铁道工程专业Green-Building绿色建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

合集下载

铁道工程专业Green-Building绿色建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：绿色建筑文献、资料英文题目：Green Building文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：铁道工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14外文资料译文原文：Green BuildingAbstract: Green building refers to doing its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reducing pollution in its life cycle. Providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improving the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures,Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effects1.What is a green buildingGreen building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources (energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building. The so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally and friendly, makes full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saves energy for the residents and creates almost-natural feeling.People, architectures and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditionsand healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.2. the meaning of green buildingThe basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which saves energy and resources; provides a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with goods; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building's coexistence with the environment and sustainable development becomes harmonious .3.Development of the significance of green building rating system Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.3.1 Technical SignificanceGreen building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge . However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world with the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural science, social science,humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology and so on. Various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines with clear rule.3.2 The social significance.Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of materialgoods as people's lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It brokes the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.3.3 The economic significance.Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved indesign work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.3.4 Ethical Significance.Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: To reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of room. This radically changes the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages for green building design.4.Green building design include the followings:Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation coolingsystem that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.5 .Effects of green building5.1 Effects of the composition of green buildingEffects of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include industry effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs (internal costs or indirect costs) and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: (1) strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, theconstruction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level. (2) more investments in upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduction, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization. (3) in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and control the damages to the environment. (4) construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economyUnder the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reducing the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increasing, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.6. to improve the external effects of green building measuresEnterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: (1) Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimized energy consumption; (2) reducing building life cycle emissions; (3) protecting the ecological (natural) environment; (4) to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; (5) the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.Summarydescribed above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the trend of future construction.译文：绿色建筑摘要:绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内，最大限度地节约资源(节能、节地、节水、节材)、保护环境和减少污染，为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间，与自然和谐共生的建筑。

可持续建筑(绿色建筑)外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions （可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案）国外作者：Fatima Ghani文献出处：《International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering》,2012,12（1）,p21-24字数统计：英文1985单词，11317字符；中文3460汉字外文文献：Issues in Sustainable Architecture and Possible Solutions Abstract—The growing concern with environmental and ecological conditions have led to the discussion/search for ‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’, ‘energy efficient’ building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible building designs. Sustainable architecture also referred as green architecture is a design that uses natural building materials e.g. earth, wood, stone etc (not involving pollution in its treatment) that are energy efficient and that make little or no impact on the nature of a site and its resources. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. It also considers possible solutions related to these issues.Index Terms—Sustainable, Green, Architecture, Building, Design. Efficiency.I. INTRODUCTIONThe words "Green", "Ecological" and "Sustainable" are terms used by environmentalists to indicate modes of practice. From global economics to household features these practices minimize our impact on the environment and generate a healthy place of living. In a deeper sense the words involve as to what can be done to heal andregenerate the earth's ability to bear life.A.Principles of Environmentally Oriented DesignIn Architecture there are many ways a building may be "green" and respond to the growing environmental problems of our planet. Sustainable architecture can be practiced still maintaining efficiency, beauty, layouts and cost effectiveness. There are five basic areas of an environmentally oriented design. They are Healthy Interior Environment, Energy Efficiency, Ecological Building Materials, Building Form and Good Design.• Healthy Interior Environment: It has to be well insured that building materials and systems used do not emit toxic unhealthy gases and substances in the built spaces. Further extra cars and measures are to be taken to provide maximum levels of fresh air and adequate ventilation to the interior environment.• Energy Efficiency: It has to be well ensured that the building's use of energy is minimized. The various HV AC systems and methods of construction etc. should be so designed that energy consumption is minimal.• Ecological Building Materials: As far as possible the use of building materials should be from renewable sources having relatively safe sources of production.• Building Form: The building form should respond to the site, region, climate and the materials available thereby generating a harmony between the inhabitants and the surroundings.• Good Design: Structure & Material and Aesthetics are the basic parameters of defining design. They should be so integrated that the final outcome is a well built, convenient and a beautiful living space.These principles of environmentally oriented design comprise yet another meaningful and environmental building approach called Green or Sustainable design. Architects should use their creativity and perception to correlate these principles to generate locally appropriate strategies, materials and methods keeping in mind that every region should employ different green strategies.B. DefinitionSustainability means 'to hold' up or 'to support from below'. It refers to the abilityof a society, ecosystem or any such ongoing system, to continue functioning into the indefinite future (without being forced into decline through exhaustion of key resources).Sustainable architecture involves a combination of values: aesthetic, environmental, social, political and moral. It's about one's perception and technical knowledge to engage in a central aspect of the practice i.e. to design and build in harmony with the environment. It is the duty of an architect to think rationally about a combination of issues like sustainability, durability, longevity, appropriate materials and sense of place.The present environmental conditions have led to the discussion/search for ‘energy conscious’, ‘Eco friendly’,‘energy efficient’ building designs. For the better growth of the future, keeping in view the environment related issues, the first objective of the designer is a sustainable development i.e. environmentally compatible. This paper discusses issues related to Sustainable/environmental architecture. The main focus of the paper is on sustainable architecture - its need, solutions and impact on the future.II. NEEDS AND ISSUESThe ecological crisis today is very serious and till date much of the debate still focuses on the symptoms rather than the causes. As a result there is an urgent need to emphasize and workout the best possible approach towards environmental protection thereby minimizing further degradation.Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste, and often involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire for the development of newer, more modern designs. Sustainable development is one such measure, which presents an approach that can largely contribute to environmental protection. A striking balance between Environmental protection and Sustainable development is a difficult and delicate task.Sustainable design is the thoughtful integration of architecture with electrical,mechanical, and structural engineering. In addition to concern for the traditional aesthetics of massing, proportion, scale, texture, shadow, and light, the facility design team needs to be concerned with long term costs: environmental, economic, and human as shown in Figure 1.III. CONCEPT AND RELEV ANCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE In the present day scenario the idea and concept of Sustainable Architecture/Development is relevant in the light of the following two aspects:a) Ecological and Environmental crisisb) Imminent disasters and their managementSome of the major causes, which greatly contribute to these two aspects, can be listed as:• Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization:The consequences of this can further lead to Population explosion, Geological deposits of sewage and garbage, Unsustainable patterns of living & development, Environmental degradation (pollution of air, water, soil etc, food web disruption). Thus sustainable urban development is crucial to improve the lives of urban populations and the remainder of the planet. Both people and ecosystems impacted upon by their activities.• Natural Calamities:Natural calamities like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, flood, famine etc. which are being further aggravated by mankind add to the list of other ill effects like atomicexplosion, green house effect, ozone depletion etc. Sustainable design attempts to have an understanding of the natural processes as well as the environmental impact of the design. Making natural cycles and processes visible, bring the designed environment back to life.• Depletion of Non-renewable sources:Rapid depletion of non-renewable sources is leading to serious issues related to energy & water conservation etc. Thus the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock can contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption and improving environmental quality.IV. SOLUTIONSA. Sustainable ConstructionSustainable construction is defined as "the creation and responsible management of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles". Sustainable designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency."Sustainable building" may be defined as building practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption (energy conservation), and improving environmental quality.Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market. Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable buildings by encouraging these developments. Further the various energy related issues during the different phases in the construction of buildings can be understood with respect to the chart shown in Figure2.B. Environmentally Friendly HousesFollowing the five basic principles of environmentally oriented design can lead to the construction of what can be called as Environmentally Friendly House. An environmentally friendly house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants, nature, environment and ecosystem. It is designed and built according to the region it is located in, keeping in mind the climate, material, availability and building practices. The basic areas of design need to be considered at this stage can be listed as: • Orientation• Reduce Energy Gain or Loss• Lighting• Responsible Landscaping• Waste Management• External VentilationC. Green BuildingA green building places a high priority on health, environmental and resource conservation performance over its life cycle. These new priorities expand and complement the classical building design concerns: economy, utility, durability and delight. Green design emphasize a number of new environmental, resource and occupant health concerns:• Reduce human exposure to noxious materials.• Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials.• Minimize life cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used.• Use renewable energy and materials that are sustainable harvested.• Protect and restore local air, water, soil, flora & fauna• Support pedestrian, bicycles, mass transit and other alternatives to fossil-fueled vehicles.Most green buildings are high quality buildings they last longer, cost less to operate and maintain and provide greater occupant satisfaction than standard development.D. Green Roofs & Porous PavementsAs already discussed the rapid urbanization and industrialization is resulting in extensive deforestation as a result the green areas are being covered with pavements and concrete. The rainwater that naturally seeps through land covered with vegetation and trees now just runoff, thereby leading to a major environmental imbalance in terms of groundwater. This problem can be solved to a great extent with the help of the construction of Green Roofs and Porous Pavements.Green roofs & porous pavements present a unique method of ground water conservation. Vegetation to hold water on rooftops, and pavement that lets it percolate in the ground are some of the latest ways that can save water tables. Visually what might come across may be a roof sprouted with plants and a parking lot that drains water like a sieve-probably the latest in groundwater conservation.E. Building MaterialsTons of materials including timber go into building construction. There are three principal approaches to improve the material efficiency of building construction: • Reducing the amount of material used in construction.• Using recycled materials that otherwise would have been waste.• Reducing waste generation in the construction process.Further as far as possible sustainable harvested building materials and finishes should be used with low toxicity in manufacturing and installation.V. CONCLUSIONSSustainability often is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A growing number of people are committed to reaching this goal by modifying patterns of development and consumption to reduce demand on natural resource supplies and help preserve environmental quality. Achieving greater sustainability in the field of construction is particularly important, because building construction consumes more energy and resources than any other economic activity. Not only does a home represent the largest financial investment a family is likely to make, but it also represents the most resource- and energy-intensive possession most people will ever own. Making homes more sustainable, then, has a tremendous potential to contribute to the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable housing design is a multifaceted concept, embracing:• Affordability• Marketability• Appropriate design• Resource efficiency• Energy efficiency• Durability• Comfort• HealthAs a developed society we should not undermine our resource base, the assimilative capacity of our surroundings or the biotic stocks on which our future depends. As a sustainable society our efforts should consist of a long-term and integrated approach to developing and achieving a healthy community. We should realize that the problems associated with sustainable development are global as a result the issues need worldwide attention. If we work together we can bring change faster.中文译文：可持续建筑中的问题及可能的解决方案摘要——越来越多地关注环境和生态条件已经引起了人们对“节能意识”、“友好生态”、“高效节能”的建筑设计的讨论和探索。

