:态度温和,容易接近。

5、呕⼼沥⾎:多形容为事业、⼯作、⽂艺创作等⽤⼼的艰苦。

6、滚⽠烂熟:形容读书或背书流利纯熟。

7、梦寐以求:做梦的时候都在追求。

形容迫切地期望着。

8、形单影只:只有⾃⼰的⾝体和⾃⼰的影⼦。

形容孤独,没有同伴。

9、患难与共:共同承担危险和困难。

指彼此关系密切,利害⼀致。

10、意味深长:意思含蓄深远,耐⼈寻味 11、忐忑不安:⼼神不定。

⼼神极为不安。

12、⼤吃⼀惊:形容对发⽣的事感到⼗分意外。

13、迷惑不解:指对某事⾮常疑惑,很不理解。

14、从容不迫:不慌不忙,沉着镇定。

15、古往今来:从古到今。

16、排⼭倒海:推开⾼⼭,翻倒⼤海。

形容⼒量强盛,声势浩⼤。

17、兴⾼采烈:原指⽂章志趣⾼尚,⾔词犀利。

后多形容兴致⾼,精神饱满。

18、守望相助:为了对付来犯的敌⼈或意外的灾祸,邻近各村落互相警戒,互相援助。

19、百发百中:形容射箭或打枪准确,每次都命中⽬标。

也⽐喻做事有充分把握。

20、寝不安席:睡觉也不能安于枕席。

形容⼼事重重,睡不着觉。

2.经典四字成语及解释 1、恋恋不舍:形容⾮常留恋,舍不得离开。

2、与世长辞:和⼈世永别了。

指去世。

3、争先恐后:⽐喻争着向前,唯恐落后。

4、辽阔⽆垠:⾮常⼴阔,看不到边界,常⽤于形容⼤草原。

5、垂头丧⽓:形容因失败或不顺利⽽情绪低落、萎蘼不振的.样⼦。

6、应接不暇:原形容景物繁多,来不及观赏。

后多形容来⼈或事情太多,应付不过来。

7、慢条斯理:形容说话做事慢腾腾,不慌不忙。

8、枉费⼼机:⽩费⼼思,形容徒劳⽆益。

9、神⽓⼗⾜:形容摆出⼀副⾃以为⾼⼈⼀等⽽了不起的样⼦。

4字祝福语大全

4字祝福语大全

4字祝福语大全1、祝福爱人,人见人爱,爱心常在,在水一方,芳华永驻,驻颜有术,书不释手,授受不亲,亲如一家。

2、祝你好运,运旺时盛,升官发财,才华超众,众星捧月,月圆花好,好事成双,爽心悦目,目达耳通,通达万事,事事如意!3、哎要小心、荣休之喜、永怀德风、敬业乐群、厥功尤伟4、蒸蒸日上、福如东海、寿比南山、开开心心、生活幸福5、出类拔萃、前程万里、鹏程万里、鹏展之敬、奉申赆敬6、良医济世、仁术济众、活人济世、华陀再世、华陀妙术7、万事如意、事事顺心、福寿安康、笑口常开、百事可乐8、祝福朋友:福禄千万,万事大吉,吉祥如意,意气风发,发愤图强,强身健体,体贴入微,威慑四方,芳香四溢,一路顺风,风风火火。

9、祝你平安,安然无恙,扬眉吐气,气壮山河,和颜悦色,色彩弥漫,满面春风,丰衣足食,十全十美,眉开眼笑,笑口常开。

10、便民利国、欣欣向荣、医学渊博、盟结良缘、白首成约11、祝企业家,家家平安,安居乐业,业发事顺,顺理成章,张冠李戴,代代发奋,奋发图强,强业兴国。

12、良禽择木、嘉惠工商、胜胜小屋、文定吉祥、大吉大利13、彩蝶翩翩、身体健康、幸福快乐、福如东海、寿比南山14、祝福女友:如花似玉,玉洁冰清,清歌曼舞,舞裙歌扇,扇枕温席,席丰履厚,后福无量,量如江海,海内无双!15、莺迁乔木、高第莺迁、焕然一新、履新之喜、荣任之喜16、新春快乐、年年有余、蒸蒸日上、身体健康、长命百岁17、祝福恩师:德高望重,众望所归,归之若水,水乳交融,荣华富贵,贵不可言,言文行远,远见卓识,识明智审,神采弈弈!18、蒸蒸日上、日新月异、百年好合、身体健康、龙马精神19、祝福亲人,人人平安,安居乐业,业精于勤,勤以修身,身强体壮,壮气凌云,云程万里!20、勤业永怀、懋绩长留、政绩在民、名标金榜、才高北斗21、祝福朋友:平平安安,安安稳稳,稳稳当当,当家立业,业精于勤,勤慎肃恭,功成名遂,随心所欲,玉树临风,风趣横生,生财有道,道山学海,海波不惊,精气神足!22、你在我心中是最美,美丽动人,人见人爱,爱你久久,久闻大名,名不虚传,传情眉目,目不转睛,金童玉女,女大当嫁,嫁给我吧。

