英美概况论文
英美概况论文2
If Y ou Are Tired of London, Y ou Are Tired of Life.Y es, I think so.At first, London was in a depression in the chalk north of the weald. It is surrounded by richer clay soil which produced food for the citizens of London. two thousand years ago, Roman built this city, from that time, London has been owing a maximum influence in the world, and from 1801 to 20 century, as a empire of the world-the capital of British empire, London become the biggest city of the world for acquiring a outstanding achievement in politics, economy, humanity culture, science and technology invention.T hat’s the history of London, but now London is still the biggest city of Europe a nd meanwhile it also a city which is worthwhile to visit.London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds of chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment the avowedly working class and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged with traffic. Even though you probably won’t know where the hell you are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar.London has many famous places, such as River Thames, Tower Bridge, Swiss Re Towe r, Palace of Westminster, Big Ben, Millennium Bridge, London Eye, St Paul’s Cathedral, and Tower of London and so on. At the same time, as we known, it is one of the most important economic centre of the world and the maximum economic centre of Europe as well.London is a year-round tourist center, with few of its attractions closing or significantly reducing their opening hours in winter. Y our best chance of good weather is, of course, at the height of summer in July and August, but there’s certainly no gu arantee of sun even in those months and that is when you can expect the biggest crowds and highest prices. Besides when it rains hard, the weather gets a little cold in the later, afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of day. And then, London fog is the obviously characteristic.With so many beautiful places and the amazing history, anyone who didn’t visit it before is really a pity. No other area of Britain is as rich in history tradition and cultural associations as London. Throughout the capital there are great mansion, venerable old buildings, houses, unrivalled collections of art treasure and colorful ceremonies to suit every possible taste and mood. History is from there and, of course, it is worthwhile visiting London. So, if you are tired of London, you are tired of life. I think that’s true.。
英美文化概况结课论文
The Differences between the United States and China in Education “Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune.” Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said. As we all know, education is necessary to ourselves and even our society. But people in different countries receive various educations because of diverse culture. Let us see the differences in education between America and China and the influence of different education on people.First, there is much distinction between those two countries in ideals of education. American asserts equality. She claims that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want so that American can produce a society of literacy and local control. She places emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning. Students in America should learn to discover and create new approaches to understand what is already known. American students prefer to practice by themselves instead of listening to the teachers sitting in the classroom. However, students in China are taught to learn not creative thinking but basic skills. Chinese require that students should acquire knowledge as what teachers teach and what teaching materials tell. Chinese always instill into kids’minds a thought that what teachers and teaching materials say are definitely right so that Chinese students lack the critical thought since they are children. Thus, it becomes that American students possess great abilities though get low grades and Chinese students have low abilities while get high scores, as is known to all.Second, the atmospheres in the classroom show the divergence of the two countries’education. Chinese teachers are good at drawing conclusions from a question for students to make them have no question. But American teachers are efficient at enlightening students on a question and enable every student to put forward more new questions. A student in Chinese class has to put up his hand to be allowed to stand up by teachers to answer questions while in American class students are encouraged to speak freely. If a Chinese student disagree what his teacher say, he will suffer some criticisms; nevertheless, an American students will be awarded praise if he does that. We can find out that the Chinese class pays more attention to discipline and the United States focuses on human rights.Three, the ways to further education are entirely different in China and America. There is no annual college entrance examination. Applicants are chosen on the basis of four aspects: high school