绿色教学楼英语作文

绿色教学楼英语作文英文回答：The eco-friendly school building stands as a testament to the power of innovation and sustainability. Its sleek, modern design incorporates cutting-edge technologies that minimize its environmental impact while maximizing student well-being. The building's exterior is adorned with solar panels that generate clean energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Expansive windows flood the interior with natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and creating a brighter, more inviting learning environment.Inside, the green schoolhouse boasts an array of features that promote health and well-being. The air filtration system purifies the indoor air, removing pollutants and creating a healthier breathing environment. The building materials are carefully selected to be non-toxic and low-VOC, reducing the risk of respiratory problems and other health issues. The incorporation ofnatural elements such as plants and wood accents creates a calming and soothing atmosphere that enhances concentration and learning.The eco-friendly school building is not just a structure; it is a symbol of hope and progress. It demonstrates that it is possible to create educational spaces that are both sustainable and conducive to student success. By embracing green building practices, schools can not only reduce their environmental footprint but also create a healthier, more stimulating, and enjoyable learning experience for generations to come.中文回答：这栋绿色教学楼是创新和可持续发展力量的证明。

毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)

Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, trafﬁc jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difﬁculties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difﬁculties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is ﬁnished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current watershortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in T aiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actualquantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consu mption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure ofwater and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simplewater-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate watersystem device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediatewater for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yielddifferent results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in T aiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basicevaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level is sues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction envir onment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in T aiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in T aiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。

green building 外文文献翻译

外文文献：Green buildingGreen building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivityReducing waste, pollution and environmental degradationA similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put onyour roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you 1 contribute to sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in theretrofiring of existing structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimizationof one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement(daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete, etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture isin one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database services such as GreenOhm.The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED. HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEA Mlimits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth.A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating ahigh performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website . The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduceswaste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.中文译文：绿色建筑绿色建筑（也被称为绿色建筑或可持续建筑）是指一个结构和使用的过程，是对环境负责和资源节约型整个建筑物的循环生活：从选址到设计，施工，运行，维护，改造和拆迁。

中文翻译-绿色建筑

文献出处Alejandro Bahamon.New York Architecture＆Design[M].Koln:Dabba Gmbh,2004.绿色建筑摘要:绿色建筑是指尽力最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水、木)、保护环境,减少污染在它的生命周期。

为人们提供健康、适当、有效利用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑物。

我所说的那样,绿色建筑设计的更多细节的概念,绿色建筑的设计,以及概念的意义,绿色建筑和改善效能分析的绿色建筑的外部效应的措施。

关键词:绿色建筑,保护生态,意义;分析其影响1、什么是绿色建筑绿色建筑是指建造生命周期,最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水及材料),保护环境,减少污染,为人们提供健康、应用和有效利用空间,与自然和谐的建筑。

所谓的绿色建筑的“绿色”并不意味着一般意义的三维绿色屋顶花园,但是表现一个概念或符号,是指建设环境友好,充分利用自然资源、环境和生态破坏环境的基本不平衡的一座正在建设,但也被称为可持续发展建筑,eco-building,回到野外施工、节能建筑。

绿色建筑内部布局是很合理的,以尽量减少使用合成材料、充分利用太阳、节约能源为居民创造自然的感觉。

人、建筑与自然环境和谐发展的目标,在利用天然和人工手段来创造了良好的条件及健康生活环境的前提下,尽可能多地控制和减少使用和破坏自然环境,充分体现了回归大自然获取和平衡。