4字祝福语大全

4字祝福语大全

4字祝福语大全1、杏林春满、医学渊博、良医济世、裕国利民、信用卓着2、才华潢溢、名冠群伦、前程万里、名列前茅、有志竟成3、狗年大旺、金玉满堂、福如东海、寿比南山、心想事成4、德术并优、造福患者、回生有术、医术超群、医德堪崇5、便民利国、欣欣向荣、医学渊博、盟结良缘、白首成约6、陶未媲美、富国利民、骏业肇兴、大展鸿图、招财进宝7、家庭和睦、事业有成、身体健康、幸福快乐、年年有余8、笑口常开、百事可乐、开门大吉、吉祥如意、意气风发9、妙手回春、仁术济众、名冠群伦、寿与天齐、蒸蒸日上10、弘基永固、金玉满堂、华屋生辉、创厦维新、宜室宜家11、余钱多多、步步高升、年年有鱼、生意兴隆、财源广进12、新居鼎定、堂构增辉、瑞霭华堂、堂开华厦、美仑美奂13、出入平安、龙马精神、春风得意、阖家安康、财源滚滚14、利惠人群、欣欣向荣、安定经济、富裕民生、辅导工商15、财源广进、恭喜新禧、万事如意、笑口常开、意气风发16、急公好义、造褔人群、热心公益、仁风广被、博施济众17、出类拔萃、前程万里、鹏程万里、鹏展之敬、奉申赆敬18、新基鼎定、华厦开新、褔地杰人、乔迁之喜、荣迁之喜19、生意兴隆、百年好合、寿与天齐、步步高升、登峰造极20、心想事成、万事如意、寿与天齐、蒸蒸日上、日新月异21、万事如意、事事顺心、福寿安康、笑口常开、百事可乐22、蒸蒸日上、福如东海、寿比南山、开开心心、生活幸福23、良医济世、仁术济众、活人济世、华陀再世、华陀妙术24、术精岐黄、妙手回春、万病回春、悬壶济世、医术精湛25、懋绩长留、荣休之喜、高第莺迁、万事如意、步步高升26、哎要小心、荣休之喜、永怀德风、敬业乐群、厥功尤伟27、球技超群、球类拔萃、为国争光、篮坛之光、自强不息28、开开心心、生活幸福、学习进步、生意兴隆、百年好合29、拾己救人、义行可风、春晖广被、良母楷模、淑德可风30、身体健康、龙马精神、百事可乐、开门大吉、吉祥如意31、教子有方、母仪典范、大显身手、德术兼备、球国称雄32、球艺高超、庄敬自强、垒坛健将、出类拔萃、体育之光33、良禽择木、嘉惠工商、胜胜小屋、文定吉祥、大吉大利34、勤业永怀、懋绩长留、政绩在民、名标金榜、才高北斗35、龙马精神、百年好合、身体健康、年年有余、合家欢乐36、年年有鱼、生意兴隆、家肥屋润、家肥屋润、彩蝶翩翩37、姻缘相配、誓约同心、花开富贵、丰财聚宝、吉祥如意38、万事如意、蒸蒸日上、日新月异、财源滚滚、生意兴隆39、彩蝶翩翩、身体健康、幸福快乐、福如东海、寿比南山40、济世利人、功同良相、良相良医、华陀再世、德施仁术41、博施济众、造福患者、功同良相、招财进宝、金玉满堂42、多财善贾、胜胜小屋、大业千秋、大展经纶、骏业日新43、莺迁乔木、高第莺迁、焕然一新、履新之喜、荣任之喜44、新春快乐、年年有余、蒸蒸日上、身体健康、长命百岁45、同业楷模、良禽择木、德必有邻、乔木莺声、美仑美奂46、仁心良术、博施济众、春回大地、杏林着绩、病人福音47、蒸蒸日上、日新月异、百年好合、身体健康、龙马精神48、褔国利民、便民利国、金融枢纽、繁荣社会、服务人群49、工作顺利、吉祥如意、事事顺心、好事连连、寿与天齐50、誓约同心、良师益友、龙马精神、必定如意、一帆风顺51、祝福生活:幸福美满,满园春色,色彩缤纷,纷纷而至,质朴纯真,真的快乐开心。