records, high school teachers’recommendations, the impression they make during interviews at the university, scores on Scholastic Aptitude Test. In an American soap opera called Gossip Girl, an actor called Dan, who wants to study in Yale and passed the SAT, struggles to get three recommendations from his high school teachers or famous writers. But every Chinese student knows that if they want to go to university they must pass the college entrance examination and if they hope to go to key colleges, they have to get higher scores. So the purpose of American education system is to make students find out their shortcomings and straighten them up and Chinese educational system is elimination.Four, students’ extra-curricular life in United States is more colorful than Chinese students’. There are many students’organizations----clubs and activities in the American school helping students become successful when pursuing hobbies. Inaddition, they often do some part-time jobs to make money, which may be for activities or other things. However, Chinese students don’t have so many activities and in their extra-curricular life they will spend most of time attending cram school or doing their homework. So, they are losing their hobbies gradually.In general, I think our government should make reformation on our educational system immediately. Not only should our grades be focused on, but also students’practical ability and creative thinking should be paid more attention. Thus, our country will be more thriving and prospering and we Chinese will be more happiness!。
英美概况作文
On 1st September 1939, the second world war started.The US was suffering from the great depression, and the US government was busy on recovering its economy. At that time, for the American conservative was still the charge of the the country, the American government wasn’t willing to take part in this war. And the world war 2 did not cover the US, so the US has no reason to take part in. Beside this, the US could sell weapon to the country who involved the world war2 to make money, which helped the America develop economy.However, we all know that the US decided to take part in the war finally. What’s the reason for the US government’s decision? In December 7th in 1941, Japan sneaked the pearl harbor. This was why the US decided to go into world war2. As a result, the US became one member of the antifascist alliance.On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise air attack on the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After just two hours of bombing, more than 2400 American were dead. The attack at pearl harbor outraged American. So the American government declared war on Japan soon. Which bring the united states into world war2. Why the Japanese chose to attack Pearl Harbor? The Japanese thought that they want to continue their expansion within Asia, but the united states curbed the Japanese expansion by emburgo.After the pearl harbor sneak, the American government waged themidway island battle on June 4, 1942. This battle was an important turning point in the pacific campaign, the victory allowed the united states to move into an offensive position. The Japanese wanted to draw the U.S navy out to the pacific to destroy their aircraft carrier force. We may find lots of words said that the US was considered the winner, but the US was just by intelligence and sheer luck only. Before the battle, Japan had been the superior in sea battles and midway base had only small damage and was still operational. I think that the battle of midway represented the strategic high water mark of Japan’s pacific ocean war. The results of the battle was that it permanently weakened the imperial Japanese Navy. Then the US government decided to drop atomic bomb to Japan. Become the atomic bombs, the Japanese country was destroyed too much. So the Japan declared to capitulate. I think the atomic bombs dropped by US accelerate the failure of Japan. The bombs were the importance factors to win the Japan. After the war2, the US has became the capitalist world hegemony. Through selling weapons to the country who jointed in the world war2, US became so rich. So , to sum up, the US made a huge contribution to the success of world war2 , however, the US also achieve too much from the world war 2.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美国家概况论文