2、绿色建筑的意义绿色建筑的基本内涵可以概括为:为减少负载对环境的建筑中,节约能源和资源,提供一个安全、健康、舒适的居住空间,具有亲和力和良好的自然环境,使人们和建筑与自然环境和谐共生的可持续发展。

3、发展绿色建筑评级系统的意义建立绿色建筑评价体系是建筑学的一次革命和启蒙运动，其意义远远超过能源的节约。

它从多个方面进行创新和有机综合，从而使建筑于自然和谐，充分利用资源和能源，创造健康、舒适和优美的生活空间。

它对于建筑领域的革命意义可以从技术、社会、经济等角度来审视。

绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译中英文对照(可编辑)

绿色建筑毕业设计外文翻译中英文对照（可编辑）########## 大学本科毕业设计外文资料译文年级: 2008级学号: 20087221姓名: 朱莉专业: 铁道工程指导老师:2012年6月原文:Green BuildingAbstract: Green building refers to doing its best to imizeconservation of resources energy, land, water, and wood,protecting the environment and reducing pollution in its life cycle. Providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ de sign, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improving the effectivenessanalysis of the external effects of green building measures, Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effectsWhat is a green buildingGreen building refers to building life cycle,the imum conservation of resources energy, land, water and materials, protecting the environment and reducing pollution, providing people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the buildingThe so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally and friendly, makes full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saves energy for the residents and creates almost-natural feeling People, architectures and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance2. the meaning of green buildingThe basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which saves energy and resources; provides a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with goods; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building's coexistence with the environment and sustainable development becomes harmonious3.Development of the significance of green building rating systemEstablish green building rating system is a revolution in the fieldof architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economicangles3.1 Technical SignificanceGreen building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far fromthe only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledgeHowever, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world with the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entereda result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural science, social science, humanities, computer science,information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology and so on. Various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery ofthe retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platformbuilt to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines with clear rule3.2 The social significanceGreen building rating system reflects the socialsignificance of the main advocates of the new way of life,heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation oflocal culture are two aspects To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocatea healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction ofgreen buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It brokes the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the publicand other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community3.3 The economic significanceGreen building rating system, theeconomic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable externalenvironment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategyis more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted3.4 Ethical SignificanceGreen building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: To reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of room. This radically changes the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages for green building design.4.Green building design include the followings:Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greeningReturn to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment5 .Effects of green building5.1 Effects of the composition of green buildingEffects of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable andexternal effects generally include industry effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effectwill cause the private costs internal costs or indirect costs and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effectsSince beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: 1 strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, thelow level. 2 more investments in upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduction, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization. 3 in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room,from lighting, ventilation, drainage and control the damages to the environment. 4 construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economyUnder the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reducing the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increasing, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building6. to improve the external effects of green building measuresEnterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: 1 Construction of natural resources in thelife cycle and minimized energy consumption; 2 reducing building life cycle emissions; 3 protecting the ecological natural environment; 4 to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; 5 the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unitySummary described above, the meaning of green building design and analysisof its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the trend of future construction.译文:绿色建筑摘要: 绿色建筑是指在建筑的全寿命周期内,最大限度地节约资源节能、节地、节水、节材、保护环境和减少污染,为人们提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑。

工程绿色施工国外研究现状及参考文献

工程绿色施工国外研究现状及参考文献全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：近年来，全球范围内对于绿色建筑和绿色施工的重视程度不断提升，各国纷纷制定相关政策法规，推动工程绿色施工的发展。

通过对国外研究现状的深入了解，可以为我国工程绿色施工提供很好的参考和借鉴。

美国作为绿色建筑领域的先行者之一，不断推动工程绿色施工的发展。

美国绿色建筑委员会（USGBC）颁布的LEED（Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design）评估标准被广泛应用于各类建筑项目中，包括办公楼、学校、医院等。

LEED标准通过对建筑设计、施工过程和运营阶段的环境影响进行评估，对于提高建筑能效、减少资源浪费具有重要作用。

在欧洲，欧盟委员会提出了“20-20-20”气候变化和能源包，旨在到2020年实现20%的能源消耗减少、20%的可再生能源占比和20%的温室气体排放减少。

各国纷纷制定相应政策，鼓励绿色建筑和绿色施工的发展。

欧洲绿色建筑委员会（GBEC）也在不断推进绿色建筑的标准化和普及，促进绿色技术的创新和应用。

国外在工程绿色施工领域的研究现状十分丰富，各国通过不同的途径促进绿色建筑和绿色施工的发展。

我国在工程绿色施工方面仍有很大的发展空间，可以借鉴国外的经验和做法，加快推动我国工程绿色施工的发展。

第二篇示例：工程绿色施工又称为可持续施工，是指在建设过程中尽量减少对环境的影响，提高资源利用效率，减少浪费，减少对环境和人员的危害，实现工程的可持续发展。

随着全球对环境保护和可持续发展的重视，工程绿色施工在国外得到了广泛关注和研究。

一、国外研究现状1. 美国美国一直是工程绿色施工的领导者之一。

美国绿色建筑委员会（USGBC）创建了“LEED”绿色建筑评估体系，用于评估建筑的环境友好程度。

LEED体系分为四个级别：认证、银牌、金牌和白金，标志着建筑的可持续性等级。

美国的研究重点主要集中在工程绿色材料、节能技术和绿色建筑评估等方面。

工程绿色施工国外研究现状及参考文献

工程绿色施工国外研究现状及参考文献全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：工程绿色施工是近年来受到越来越多关注的热点话题，旨在减少建筑施工对环境的污染和资源的浪费，提高建筑物的能源利用效率和生态环境质量。

各国在这一领域都进行了大量的研究和实践，以期在实现经济发展的同时保护环境和可持续发展。

欧洲也非常重视工程绿色施工。

欧洲联盟于2010年颁布了《欧洲全面性节能指令》，旨在促进节能和清洁能源的使用，在建筑施工领域也提出了一系列的环保要求和标准。

各成员国也纷纷制定了相应的法规和政策以推动绿色建筑的发展。

在海外研究中，一些关键问题被广泛关注。

建筑设计中如何最大限度地减少对自然资源的消耗，如何最有效地利用可再生能源以减少对环境的污染，如何进行废弃物的处理和再利用等。

还有一些研究关注建筑物的使用阶段，如何提高建筑物的能源利用效率和降低生态环境负荷，提高建筑物的舒适度和健康性。

国外在工程绿色施工领域进行了大量的研究和实践，积累了丰富的经验和成果。

我们可以从中学习借鉴，不断探索和创新，在实现经济发展的同时保护环境，实现可持续发展。

【2000字】第二篇示例：工程绿色施工是全球建筑行业的一个热门话题，关于如何在施工过程中减少对环境的影响，提高施工效率以及减少资源浪费的讨论在国际上越来越受到重视。