4个字祝福语

4个字祝福语

4个字祝福语导读:1、笑口常开、八方来财、合家幸福、并蒂荣华、济世利人。

2、星辉宝婺、六畜兴旺、北窗梅启、天地配合、仁心良术。

3、猪笼入水、椿萱并茂、南山之寿、兰菊庭芳、载瞻星气。

4、花开如梦、德为世重、江山秀丽、寿域同登、快乐相伴。

5、大富大贵、龙马精神、岁岁平安、恬淡无忧、喜迎蛇来。

6、连理交枝、恭喜新禧、裕国利民、同德同心、骏业宏开。

7、萱庭日丽、一帆风顺、年年好运、名冠群伦、吉人天相。

8、万事顺利、天作之合、荣任之喜、学习进步、情投意合。

9、杏林着绩、气贵平和、如鼓琴瑟、百尺竿头、寿富康宁。

10、焕然一新、功同良相、梅传春信、四季平安、甜蜜佳缘。

11、幸福快乐、玉树琼枝、松柏同春、爱情永固、万事如意。

12、月满一轮、四时喜庆、江城花柳、平平安安、花开富贵。

13、家肥屋润、人乐丰年、福禄寿喜、笙磬同音、眉寿颜堂。

14、福寿安康、勇敢坚强、慈竹风和、万事大吉、美梦成真。

15、春为岁首、如日之升、欣欣向荣、璇阁长春、开心久久。

16、乾坤和乐、步步高升、福禄鸳鸯、南山同寿、福禄双星。

17、盟结良缘、一路顺风、必定如意、民气昭苏、万事亨通。

18、百事可乐、金榜题名、良师益友、连枝相依、瑞雪迎春。

19、人见人爱、美丽迷人、造家庭福、花好月圆、百年琴瑟。

20、琴瑟和鸣、天保九如、蟠桃献颂、鱼水和谐、喜从天降。

21、花迎春光、事业成功、王母长生、鸿案相庄、天生一对。

22、终身之盟、实干兴邦、泰然自若、情贵淡泊、良母楷模。

23、燕尔新婚、青春常驻、幸福无疆、好事连连、平安快乐。

24、大吉大利、章月句星、快快乐乐、芳草永绿、鹤寿添寿。

25、天天快乐、好运连连、学业进步、荣休之喜、交颈鸳鸯。

26、夫妻偕老、医术超群、康乐宜年、合家欢乐、青春靓丽。

27、虎啸年丰、健康美丽、抱世界观、珠联壁合、万事胜意。

28、好运降临、德术并优、全家福气、春风及第、生活幸福。

29、祥麟威凤、出入平安、百花齐放、悄然来临、美好未来。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

中牟县东风路道路工程
4%水泥改良土试验段总结报告
批准:
审核:
校核:
编制:
中国水电建设集团路桥工程有限公司中牟项目总承包部
年月日
4%水泥改良土试验段总结报告
为取得指导水泥改良土全面施工的相关数据,确定标准施工工艺,我处于2014年7月13日在东风路K1+100~K1+250段,机动车道右半幅完成了15cm厚4%水泥改良土的施工作业。

水泥改良土填料选用道路沿线路槽开挖的可利用土方,水泥改良土的最大干密度1.76g/cm3,最佳含水率12.2%。

长度150m、半幅宽8.3m、面积1245m2。

通过试验段施工来确定水泥改良土所用的材料、松铺系数、施工工艺进行验证及归纳总结,形成了标准的施工方法用以指导全线的施工,现将其施工过程及检测结果总结上报。

一、施工情况简介
总体施工方案:本次试验段为15cm厚水泥改良土铺筑施工150m;采用1台装载机倒运水泥,1台路拌机进行混合料拌和,人工配合平地机整平,一台25吨振动压路机压实,一台25吨胶轮压路机收面。

我处在试验段施工前完成了所有试验段所需资料的编制及批复工作;所用原材料均按规定频率进行了自检,监理进行了独立抽检,并以《建筑材料申报单》上报并已完成批复工作,开工前所需的所有准备工作及相关程序均有完善,具备试验段开工条件。

按总监办批准的试验段施工技术方案,项目经理部组织实施了试验段的施工。

整个试验段施工过程组织有序,各工序衔接正常,机械设备配备合理,人员分工明确并能够各尽其责,改良土成型外观较好,几何尺寸及内在指标均符合规范要求。

二、施工组织
为保证水泥改良土试验段施工顺利完成,施工前召开了技术交底会,出席人员有项目经理、总工、生产经理、各施工队队长和技术主管,以及各施工工区负责人;并在人员安排,机具设备等方面均做了充足的准备。

三、人员、机械、材料情况
1、主要施工人员
2、试验段机械设备
3、试验情况:
(1)压实度在工地试验室采用灌砂法,试验规程采用《公路土工试验规程》T0111-93灌砂法。

