仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage4-205 HOLDING

Anatomy of Holding Pattern
Holding Terms
HOLDING CLEARANCE
• DIRECTION TO HOLD FROM FIX
(The physical location of the INBOUND LEG rounded to the nearest of the 8 CARDINAL COMPASS POINTS)
Visualizing Entry Procedures
• There are many different techniques for visualizing holding entry.
Keep in mind that the less “head down” time in the cockpit the better for IFR flight.
ENROUTE
源自文库
Holding Procedures
Purposes for Holding
• Method of delaying airborne aircraft
– to help maintain separation – to provide a smooth flow of traffic
• • If they agree, then the Holding course = Outbound HDG Holding course is the direction specified in your clearance
2. Left turns use T-P-D Right turns use P-T-D
• HOLDING FIX • COURSE (RADIAL, BEARING, AIRWAY)
• DIRECTION OF TURNS (IF LEFT TURNS) • LEG LENGTH (IF DME OR GPS)
• EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (EFC) TIME
Teardrop Entry
• Fly parallel to inbound leg using outbound heading on non-holding side for 1 minute • Re-intercept course from holding side
Parallel Entry
–Hold as published or –Hold on inbound course, right turns
Fig.112
(Refer to figure 112) You receive this
ATC clearance: 'HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS...' You arrive at the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. Which holding pattern correctly complies with these instructions, and what is the recommended entry procedure?
Differences • Above 14,000’MSL inbound leg is
–1 1/2 minutes.
• Non standard holding is left turns • DME (RNAV/GPS) holding controller issues leg distances rather than times
DME/RNAV Holding
Crosswind Correction • Find WCA for inbound course • Then triple it for the outbound course
–Why triple? –Compensates for wind drift on outbound leg, plus outbound end Standard Rate Turn These are Techniques….
Holding Pattern Entries
• Entry depends on magnetic heading relative to holding course at the fix. • Three Types
–Direct –Teardrop –Parallel
• •
180° sector approaching fix Fly to fix and turn in appropriate direction
KIAS
• 6,001’MSL to 14,000’MSL : 230 KIAS • above 14,000’MSL : 265 KIAS
• Slow to holding speed when less than 3 min. to holding fix
Required Pilot Actions AIM 5-3-7
FAA fig. 115 (Refer to figure 115) You receive this ATC clearance: 'HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS...' You arrive at the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. Which holding pattern correctly complies with these instructions, and what is the recommended entry procedure?
Standard Holding Pattern
• Right turns, 1 minute legs, Standard Rate Turns • Time is based on inbound leg
– 1 minute:14,000’ and below – 1.5 minute above 14,000 – adjust after 1st circuit
Standard Holding
(For non-standard holding the Teardrop sector will be to the left and Parallel to the right) 70 degree sector on same side as direction of turns in hold
First turn is always in the direction of the hold
Direct Entry
• Turn to heading 30° from outbound heading “LARS”: (Left Add/ Right Subtract) (based on direction of turns in the hold: L/R) • Maintain for 1 minute
• A holding clearance is normally given at least 5 minutes before your ETA.
–“Cessna 7413M, hold west of ANKLE Intersection as published, expect further clearance at 1314.”
• • • • • • •
Weather Clearance limit reached Traffic volume becomes overwhelming Radar failure Manage traffic in non-radar areas Required following a missed approach To gain altitude or lose excess altitude
Fig 117
(Refer to figure 117) You receive this ATC
clearance: '...CLEARED TO THE
ABC NDB. HOLD SOUTHEAST ON THE ONE FOUR ZERO DEGREE BEARING FROM THE NDB. LEFT TURNS...' At station passage you note the indications in figure 117. What is the recommended
• The EFC time tells you when to continue if radio communication fails.
Uncharted Holding Pattern
• Issued complete holding instructions. • If you’re destitute of a clearance:
P
D
T
Wingtip reference point (90 degrees)
Look for OUTBOUND HEADING (direction of holding) in sector
Procedure
1. Compare cardinal direction to holding course
• All turns: – 3ºper second (Standard Rate) – 30ºof bank – 25ºof bank if Flight Director is used Note: use which ever is less
ATC Holding Instructions
• • Refer to the diagram The 70 degree (T) sector will always be on the same side as direction of turns in the hold
3. Whichever sector the holding direction (OUTBOUND HEADING) falls in will determine the best entry procedure
• Begin outbound timing when abeam holding fix or at rollout only if abeam point cannot be determined • Holding side is protected side • Non-holding side has less protected airspace
• Fig 113
• You receive this ATC clearance:
'...HOLD EAST OF THE ABC VORTAC ON THE ZERO NINER ZERO RADIAL, LEFT TURNS...' What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern?
WIND CORRECTION
Maximum Holding Speed
• Designated to limit size of protected space. • Max holding speeds for civil aircraft:
• Minimum Holding Altitude up to 6,000’MSL: 200
– 1) know where you are – 2) know where you want to go – 3) know the pattern orientation – 4) visualize on heading indicator – 5) fly the picture
The 70° Rule