国外学者们对工程绿色施工的研究取得了一些进展，其实践经验和理论探索对于我国工程建设实践也有很好的借鉴意义。

在国外，欧美国家一直处于工程绿色施工的研究前沿，这些国家在建筑材料的选择、节能降耗技术的应用、施工工艺的优化等方面进行了深入的研究。

美国一直是工程绿色施工的领跑者之一，其先进的技术和理念为其他国家提供了很好的借鉴和参考。

美国建筑研究理事会（Building Research Council）对建筑施工的碳排放进行了测算和分析，提出了一系列减少碳排放的建议和措施，为工程绿色施工的实践提供了科学依据。

欧洲国家也在工程绿色施工方面进行了许多有益的探索。

绿色施工英文参考文献

绿色施工英文参考文献[1] Pearce,A.R.,Y.H.Ahn,and HanmiGlobal,Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure: Paths to the Future.2012, Washington,DC:Earthscan.[2] EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2014.2014.[3] USDOE 2011 Energy Building Data Book.2011.[4] Lapinski，A.，M. Horman,and D.Riley,Lean Processes for Sustainable Project Delivery.Journal of Construction Eagineering and Management,2006.132(10):p.1083-1091.[5] Klotz,L.,et al.,Process transparency for sustainable building delivery.Intermational Jlournal of Sustainable Enginering,2009.2(4):p.298-307.[6] Riley,D.,K.Pexton,and J. Drilling,Procurement of Sustainable Construction Services in the Unied States:The Contractor's Role in GreenBuildings.UNEP Industry and Environment,2003.April-Spetember:p.66-71.[7] Sayce,S.,L.Ellison,and P.Parnell,Understanding investment drivers for UK sustainable property.Building Research & lnformation,2007.35(6):p.629-643.[8] Bokalders，V. and M.Block, The Whole Building Handbook: How to Design Healthy,Eficient and Sustainable Buidings.2010, earthscan[9] Shenoy,S.,A Framework for ldentifying Key Decision Makers for Institutional Owner Capital Projct,in Civil Engineering2009,VirgimiaTech Blacksburg VA.[10] Vanegas,J.A.,Road Map and Principles for Built Environment Sustainability.Environmental Science & Techmology.2003.37(23)p.5363-5372.[1l] Zimmerman,A.,Integrated Design ProcessGuide.2006,Vancouver BC Canada Housing and Mortage Corporation.[12] Ahn,Y.H.and A.R. Pearce,GreenConstruction:Contractor Experiences,Expectations,and Perceptions.Journal of Green Buiding,2007.2(3):p.106-122.[13] Roodman,D.M. and N.Lenssen,A building revolution: how ecology and health concerns are transformingconstruction.1995,Washington.DC:Worldwatch Institute.[14] Larsson，N.Integrated Design Process:Theory，History，Demonstrations.[15] Frttari, A.,M.Dalpar,and Salvaterra,THE ROLE OFTHE GENERAL CONTRACTOR IN SUSTAINABLEGRENBUILDINGS:TmeCase Study of Two Buildings in The Leed Certification in ltaly Int.Journal for Housing Science,2012.36(3):p.138-148.。

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential researchin Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current water shortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate water system device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adoptedin assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in Taiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basic evaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level issues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction environment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in Taiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in Taiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。

绿色建筑英文作文

绿色建筑英文作文英文：Green building is a concept that has gained a lot of attention in recent years. It refers to the design, construction, and operation of buildings that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient. As a student of architecture, I have had the opportunity to learn about the principles of green building and their importance.One of the main goals of green building is to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. This can be achieved through the use of sustainable materials, energy-efficient systems, and water-saving technologies. For example, a building can be designed to maximize natural light and ventilation, reducing the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning. Water-saving technologies such as low-flow faucets and toilets can also be installed to reduce water consumption.Another important aspect of green building is the use of renewable energy sources. Solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems can be used to generate electricity and heat, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This not only reduces the carbon footprint of the building but also saves money on energy bills in the long run.In addition to environmental benefits, green building also has social and economic benefits. Buildings that are designed with the health and well-being of occupants in mind can improve their quality of life. For example, a building with good indoor air quality and natural light can promote productivity and reduce absenteeism. Green building can also create jobs in the construction and renewable energy sectors, contributing to economic growth.Overall, green building is a win-win situation for both the environment and society. As architects and designers,it is our responsibility to incorporate green building principles into our work and promote sustainable design.中文：绿色建筑是近年来备受关注的概念。

土木毕业设计外文文献

土木毕业设计外文文献土木毕业设计外文文献在土木工程领域，外文文献是不可或缺的资源。

它们提供了最新的研究成果、技术发展和实践经验，为土木工程师们提供了宝贵的指导和参考。

本文将介绍几篇与土木毕业设计相关的外文文献，并对其内容进行简要概述。

1. "Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges: A Review" by Fu-Kuo Chang and Hoon Sohn这篇文献综述了桥梁结构健康监测的最新研究进展。

它介绍了不同类型的监测技术，包括传感器、无损检测和数据分析方法。

文献还讨论了桥梁结构健康监测的挑战和未来发展方向。

对于土木工程学生来说，这篇文献提供了一个全面的桥梁结构监测的概述，可以帮助他们在毕业设计中选择适当的监测方法。

2. "Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings" by Jack Moehle这本书是一本关于钢筋混凝土建筑抗震设计的经典著作。

它详细介绍了抗震设计的原理、方法和实践经验。

文献还包括了大量的案例研究和结构分析的示例。

对于进行毕业设计的土木工程学生来说，这本书是一个宝贵的参考资料，可以帮助他们理解抗震设计的基本原理，并应用于实际项目中。

3. "Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery" by Charles J. Kibert可持续建筑是当今土木工程领域的一个重要话题。

这本书介绍了绿色建筑设计和施工的原则和实践。

文献探讨了可持续建筑的概念、设计方法和材料选择。

它还包括了绿色建筑认证体系和案例研究。

对于有意进行可持续建筑设计的毕业生来说，这本书提供了宝贵的指导，帮助他们在毕业设计中实现环境友好和可持续发展的目标。

4. "Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices" by Donald P. Coduto,Man-chu Ronald Yeung, and William A. Kitch岩土工程是土木工程的重要分支。