Elizabeth’s worldElizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess.when she became queen of England in 1558, she inherited a weak and backward island that had been severely divided by three religious upheavals in two decades. Most of her subjects doubted the ability of a woman to lead the tattered country and anxiously waited for her to marry.But Elizabeth chose to play her role as the monarch of he realm alone.Applying her instinct,intelligence ,energy,and stubbon willfulness to the task, she would become the strongest and most beloved the island had seen in centuries. During Elizabeth’s forty-four year reigna of great success, England became one of Europe’s most powerful and sophisticated countries and a growing empire. In military strength ,exploration ,commerce ,and above all the arts .the nation experienced a golden age that changed the culture of England ,as well that of Europe and North America,forever.In November 7, 1558,Mary died of cancer .English legend has it that when lords arrived to bring Elizabeth the news ,thery found her reading a Bible under an oak tree in her garen.(The oak tree is an English symbol of the nation’s stability and duration.) Upon hearing of Mary’s death ,Elizabeth fell to her knees,anf the messengers heard her recite a werse from Psalm 118 in Latin:“This is the Lord’s doing;and it is marvelous in our eyes”As is know to everyone,“Bloody Mary”was a totally political innocent.she had left the nation in poor shape.Its military powers were diminished,the royal government was deeply indebt,poverty was widespread,and the population had become bitterlyby the rapid religious changes imposed by three monarchs in a row.No one could imagine that after a long social unrest, to be added the political chaos, religious persecution and external setbacks, the 1558 marked the great England that it was about to enter an unprecedented era.Elizabeth was a master of political science. She inherited her father's supremacist view of the monarchy, but showed great wisdom by refusing to directly antagonize Parliament. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. And then,she began to reccorganize the Privy Council ,the board of advisors that carried out the administrative function of the government in the matters of economy ,defense,foreign policy,and law and order,and its members served as the queen’s chief advisors. Elizaeth also dimissed thirty of Mary’s councilors. she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil. No one but Elizabeth herself was to have greater power during her reign .Though Ceil began his office holding the firm belief that a woman alone could not rule England ,he would serve Elizabeth faithfully for forty years.He was a voice for caution and moderation and a valuable counterbalance to some of the dashing ,but rash ,statesmen that flocked to Elizabeth ‘s court.What’s more, Elizabeth used the varying factions (instead of being used by them, as were her siblings), playing one off another until the exhausted combatants came to her for resolution of their grievances.Almost in every country of the world, they are all facing the politicalharassment at the turn of regime. That is to say,a drastic reform of Politics is imperative.When Elizabeth ascended the throne, the fighting between the Catholic who regarded the European continent as its core and Protestants was very intense because of "Bloody Mary" who is a paranoid. Religious reform of the United Kingdom ,the British civil wars, and religious wars in Europe liked staggered reefs, full of dangerous.The one mistake being made, the United Kingdom would not be only involved into a big bloody melee of continental Europe, but also into the "civil war" between the Protestant in Scotland and the Catholic in Ireland. That was the the real challenge which shou be faced When Elizabeth tookthe throne. It was hard to imagine that she was chosen and then consolidate the middle way.That was to say, Elizabeth established the ingenious Anglican System after then, making Protestant and Catholic strike a balance On the surfaceThis Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. During a long period of time, the British were in a stable era. Few English monarchs enjoyed such political power but Elizabeth, while still maintaining the devotion of the whole of English society.As the old saying goes，“All things dying, the spirit is forever.”The one of the best judgements to a monarchy, but also from the ideological legacy of its era. Elizabeth's reign ,known as the Elizabethan era ,was during one of the more constructive periods in English history. It was famous above all for theflourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake and John Hawkins. Moreover,Bacon ,with its fun-filled language, endowed the thinking way of human beings with the "new science" and "new tools". Hobbes was "frightened premature" in the gunfire of the “Spanish Armada" and later its "Leviathan" has become one of the pioneers of modern political science.What I want to emphasizs is that at that time,under the rule of the this beautiful and lonely Queen, the United Kingdom brought the whole world entered a golden era in human beings’history.But why did such a wonderful woman live alone, never married then? I guess this is what everyone does want to know. Whether out of kindness or political intentions, every one had a desire that expected that Elizabeth would marry.It was but despite several petitions from parliament, she never did. The reasons for this choice are unknown, and they have been much debated. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings.One of her mottoes was: "I see, and say nothing". This strategy, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances.Ever once,Elizabeth was surrounded by some radical ministers who forced her to get married,but then the whole country was totally shocked by what she said, “I can only have one, that is England”. Some psychologi sts believe that Elizabeth’s move was closely related to her painful childhood. Anyway,she was a heroine in England.Because she give up the joy of the flesh and become a completewell-being of women,jut for England.Although Elizabeth was called “Good Queen Bess” and she had so much reputation,her most important contribution were her concern for her subjects, her defense of the country, the use of a good consultant,and her help for England avoiding the economic crisis and religious wars, and whatever. However,each coin has two sides.According to what I know,historians tend to be more cautious in their assessments. They often depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity to the point where many of her subjects were relieved at her death,especially in the problems of the expedition to Spain and Portugal in 1589. Recently,there is a Intense criticism about the slave trade in Africa in Elizabethan era and her mistakes made in Ireland.At first,Queen Elizabeth put the blame on Hawkins who started to participate in such immoral trade.But Hawkins showed her the profits of his career soon after, she changed her views. She not only covered the trade of Hawkins, but also directly benefited from it, or even to provided him with ships and personnel. The support provided by the royal recognition of Queen Elizabeth on the slave trade made this trade legalized, even it made more British businessmen participate into it. On the other thing, Elizabeth did a military victory in the Irish, but not a religious and politica lvictory. That kind of extreme cruelty which meant annihilation, or one rebel, all need death.could not be erased from history.Since then,the Irish are always the problem of the Imperial bodybleeding, Pusing part- which has been extended to the contemporary Therefore, for my part, Queen Elizabeth should be criticized in some aspects not always be praised.However,she was an excellent England ruler, the Tudor dynasty founder of the Golden Age. As Queen, she had defeated Spain's all-powerful Armada, making the British Empire become the legendary founder of the Sea, letting the English Reformation in a calm and a firm advocate of national unity and executor.Her 44 years on the throne provided valuable stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.Elizabeth, women's classics, is a legend of the history of the classic human,评论，观念，各有不同做好自己那份就好。
《英美概况》中文版完整版 (2)
英美概况一、引言英美是世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一。
它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要地位，对全球事务产生着巨大影响。
本文将介绍英美的概况，包括其地理、历史、政治体制、经济特征、文化传统等方面的内容。
二、地理特征英美地理上位于北美洲和欧洲西北部。
英国是由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成的岛国，而美国则横跨北美洲的中北部，拥有广袤的土地和多样的地貌。
两国均享有得天独厚的地理优势，拥有丰富的自然资源。
英国气候温和多雨，其著名的乡村风光和城市景观吸引了众多游客。
美国的气候多样，从亚热带到温带再到寒带都有覆盖，其自然景观包括大峡谷、黄石国家公园等世界级的自然奇观。
三、历史沿革英美的历史源远流长。
英国自古以来就是一个重要的国家，曾经统治过英帝国，将其文化和制度传播到全球各地。
美国则在17世纪开始建立，经过独立战争后成为一个独立自主的国家。
英国和美国在历史上有着密切的联系。
美国的政治制度和法律体系受到了英国的影响，英文也成为美国的官方语言之一。
两国之间的经济合作也非常紧密，互为重要的贸易伙伴。
四、政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，现在的国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。
英国的政治制度相对稳定，民主成熟，议会制度是其核心。
议会分为两院，下议院成员由选举产生，上议院则由继承、任命和制度推举产生。
美国是一个联邦制共和国，政府采取三权分立的制度。
总统是国家元首和政府首脑，由选举产生。
国会由参议院和众议院构成，代表着各州和人民的利益。
美国政治体制注重权力平衡和制衡，保障了国家的稳定和民主。
五、经济特征英美在经济上都属于高收入国家，拥有发达的市场经济。
英国是全球最重要的金融中心之一，伦敦市是世界金融的核心。
英国的经济以金融、保险、制造业和创新科技为支柱。
美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的经济实力和产业基础。
其经济结构多样化，包括工业、农业、服务业等多个领域。
美国的创新和科技水平世界领先，许多科技巨头诞生于美国。
六、文化传统英美文化有着广泛的影响力。
英美概况（英国篇1：英国的国土与人民）1
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官⽅正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛-⼤不列颠岛（较⼤的⼀个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔⼠。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部，是，⼈⼝最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠的北部。
英美概况英文作文
英美概况英文作文The United States is a diverse and multicultural country with a rich history and a strong sense of individualism. From the bustling streets of New York City to the serene beauty of the Grand Canyon, the US offers a wide range of experiences for visitors and residents alike.In terms of politics, the US is a federal republic with a two-party system dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties. The country is known for its strong emphasis on democracy and individual freedoms, and has a long history of political activism and social movements.When it comes to food, the US is a melting pot of different culinary traditions, with each region offeringits own unique dishes and flavors. From Southern barbecue to New England clam chowder, there's something for everyone to enjoy.In terms of culture, the US is a global leader inentertainment, with Hollywood producing a large majority of the world's films and television shows. The country is also known for its music, with genres like jazz, rock, and hip-hop all having