(2)灰剂量试验规程采用《公路工程无机结合料稳定材料试验规程》T0809-94EDTA滴定法,水泥用量在现场采用划方格查袋法控制。

(3)含水量采用酒精法试验,试验规程采用《公路工程无机结合料稳定材料试验规程》T0803-94酒精法试验。

(4)击实试验,试验规程采用《公路工程无机结合料稳定材料试验规程》T0804-94击实试验。

四、试验过程
根据天气情况,我们在2014年7月13日进行了K1+100~K1+250段4%水泥改良土施工,现将试验段施工情况分述如下:
1、施工方法:采用路拌法施工。

2、现场施工流程
路槽开挖→测量放样→洒水焖土→素土整平→(洒水)撒布水泥→拌和→稳压→精平→碾压→养生
3、施工准备工作:
(1)对路槽全面验收,检查内容包括高程、中线偏位、宽度、横坡和平整度等。

(2)施工原材料报验。

水泥采用普通硅酸盐水泥,采用终凝时间较长标号为42.5级的水泥。

(3)施工放样:在路槽底恢复中线,进行水平测量,每20m用指示桩标出水泥土边缘的标高。

4、摊铺水泥:
根据最大干密度算出试验段水泥需13.1t,计算公式:150m×8.3m×0.15m ×1.76g/cm3×4%=13.1t。

现场铺水泥前用白灰打出方格,方格尺寸为8.3m(宽)×10m长,每方格所需17.5包水泥。

由载重车运至施工现场,水泥的摊铺用人工进行。

5、拌和:
采用稳定土路拌机进行拌和,拌和深度以打入下承层1cm为限,以加强上下层粘结,确保拌和层底部无夹层和不均的死角。

设专人跟随拌和机,每20米一个断面,分左中右挖坑检查三处,随时检查并调整拌和深度并配合拌和机操作员调整拌和深度。

拌和横向搭接30cm。

拌和2遍,在进行最后一遍拌和以前,保证色泽一致,翻拌均匀。

混合料拌和完成后,混合料表面色泽一致,无灰条和花面现象。

拌和均匀后稳压自检总的松铺厚度为:17cm、17.5cm、17.5cm、17cm;水泥剂量为 4.2%、4.9%、4.4%、4.5%,报试验监理工程师检验。

自检其含水量为13.6%、13.7%、13.5%、14%。

6、平地机整型:
平地机初平后,用振动压路机快速稳压2遍,时速为2.0km/h。

每10米一断面挂线检查标高,然后人工挂线指挥平地机精平3遍。

人工挖坑检查厚度控制在17cm,并标识作为虚铺系数测量点。

7、碾压:
平整完毕后,开始碾压。

此时测得混合料含水量为13%、13.2%、12.4%、12.7%,发现表面干燥用洒水车将表面洒湿,待不粘轮后用压路机静压1遍,时速2.0km/h~3.0km/h,振动压路机弱振2遍、强振2遍,重叠1/2轮宽,时速3.0km/h。

碾压时,试验人员对压实度现场跟踪,碾压遍数与压实度的关系见下表。

碾压遍数与压实度的增长关系表
用水准仪测出各测点的初始高程。

第一遍,弱振;第二遍,弱振;第三遍,强振;第四遍,强振。

根据各检测点标高,计算确定虚铺系数为1.133。

层厚检测点观测成果表
8、接头处处理:
施工的两段衔接处同采用搭接拌和,前一段整形后,留下5m不碾压,后一段施工时前段留下来的未压部分,应再加部分水泥重新拌和与后一段一起碾压。

9、养生:
碾压结束后,洒水养护使水泥土表面处于湿润状态。

报验结束后封闭交通。

养生时间自水泥改良土成型后7天内,及时洒水保湿养生并封闭交通,以保证水泥土表面不开裂、不起皮。

五、施工检测内容、方法及频率
检测内容、方法及频率一览表
六、水泥改良土试验检测结果如表:
七、总结提高:
在水泥土试验段施工过程中,由于施工准备充分,各相关部门配合协调、技术指导正确,技术交底细致,项目管理部和现场监理监督规范,从而保证了水泥改良土试验段的顺利进行,达到了预期目的。

本试验段工程施工时严格按照上报施工方案进行作业,因该技术成熟,操作人员技术熟练,各施工部门协调配合、技术指导正确,监理监督规范,因而水泥改良土施工很顺利,证明该施工方案合理有效。

总结本段水泥改良土试验段控制参数如下:
1、含水量按高出最佳含水量2个百分点控制(14.2%)。

2、稳压后厚度控制为土17cm。

3、确定最佳的机械组合为:振动压路机静压1遍、弱振2遍、强振2遍,重叠1/2轮宽。

4、整平碾压松铺系数为1.133,碾压前含水量控制在13%左右为最佳。

相关文档
最新文档