外文翻译---绿色建筑概述

Green Building General State1.The background of green building:Present society the theory of sustainable development have permeated every aspect of human social development, how to can promote the economic development of human society to again solve the problem of environmental protection have also become people broad is the problem of solicitude one. sustainable development ask the development of society economy must restrict in the environment and resource of the earth can bear ability in. well-known, in recent years mankind in economy develop fast at the same time, bring environmental resource consume rapidly and atmosphere 2 C0 plenty of increases, so make atmospheric temperature go up , cause global climate to warm , the damage of ozonosphere, the damage of as well as natural landscape and so on. nowadays mention extensively green building system only put forward according to this problem. Forestation construction is that the opinion that uses ecology ( Ecological thinking) come to working space and the life of creation people. So, create to come out, healthy and comfortable space, not only, do not increase investment , can have energy-saving function actually more and reduce operation cost, and the production efficiency of improvement space user.2. the environmental problem of green buildingIt can offer the comfortable indoor environment that has safety , should at the same time have if so-called green building is not only wanted with natural environment the good building external environment of harmonious appearance.Green building consider local climate, building form and use square work , facility condition , construct process, housing materials and use manage the influence for external environment, as well as comfortable, healthy internal environment, at the same time consider investment person and user , design , install , run , the interests of maintenance technician, change speech may lasting design and good environment and is benefited should have balance between 3 user , well move mutual concern reach the forestation effect .. of optimization Green building is only that the energy of difference and the demand of difference between the coordinative internal and external environment and user and balance of starting point is relied onwith this viewpoint level reaches the nature of building and environment , is melted with.2. 1 The indoor environment of green buildingsGreen building emphasize indoor environment , because the thought of main stream of air-condition circle is want to strive for a relation of balance in between external environment, for internal environment for health , comfortable and building user produce efficiency, show the demand of difference.Temperature problemFirst hot comfortable obvious influence work efficiency. the air-condition system of tradition can maintain indoor temperature, however, in last few years study show , indoor reach absolute comfortable, cause easily " air-condition disease " problem, consume plenty of energies just, increase freon for the damage of ozonosphere。

关于绿色低碳建筑的国外文献

关于绿色低碳建筑的国外文献绿色低碳建筑是当前国际上一个备受关注的话题。

随着全球对环境保护意识的增强，人们开始关注如何在建筑领域实现可持续发展。

本文将介绍一些国外关于绿色低碳建筑的文献，以便更好地了解该领域的发展和趋势。

1. "Green Building: Principles and Practices in Residential Construction" (Jerry Yudelson, 2008)这本书通过实例和案例研究，介绍了绿色低碳建筑的原理和实践。

作者强调了在住宅建筑中应用绿色技术的重要性，并提供了一些建议和指导，以帮助建筑师和设计师在项目中采用环保技术和策略。

2. "Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery" (Charles J. Kibert, 2016)这本书通过系统地介绍了绿色建筑的设计和交付过程，强调了可持续发展的原则和方法。

作者还讨论了绿色建筑评估和认证体系，并提供了一些实用的工具和资源，以帮助建筑师和设计师在项目中实现绿色低碳目标。

3. "Green Building: Project Planning and Cost Estimating" (RSMeans, 2010)这本书从项目规划和成本估算的角度介绍了绿色建筑的实践。

作者提供了一些实用的工具和技术，以帮助建筑师和设计师在项目中选择合适的绿色材料和技术，并评估其成本效益。

4. "Green Building Illustrated" (Francis D.K. Ching, 2014)这本书通过插图和图解的方式，生动地展示了绿色低碳建筑的原理和实践。

作者通过图示和解说，解释了绿色建筑的关键概念和设计原则，并提供了一些实用的建筑技术和策略。

5. "LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction" (U.S. Green Building Council, 2013)这本文档是美国绿色建筑委员会发布的最新版绿色建筑评估和认证体系LEED的指南。

【绿色建筑中的装配式建筑应用研究国内外文献综述2600字】

绿色建筑中的装配式建筑应用研究国内外文献综述（一）国内外研究现状1.国外研究动态国外对装配式建筑的研究远远早于国内，早在20世纪20年代，德国就提出了关于建筑工业化的理念，1933年在住宅区进行大规模的推广，如今装配式小型住宅已经占据了德国市场。

而在法国，建筑装配率也已高达75%，俄罗斯的预制混凝土结构率也达到50%，欧洲其余各国为35%—40%。

而美国在上世纪30年代也大力推进建筑工业化，尤其在1971年，美国编制的《PCI设计手册》，对世界装配式产业的全过程具有指导性意义。

[3]Assad Minass在生态经济学的理论与研究方法的基础上，建议将经济与生态相结合，对绿色建筑进行全面认识，从而推动绿色建筑的发展[4]。

David Pearson认为可持续发展的理念可以使绿色建筑增加社会、文化维度，为创造和谐社会环境提供条件[5]。

Hao Jun, Li Yin, Li Yaxin等从建筑围护结构、建筑节能等方面入手，对建筑节能利用、室内环境等方面进行有效分析，将评估方法与产业特性相结合，建立一套评估绿色建筑的方法[6]。

针对绿色建筑的评估，各国均制订了一些相对完备的评价体系。

[7]2.国内研究动态（1）装配式建筑在绿色施工技术方面的研究国内对装配式建筑在绿色施工技术方面的研究相对于国外来说还不太成熟。

但亦有许多人对这方面的研究做出了自己贡献。

肖绪文等（2015）在我国绿色施工的研究还处于起步阶段时，他对如何推进绿色施工的研究提出了一些自己的看法和建议。

[8]喻晓梦等（2018）对装配式建筑的施工进行了大致的描述，并发表了自己的看法，探讨了绿色施工技术的应用，并指出使用BIM技术，可以节约资源推动绿色施工的发展。

[9-10]冯锦等（2018）对装配式绿色建筑多功能墙体进行探讨，把装配式绿色建筑的理念融入到原有的建筑中，通过对多功能墙体的应用，提高建筑水平，为改善居民的居住条件提供新的思路。

[11]聂勇等（2017）结合实际的工程发现，装配式绿色施工技术在建筑工程中的应用可以带来较好的经济效益，为类似项目提供参考，为以后的建设带来信心。

绿色建筑英文作文

绿色建筑英文作文英文：Green buildings are becoming increasingly popular in today's world. As someone who has a passion forsustainability and environmentalism, I am a strong advocate for green buildings. There are several reasons why Ibelieve green buildings are important.Firstly, green buildings are designed to be energy-efficient. This means that they use less energy than traditional buildings, which reduces their carbon footprint. For example, green buildings often use natural lightinstead of artificial lighting, which can significantly reduce energy consumption.Secondly, green buildings are designed to be environmentally-friendly. They are constructed using sustainable materials and techniques, which reduces the amount of waste and pollution generated during the buildingprocess. For instance, some green buildings use recycled materials such as reclaimed wood and recycled steel.Thirdly, green buildings are designed to be healthier for the occupants. They often have better indoor air quality, which can improve the health and well-being of the people who live and work in them. For example, green buildings often have ventilation systems that circulate fresh air throughout the building, which can reduce therisk of respiratory problems.In conclusion, green buildings are important for several reasons. They are energy-efficient,environmentally-friendly, and healthier for the occupants. As we continue to face environmental challenges, green buildings will become even more important in the future.中文：绿色建筑在当今的世界越来越受欢迎。