roots in American culture.In terms of geography, the US is incredibly diverse, with everything from deserts and mountains to forests and beaches. The country is also home to a wide variety of wildlife, including bears, eagles, and bison.In terms of economy, the US is one of the largest and most influential in the world, with a strong emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship. The country is known for its technological advancements, particularly in the fields of Silicon Valley and biotechnology.In terms of education, the US is home to some of the world's top universities and research institutions, making it a popular destination for students from all over the world. The country also has a strong emphasis on sports, with American football, basketball, and baseball being particularly popular.In terms of language, English is the most widely spoken language in the US, but the country is also home to a large number of Spanish speakers, particularly in states like California and Texas.In terms of transportation, the US has a well-developed network of highways, railways, and airports, making it easy to travel around the country. The US is also known for its love of cars, with many Americans relying on them for their daily commute.。
英美概况论文
My view on social transformation in the United Kingdom Abstract:The seventeenth century to the eighteenth century has witnessed the great changes in the United Kingdom ,ranging from economic and social transformation to the change of value orientation.As fas as the various ways of historical research are concerned, the economic and social history study has become a new direction in the historical research.So today I will maily base on the reform of economy and discuss some economic and social problems in the transformation era in the United Kingdom.At the same time, I hope it will provide us some experiences towards the transformation in ChinaKey words:transformation,economy,social problems.It is universally ackowledge that the United Kingdom has undergone the Industrial Revolution since eighteenth century.What we should attach importance on is the profound impacts of the economic reforms.Economic activities’ change s in pattern,scale, benefit, and structure are the motivation of the development and the changes of human society. Therefore, the transformation from the medieval feudal society to modern capitalism is mainly based on the variations from traditional natural economy to the highly developed industrial and commercial economy.1We attribute the great reforms in the United Kingdom of this period to the profound and comprehensive changes in economy.Now,let us have a deep look at the transifomation.1、Economic reforms1)Commerilization of the agriculture: There was a change from the relativelyquiescent state in the Middle Ages to the currency market and commercial exchange with more freedom and liquidity .iiThere are many reasons for this kind of changes,such as the rapid increase in the population, the process of the civilization and the expansion of the international trade so on and so forth.The commercialization has interrelated with the capitalist production in agriculture,for it has provided the foudation of the production and the circulation in the future,which has promoted the process of manufature.2)Great-leap-forward development in industry:Coal exploiting and primitiveaccumulation of capital have contributed to the process of the large-scale machine industry,which is the epitome of the developmental of capitalist industry. The capitalist estancia and manual workshop have also deepened the development of it.At that time, the United Kingdom enjoyed ever increasing rate of economy growth,making it the most properous country in the world and she was regarded as the workshop of the world.3)Expansion of the maket demand:Dealing with the contradiction between thesupply and demand rightly is significant to the development of a country.The market demand has demonstrated diversification in the United Kingdom inseventeenth century.The jump of the national requirment has become an obvious feature in Britain,which provided the mass production with foundation and opportunities.The growth in the supply also met the demand of the people and the country in turn,thus making a virtuous circle between the supply and demand.2、Social transformationIn fact,sociology derived from the 18th century, and it appered as an independent discipline in the 1930s.It is the outcome of the modern capitalism,for the meaning of its existence is solving the social problems which comes hand in hand with the rapid development of the economy in the transformation time.We all know that the reforms had changed the society in various ways,and today I will select two topics which are mistaken by someone in the past to discuss as follows.1)Class differentiationThe Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.Industrial capitalist class and industrial proletariat class have turned to be the two main opposed classes in the society.There is several climaxes of labour movements in Britain.But today I would like to talk about the differentiation among the working class.