建筑学外文翻译—绿色建筑在中国需要伟大的推广

建筑学外文翻译—绿色建筑在中国需要伟大的推广课题英文名称Green building in China: Needs great promotion课题中文名称原文：Green building in China: Needs great promotion AbstractResource depletion and environment pollution is a great challenge in the world today. As the main human living environment, building is one of the main contributor of energy consumption and pollution emission, construction industry has become the focus of energy conservation and emission reduction. China has been the world's largest carbon emitter and the world's largest energy consumer country since 2011. To solve these two issues, the promotion of green building (GB) is of great urgency. This article analyzed GB situation and challenges in China, and then pointed out some special requirements of GB. At last, authors put forward some suggestions to promote the development of GB according to current situations in China including: taking measures to enhance awareness of stakeholders, strengthening technology research and communication and establishing codes and regulations.KeywordsGreen building;Building energy consumption;Energy-saving1. Introduction1.1. The concept of green buildingThe concept of GB in China is developed from “Energy-Saving and Land-Saving Residential Building” launched by th e central government in 2004. T o be specific, the GB should be energy-saving, land-saving, water-saving and material-saving, environment-benign and pollution-reducing, summarized as “Four-daving and One-benign”. It is defined in Chinese national standard, Evaluation Standard for Green Building, enacted in 2006 (Ministry of Construction, 2006). The so-called “green”, is not the general meaning of green, but a conc ept or symbol. It stresses people-oriented and puts emphasis on sustainable development and environmental symbiosis to achieve harmonious coexistence among people, nature and building. GB is also known as ecological building, sustainable building, energy-saving building, etc. Its ultimate goal is low consumption and low emission, but the “low” does not mean high-tech or high investment. Actually, GB is a climate adaptative building, which requires adopting appropriate technology as much as possible to reduce energy consumption, meanwhile materials should be recycled and fully localized to achieve the lowest cost of energy and comfort.1.2. Origin of green buildingThe curator of Architecture and Design Library in American National Building Museum, Giessen David, pointed out that the seeds of GB can trace back to a century or more ago. According to this, the birth of British Palace in the first world expo and Galleria Vittorio Emmanuele in Milan in the early 19th century have begun to use passive system such as roof fan and underground air cooling box to regulate indoor temperature. Early at the 20th century, Flatiron Building and New York Times Building in US have designed windows embedded into walls toreduce sunlight. Ecological system and natural environment have already been taken into consideration in early architectural design, which become the buds of green building. Until the 1960s, American architect Paola Soleri combined the two words “ecology” and “building” together, and put forward the new idea of “ecological building” (green buildin g). In 1969, the publication of the book “Design with Nature” by American architect Ian Lennox McHarg, marked the birth of ecological architecture. Through more than half a century, GB has become a new building style that fully integrated energy-saving, building design and environmental-protection from its initial simple mode, and it is more adaptable to current situation of energy shortage, so it is a new trend of building development model.1.3. Global actions to develop green buildingTo create a better environment for developing GB, countries around the world began to formulate relevant standards. The United States enacted the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers) standard “En ergy-saving in Design for New Build ing” for the first time in 1975. UK began to create GB standards as early as in 1990(Chegut et al., 2011), and all buildings should satisfy green building criteria from 2008 in Britain (Bulkeley et al., 2011); In 2009, Britain announced Low Carbon Transition Plan, required all new buildings achieving zero-emission from 2016, all new public buildings from 2018, all office buildings from 2019 and all residential finish Smart Meters installation before 2020 (Peters, Fudge, & Sinclair, 2010). Recently, European Union promulgated a more advanced and perfect legal system in energy saving field, which is entitled Building Energy Efficiency Performance Law. The law requires all state or state-use new buildings must be close tozero energy consumption by 2020. From an early start, building energy-saving work had achieved great achievements in some developed countries. In Denmark, Heating area increased by 30% from 1972 to 1985, but the heating energy consumption decreased by 3.18 million tons of standard coal; in America, 43 billion dollars is saved in energy cost and environment management since the first energy-saving standard to 2011 (Danielski, 2012).GB in China started relatively late. In 1996, New Urban Building Energy Efficient Standard System was issued, which is composed by the residential building energy conservation design standard. Residential Building energy conservation Design Standard of Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region was issued in 2001 and was updated in 2003. In September 2004 with the start of Green Building Innovation Award, GB in China stepped into a comprehensive developing stage. In 2006, Evaluation Standard for Green Building was officially promulgated. Evaluation Standards for Green Industrial Building and Evaluation Standards for Green Office Building started in 2009 and 2010, respectively. At present, at least 50% building energy efficiency is achieved in almost all regions of China, unlike some big cities as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin are executing the standards which require energyefficiency must achieve at least 65%, while Beijing is executing the new goal of 75% since “12th Year Plan” (Li and Wang, 2012 and National People's Congress, 2011). However, building industrialization just starts in China, and there is still a great gap comparing with foreign countries.2. Why to develop green building2.1. To reduce CO2 emissionOn 3rd, December 2012, the famous journal “Nature” published an au thoritative scientific research report. According to the report, the global CO2 emission has increased to record 35.6 billion tons in 2012, and the largest carbon emission countries in 2011 are: China (28%), United States (16%), European Union (11%) and India (7%). Among them, emissions of China and India in 2011 increased by 9.9% and 7.5% respectively, while United States and European Union reduced by 1.8% and 1.8% respectively (Nature Climate Chenge, 2013). China has become No.1 CO2 emitter country in the world, surpassing U.S. in 2007 with approximately 8% more emission (IEA, 2011). According to EIA (Energy Information Administration) estimation, CO2emission in United States will be 5.68 billion tons in 2015, but it will be far more than this in China (EIA, 2011). In “12th five-year plan” in China, the carbon emission in 2015 is 7.89 billion tons, which is 2.21 billion tons higher than the United States, if the total energy consumption is more than 4.1 billion tons, the carbon emission gap between China and United States will be more huge. China is in great pressure.The greatly increasing emission further expands the gap between actual emission and the goal to control global warming within 2 °C. To ensure the global warming within 2 °C, the global carbon emission must be deeply cut by 2020 (Huntingford et al., 2012). In China, it has been decided that 17 percent reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for every GDP unit should be achieved by the end of 2015(Yu & Qu, 2013), and 40–45% by 2020 further (Yi, Zou, Guo, Wang, & Wei, 2011).Among all elements, buildings account for around half of primary energy consumption, hence CO2emissions, in the UK and other developed countries (Ratcliffe & Day, 2007). Buildingemission mainly refers to the consumption of resources and greenhouse gases produced from consumption throughout the lifecycle of buildings, so it is closely related to human daily life and work. 50% people may cause carbon-emission by using vehicle, 30% people may be involved in industrial production, but there must be more than 90% or even more people causing endless carbon-emission because of thei r daily life and work. So the “energy-saving” and “low-carbon” in construction are destined to become a hot topic. Study has shown that the global construction industry and its related fields caused 70% of greenhouse effect from the production of building materials to construction and use of buildings, the whole is a huge emitter of greenhouse gases (Zuo, Read, Pullen, & Shi, 2012).2.2. To relieve the energy crisisChina is the world's largest energy consumer now. The global net primary energy consumption grew by 2.5% in 2011, and China alone contributed 71% of global energy consumption increment. In 2011, global coal consumption increased by 5.4%, China accounted for 69%. The total primary energy consumption in China has been more than that in the United States in 2011 (Global, 2012). With the fast development, more energy will be consumed in China. Butthe coal-dominant energy structure in China is difficult to change in a short time, and now the coal production has exceeded the scientific capacity. In the future it is difficult to satisfy the needs even all the fossial energy were gathered in the world. Outside the pressure of carbon emission, for China the bigger challenge is that the energy consumption continues to increase. Energy consumption in EU grow at a rate of 1–2% per year, and in US it has entered slight growth stage, but China'senergy consumption is still growing at a rate of 5–6% per year, total energy consumption in China will be alarming under this situation.3. Green building situation in China3.1. Building energy consumption in ChinaIn China, building energy consumption accounts for 46.7% of the total society energy consumption, and 60% of the carbon emission in cities comes from maintaining buildings’ function (Zhang, 2010). Due to the rapid development of economy development and urbanization in recent years, about 20 × 108 m2 building areas are completed each year, which is larger than the total area in European and American (Zhao, Zhu, & Wu, 2009). In China, about 55 kg steel will be used in each 1 m2 building, and it is 10–25% more than developed countries; about 221.5 kg cement will be used in each 1 m3 concrete, and it is 80 kg more than developed countries (Zhang & Gu, 2012). The existing building areas are 430 × 108 m2 in China, 90% o f them are high energy consumption construction. Compared with developed countries, the thermal isulation performance building envelope is poor, as shown in Table 1, the larger the number is, the faster heat run off. The heat transfer coefficient of all parts in China is 2–3 times higher than developed countries (RGBI, 2010). Due to poor thermalinsulation of building envelope and low efficiency of heating systems, energy consumption for heating in north China is the largest component of building energy consumption (BEC), as shown in Fig. 1(Cai, Wu, Zhong, & Ren, 2009). In addition, it is about 25 kg/m2 standard coal in China, which is 2–4 times larger than that of Northern Europe in similar climate, and carbon emissions are 2–5 times higher than international standard (Qi &Li, 2013).3.2. Achievements of the Green Building in ChinaAlthough ten years later than western countries, GB in China develops rapidly. Especially in recent five years, GB in China developed at an alarming speed every year (Fig. 2) (Green building map, 2013). In China, GB evaluation standards mainly used are LEED rating system issued by USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council) and Three-Star rating system issued by Chinese government. The number of Three-Star projects in 2009 increased by 100% than 2008, and the number in 2010 increased by 290% than 2009. The green building number and area in 2012 is equivalent to the sum from 2008 to 2011(Sun & Zhao, 2013). The number of LEED projects every year is shown in Fig. 3 (Jerome Sebbag, 2013). They are almost in the same increasing trend. The minister of Ministry of Construction, Qiu baoxing pointed out that, in 2005, buildings executed energy efficiency standards in design stage only account for 53%, performing stage 21%, but after five years, the proportion increased to 99% and 99% respectively (Qiu, 2011). During the “11th five-year plan” period, GB demonstration area reached 13,000,000 m2, the accumulative total GDP energy consumption fell 19.1%, the building energy saving contributed 20% of the energy saving (Li et al., 2011). During “12th fiveyear”, China plan to complete new GB 1 billion square meters and 20% of new buildings in cities and towns can reach GB standards by the end of 2015.3.3. Features in the development3.3.1. High proportion of national projectsAccording to research, most GB projects are directed by the national agencies, directed by local agencies only account forabout 27% of the total number in 2010 and 2011, as shown in Fig.4 (CABR, 2012). The reason for this is China is still in the initial stage of GB, neither developers nor consumers have a strong consciousness to promote green building. So this has become an obstacle on the way to develop GB. A relatively clear thing is that both GB directed by national agencies and by local agencies were increasing rapidly over the last 2 years and they were approximately at the same rate.3.3.2. Most certificated in design stageChinese Three-Star Evaluation System includes design stage labels and operation stage labels. The number of GB in the design stage is 331 while 22 in the operation stage. The ratios of green building number in design stage to that in operation stage in 2009, 2010 and 2011, are 9.0, 9.5 and 19.0 respectively (there is no GB for operation stage in 2008) (Ye, Cheng, Wang, Lin, & Ren, 2013). We can easily find that most GB are certificated in design stage (CABR, 2013). Why not these buildings take part in evaluation in operation stage? After asurvey on these green buildings, we find that most of them cannot achieve green standard in the operation stage due to the lack of mature technology and skilled worker.3.3.3. Rising of residential buildingsThe numbers of residential and public GB projects are 193 (54.7%) and 160 (45.3%) respectively. A massive rise of residential projects is evident. Recent policy on social housing in China may be one reason for the large rising in residential projects, and this is expected to continue (Ye et al., 2013).3.3.4. Unbalanced regional developmentAs shown in Fig. 5, counted by province, autonomous region,municipality and special administrative region, Jiangsu Province ranks the first, accounting for nearly a quarter of the total, and it is followed by Guangdong Province and Shanghai (CABR, 2013). More than three quarters of green buildings are in the east coast, which is the region with a rapid economic growth in China, ss shown in Fig. 6 (Ye et al., 2013). Although western China accounts for two-thirds of China's total area, its proportion is less than 10%.4. Special requirements for green building4.1. ComfortEnergy-saving and emission-reduction is just one of the requirements of GB. Some people think GB is just to save energy and reduce emission, for example, they think building with solar energy or ground source heat pump is green, but this concept is totally wrong. Real green building is not only energy-saving, emission reduction or land-saving, but also meansproviding a comfortable working or living environment for human, which is considered as the key part.4.2. LifecycleGB should be judged from the whole life cycle, we cannot just see whether it uses energy-saving equipment in the early design process. Developers should consider energy consumption required in material, operation and maintenance, etc., in addition, energy needed when it is broken down is also included.4.3. Not equal to high costSome think GB is expensive luxury goods, and it needs high cost. Actually, GB should be considered from the whole life cycle, it stresses efficiency of resources through optimization design, emphasis on localization of materials and adaptation to local conditions, even the construction cost may increase, it can be recovered from energy saving, water saving, resources savingand so on in operation phase. According to statistical results, the incremental part of the green building cost accounts for about 2.7–9.3% in the overall cost in the construction (Yudelson, 2008). Appropriate investment in early time leads to savings in the process of operation and its energy-saving benefits can be seen after some years. According to general calculation, it needs seven years to recoup the costs, but the time is expected to be much short. Overall, the incremental cost is decreasing. Prejudice on the initial cost is one of the main obstacles in GB development. In addition, benefits of GB buildings are often social shared, while initial cost is bared by developers. To some extent, balance between interests and responsibility hinders the development of GB.4.4. Not equal to high-techThe essence of GB is to make the building adapt to the climate. To let the building have adaptation function, high technology is one of the means to reach standards of GB, but it is not the only way. GB should follow the “passive priority, active measures optimization” principle. Passive measures refer to directly use natural conditions such as sunlight, wind, topography etc. to reduce the building heating, air conditioning and lighting load. Active measures refer to use mechanical systems to improve the indoor comfort, it usually including heating, air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, artificial lighting, and other measures.5. How to promoteGB has risen to be a national strategic action. All sectors in China society should work together to develop the low carbon buildings, where update of consciousness is the foundation, technology innovation is the key, and system monitoring is theimportant measure.5.1. To enhance the awareness of the stakeholdersAs an officer once said, “The b iggest problem is how to improve energy saving awareness among residents who only care about the price