⏹Labours on the farm land:We all know a typical phenomenon in England thatthere lied an aristicracy and gentry----farmer------labour structure.It wasaristicracy and gentry who own the land,farmers who lend the land andlabours who work on the land.⏹Domestic servants:With a long history,domestic servants are a bigemployment department,especially for women.They lived together with theirmasters and have a comlex identification. But we have to admit that theirsocial standards were quite low to some extent.Industrial workers:In this period of time,workers in factories have differentiated in two ways,one is the propotion of population,the other one iseconomic status.For the industry where workers can be repalced bymachineries,it is evitably that the population of the labours decreased andtheir economic status descends.Textile industry is a typical example for thesekinds.2)PovertyThe poor in the seventeenth century can be divided into two different kinds,the first kind is people who lose all or part of the capital goods,such as sevants and hire labours,and the other one is people who need government subsidy to keep body and soul together.But based on the data1600-1720 the propotion of the expense on food by labours in the United KingdomActually,based on the Engel's Coefficient,the labours in England nearly have adequate food and clothing.But the data did lie some defect,for it assumed that thelabours worked everday of the year without enjoying the weekends.So the real propotion may come to 70%3However,the problem of starving is not so serious in the seventeenth in England when comparing with other European countries,like France.In a word,on one hand,the labours did go through their life with their slender wages,on the hand,they did not live with distress and darkness as some historians exaggerated before.The purpose of this paper is not only just analysing the phenomena in the economic and social transformation in England,but also offering us some expericences towards the reforms in China. It is believed that China had come to the era of social transformation in the late 1980s. At home,from the sociology scholars’point of view, social transformation was defined the meaning of three aspects:first is system transformation, namely system from planned economy to market economy system.the second refers to the social structure.Scholars who hold this idea maintain that social structure is the main part of social transformation, It consists of people's behavior, the way of life ,value system etc.The third one refers to the social form changes, namely refers to the variatation from traditional society to modem society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from closed society to open society.4We can easily sense the big changes in the society as well as some economic andsocial problems.However,what we should keep in mind is that these problems can not be avoided and all countries have undergone them in the history as we can see in the United Kingdom.But they can be solved by the development of the economics and sociology,by the adjustments of the policy,by the endeavor of the people of the whole country.1<经济社会史> 商务印书馆侯建新2002<The England of Elizabeth:A structure of Society> A.L.Rowse 1951 3John Komlos “The Food Budgt of England Workers Acomment on Shammas”Iournay of Economic History 19884/view/633149.htm?fr=ala0_1。
英语辅修《英美概况》论文
Two Queens in English History- Li Jia Mathematics class 6 There are several queens in English history. They are just like royal red roses decorating the monotonous garden of the monarch filled with green. Two roses are so fragrant that it is hard to ignore them. They are Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria who both dominated the country with their female charms and wisdom. They created marvelous periods in English history that had great effects on later generations. The golden ages are named after them. One is called Elizabethan Age, and the other is known as Victorian Age. Although they lived in different times and experienced diverse life, both of them show the elegance, intellectuality and calm as a queen. They have similarities in some way. Let’s make a comparison between these two great females in the following aspects.1.Early ExperiencesElizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace of Placentia in London. She suffered a lot in her early years. Before she was three years old, her mother was put to death for alleged adultery and the marriage was declared invalid. As a result, Elizabeth’s birth became illegitimate and subsequently lost her claim to the English throne. She was so neglected by her father that she had to wear clothes that were too small. Fortunately, her stepmothers didn’t do much harm to her and she got a comprehensive education ranging from history, mathematics, poetry and languages in palace. She had a good command of several languages, like Greek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, which