and location when they choose residences”. At present, in the process of GB development in China, GB is mainly constructed by government through several of policies and specific plans. In fact, for most developers, the goal is to pursue profit, but for consumers, they care about good cost performance, whether green or not are none of their business. The social benefits of GB are not awarded, such as energy saving, environmental protection, comfort and low cost, they just have been accepted a bit. Measures must be taken to enhance awareness of stakeholders, especially the residents.First, government should further study how investments in GB contribute to a vibrant local economy like jobs, business and tax revenues. The government can arrange some reports about the concept of GB, and issue statements supporting the economic, environmental and social interests of GB. For example, “air quality, lighting, heat and green building air conditioning and overall can be improved in GB, a more pleasant, healthier and productive place to live. The people who live and work in GB appears be more healthy.”Second, government can be partner with building industry associations to set up workshops to demonstrate the statement mentioned above. It might present to developers the legal case and business case for GB to increase awareness and strengthen market valuation.Third, government should launch a communication campaign to inform developers and building owners or tenantsthat GB offers a higher net operation income, thus increasing the value of the building, offering lower operating costs and improving image in the community.5.2. To strengthen technology research and communicationLack of knowledge and backward of technology have become an obstacle GB development. Lack of science and technology, key technologies for GB are insufficient and bottlenecks for GB have not been broken yet. Even now, China does not have a complete technology system on GB construction. Rapid transformation of energy-saving construction market depends on new technologies particularly. Many Chinese institutions support research and development of energy-saving technology, however, many innovative technology in China is still in research stage and has not yet been commercialized due to lack of effective platform to promote, demonstrate and communicate new technologies. Developed counties have achieved greatresults in GB technology research, and complete technology systems have already formed during long time development, so we have to strengthen technology research and communication with developed counties to get some experience, only then can we get most in shortest time.The government should continue to support energy-saving technology research and development to promote technical communication, so as to improve the commercial level of innovative energy-saving technologies and market penetration ability; Institute and university should strengthen the research, demonstration and test of innovative energy-saving technologies. Various technique applications in building energy-saving are shown in Fig. 7 (Ye et al., 2013). It indicates that Chinashould focus on development of utilization technology of new energy and renewable energy to accelerate intelligent construction development. Meanwhile, the intelligent building is an important part. At present, the intelligent buildings ratio in new buildings is as follows: 70% in the US, 60% in Japan, and China only about 10% in 2006, it is expected to increase to around 35% in 2013. The potential of intelligent building industry development is great, so it is considered to be a very important industry in China.5.3. Codes and regulations5.3.1. Evaluation standardsTo address the energy production issue, China has launched a wave of legislation about green building since 2005. In spite of some national and local standards, we do not have a complete system on the design, construction, operation and evaluation of GB. Although the climate indifferent areas in China is different, we do not have specific standards for different regions. GB in China is still in the initial stage, related policies, regulations and evaluation system still need to be improved. GB standards should adjust to local conditions, and provide different guidance to different situations. Factors including regional economic development level, resources amount, climate conditions and construction characteristics must be taken into consideration when establish and perfect GB standards and formulate targeted policy measures. What's more, to keep accordance with the progress of construction technology, it is essential to constantly update the building regulations.5.3.2. Evaluation systemEvaluation systems should contain quantitative standardswith high qualities, so research and application on quantitative and qualitative index must be enhanced. To advocate the GB development and practice GB certification institution, the government must cultivate an independence third-party certification agency to make fully evaluate before implementing design proposal, under construction process and building materials and devices. GB lifecycle evaluation focuses on whole environmental assessment, and each phase of evaluation is based on overall grasps (Yudelson, 2008).5.3.3. Legal managementLegislation is the fundamental in promoting GB. Although we have issued many standards for many years, many building energy efficiency standards had not achieved its supposed effect. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (MOHURD) investigated more than 3000 projects in 2005, the result showed that only 58.53% of those projects were designed with related energy efficiency standard, and only 23.25% of them are built to match the energy efficiency standard. Therefore, strict scrutiny into enforcement of building energy efficiency standard has been adopted by MOHURD and the legal enforcement notes will be sent to those projects which disobey the compulsory standard. By this action, the percentages of building projects that designed to match the energy efficiency standards was up to 95.7%, and built to match those standards was up to 53.8% in 2006; the percentages were up to 97% and 71% in 2007 (Zhang & Gu, 2012). The requirements of building energy saving are considered to be issued in the form of law or regulation. It is essential to use law ways to guarantee operation of new building energy efficiency standards.5.3.4. Multi-incentive toolsIn China, incentive policies to promote development of GB are insufficient in current. Incentive policies on finance, tax and economy are not sound, related sectors cannot get strong internal motivations to develop GB. Although there are some incentive policies related to building energy saving, water saving and environmental protection tax, there is not specific policy for green building tax or finance. Real estate developers cannot get any incentives in terms of land acquisition, project examination and approval, finance when develop GB; Encouragement Measures are not evident when consumers purchase GB; so GB cannot realize a dominant demand in market. Efforts are necessary to set more incentive tools at the right level to improve energy saving and GB ratio.To developers: In the current property rights regime in China, the land was owned by the government or collective. The developer has to pay an amount to government for land use right. To promote GB development, the government could pay back a portion of money to developer if building turns out to be a GB. China can model itself following America to grant reduced construction fees for projects which earn GB star label, where the fee cost varies as the label level. This would be an effective way to promote the developer take action to make buildings green.To owner and tenant: The incentives to the owner and tenant are also necessary. If tenant prefers to live in the energy-efficient buildings or consumer is inclined to choose GB, it will push the real estate industry to meet GB standard. But most people care about price when buy or rent GB because it is more expensive than the normal building. How to solve this problem? The answer lies in direct economic incentives, such as tax reduction. In China,when the citizens purchase and transfer the possession of houses, massive taxes will be imposed. Chinese government can consider granting some tax reduction to people who purchase GB. However, this way may not be effective for the tenant for the short lease. The price, position and operating costs of houses are concerned with tenants. It might be effective to follow the energy certification approach of EU-when a house is for rent. An energy performance certification must be made available to the tenant.6. ConclusionsIn recent years, China has begun to pay attention to research and construction of GB and has taken some actions. However, the current study only focuses on the green construction methods, which are too narrow; building of green construction is only pilot projectand has not formed a green construction complex. So there should be further study about the scale development of green building.译文：绿色建筑在中国:需要伟大的推广摘要：资源枯竭和环境污染是当今世界一个巨大的挑战。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

铁道工程专业Green-Building绿色建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文