laid a solid foundation for her reign in the future. Because of the influence of her last stepmother Catherine Parr and her tutors, Elizabeth became a Protestant. The peaceful life came to an end after her young brother-King Edward VI’s death. Since then, she was involuntarily involved in endless cruel fight for the crown and various political plots. The experience is so miserable that she once doubted whether she could survive when imprisoned in the Tower of London. After a series of struggle with her half-sister Mary, she finally get the crown after Mary’s death.Victoria was born at Kensington Palace in London. She should have owned a happy family but her father died of Pneumonia in a sudden. What her father left for his wife and daughter was only heavy debts. From then on, Victoria have to lead a frugal life which means she would wear same clothes for years. At the age of 11, she started to learn the lengthy court etiquette and complex behavior taboos. Anyway, her childhood was not so happy. She finally came into power when she was only 18.2.StatesmanshipElizabeth I was able to work with parliament, but there were also problems. Parliament asked for its customary right of free right confirmed in writing and right to discuss important questions at will instead of the king’s invitation. Neither of the requires above did Elizabeth agree. She regarded them as violations of her prerogative. So at that time, the queen had a strong power above the parliament. As a result, the contradiction between autocratic royalty and the bourgeoisie begin to appear.For the sake of politics, Elizabeth broke religious ties with Rome and restored the independence of the Church of England. She imposed the Common Prayer Book, the English selection of the Bible, on all churches in England. She was a protestant, but she implemented religious tolerance policy at the same time. This decision made England more stable.Conversely, when Victoria ruled over the country, the constitutional monarchy had been built and gradually become perfect. Under such history background, Queen Victoria didn’t interfere in the internal affairs much. However, she did promote the establishment of compulsory education and the opening of the first World Expo. She was sympathetic to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and favored greater religious liberty for those people who did not belong to the official Church of England.What’s more, she showed her own political vision and pointed out the majordirection of the foreign policy. She stood by the Conservative Party and had a intimate relationship with the leader of the party. It directly lead to the realization of colonial policy that made the country become an empire on which the sun never set. During her reign, Britain invaded many nations including China. Because of the vast foreign expansion, Victoria finally became Empress of India. The country extended its effects on the whole world. Nowadays, there are still plenty of places which is entitled her name Victoria.3. Marriagewhen it comes to the marriage, Queen Elizabeth I seemed to go blank. She is known as “the virgin queen”.Through Elizabeth’s lifetime, she never married to anybody. Elizabeth told the parliament: “I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England.”if she had n’t been so loyal to her country, she should have constructed a family. Her former brother-in-law King Felipe II once proposed to her, then she declined it. And she loved Earl of Leicester so much, but they missed each other since a protestant husband would intensify the sectarian strife from her perspective. To avoid the possible religious and political conflicts, she refused to be involved in a marriage. Maybe she is just a lonely woman when coming down from the holy throne. It is a tragedy for a woman to have no husband and no child. Chances are that she chose the people’s welfare rather than her own well-being confronted with the significant responsibilities a queen must undertake.Victoria was much luckier than Elizabeth, she married her cousin Albert. Although their marriage was decided by their parents, their love turned legend in the end.Albert helped the queen tackle various state affairs. He devoted himself to prompting the perfection of constitutional monarchy and changed the disorganized climate of the House of Hanover. Elizabeth adored her husband so much that she agreed with him most of the time. They enjoyed a harmonious and pleasantrelationship.They have nine children in total. Victoria brought up them in person instead of leaving them solely in the care of nannies and governesses. She set a strict discipline for her children and asked them to take their father as example. Victoria once wrote a letter to her pregnant daughter about giving birth to a child. She complained the misery and tiredness a mother had to endure and the happiness to own a child. It completely revealed the contradictory feeling of an ordinary mother.Some of Victoria’s children and grandchildren eventually married the heirs to thrones of Spain, Russia, Sweden, Norway, and Romania, because of her many descendants, Victoria became known as the “Grandmother of Europe”.Victoria took responsibilities not only as a queen, but a wife and a mother. Her family life set a good example for her people.4.Outcomes of the ReignDuring Queen Elizabeth I’s 45 years rule, England became a brilliant kingdom with prosperous economy and multiple cultures. The principal achievement is that England won the naval battle with Spain and get position as a major sea power. Elizabeth’s politics met the need of the rising bourgeoisie and promoted the development of the Renaissance which was represented by several figures like Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. Her rule pave way for the shaping of British Empire.The reign of Queen Victoria has been the longest of any monarch in British history. She was the official head of United Kingdom and the worldwide British Empire. Owing to the stability of the whole society and the enormous foreign market, industrial revolution was carried out successfully. The revolution has changed people’s lifestyle completely and promoted the construction of infrastructure.It was a big change that London owned a convenient metro network, a comprehensive sanitary sewer system and a complete street lamp lighting system during these years.5. ConclusionTo conclude, both of them did a good job. The country obtained considerable development in the politics, economy, culture and so on. As members of few queens in English history, what they have done are much more superior to many kings. Their beauty and wisdom will leave deep impression on descendants. People will be long forgetting them forever.。
英美概况结课论文
从奥巴马看美国的种族歧视—浅谈美国种族歧视消弱的原因【摘要】美国是一个多民族国家。
种族歧视是美国历史上的一个长期问题，它困扰了美国几百年。
终于，在美国黑人们的长期抵抗和奋斗下，种族歧视在美国逐渐被消弱。
更甚之，2008年，第一位非洲裔总统奥巴马在美国出现，这更加表明黑人在美国社会中的地位显著提高，黑人将会过上更加美好的生活，并且美国的种族歧视也将最终走向消亡。
【关键词】美国种族歧视消弱原因众所周知，2008年，奥巴马当选为美国总统，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统，从而创造了美国乃至世界上的一大奇迹。
看到奥巴马在就职仪式上那激情澎湃的演说，我不禁想起几百年来在美国历史上那惨不忍睹的种族歧视。
当时，美国黑人处于极其卑微的地位，这与现在黑人成为美国总统形成鲜明对比，这不仅表明美国黑人的社会地位不断提高，更加表明美国的种族歧视正在被消弱，这是一种积极的社会现象，也是全世界人民所乐意见到的。
可是，是什么原因引起了美国社会种族歧视的消弱呢？一、美国黑人奴隶制的废除在北美殖民地时期，由于殖民地急需大批劳动力，所以在此时期对非洲黑人奴隶的贩卖和奴役十分猖獗。
从1686—1786年的100年间，约有25万非洲黑人被贩卖到英属北美殖民地。
黑人奴隶在北美殖民地的地位极其悲惨，特别是那些在田间终日劳动的黑奴，被当作“耕畜”使用，每天被迫劳动18—19个小时。
美利坚合众国成立后，制定了联邦宪法。
但宪法保留了奴隶制，维护了奴隶贸易。
到1860年，美国黑人奴隶已达到400万。
19世纪上半期，美国人民开展了广泛的反对奴隶制运动。
30年代起，废奴主义在美国广为流行。
废奴主义者加里森创建了新英格兰反对奴隶制协会，并领导成立了全国性废奴主义组织——美国反对奴隶制协会。
到40年代，废奴团体已达2000个，形成了声势浩大的群众运动。
虽然反动势力多方压制和迫害，但废奴主义者仍坚持开展多种活动。
他们出版书籍、报刊并散发传单，到各地宣传演讲，控诉奴隶主的罪行，揭露和抨击奴隶制的罪恶。
英美概况论文：on the Rise of the United States
课程论文论文题目：On the Rise of the United States 主修学校：武汉理工大学学生姓名：侯伟龙学号： 0121011360606指导教师：邓绪新成绩：On the Rise of the United States中文摘要：美国位于北美的南方，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。
大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部属亚热带气候，西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。
拥有98,300,000平方公里的土地和3120,000,000的人口数量，是世界第三大国家。
它由50个州所组成，其中有两个海外州阿拉斯加和夏威夷。
美国诞生于1776年7月4日。
美国是个多文化和多民族的国家，全国有100个种族超过了一百万人。
主要的民族有美利坚民族、拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔。
美国的自然资源非常的丰富，煤、石油、天然气等矿物储量均居世界前列。
美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。
当今美国仍在全世界的经济、政治、军事、科技等众多领域有着庞大影响力，这是他国不能与之相媲美的。
美国是资本主义混合经济，是世界第一大经济体系，国民拥有很高的生活水平，人均国民生产总值超过四万美元，居世界前列，是全球最富裕、经济最发达、生活水平最高的国家之一。
美国在1776年以前是英国的殖民地，在短短的200多年间从一个受压迫的国家发展成为了一个世界举世瞩目的国家，不得不为之赞叹。
关键词：美国；经济；发展Abstract:The United States is situated in the south of North America with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Most of the regions belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate and the western coastal areas have temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate. With 9.83 million square kilometers and about 312 million people, the United States is the third largest country in the world. The United States consists of 50 states. Alaska and Hawaii, two of the 50 states are separated from the continental of America. The United States was born on July 4, 1776.The United States, created by immigrants, is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups who have more than one million people. The main nationalities have the united nation, Latinos and African and Asian. America's natural resources are very rich with coal, petroleum and natural gas mineral reserves in the world. The United States is one of the countries which start to attach the importance of environmental protection earliest in the world. In 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone national park to protect the local environment that has become the world's first national park. Nowadays the United States is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. America has a capitalist mixed economy and the largest economic system in the world. The citizens have a very high standard of living. Their per capita GNP can reach over 40 thousand dollars which ranks first in the world. It is the most advanced and well-developed country. The U.S. was British Colony before 1776, but within a short span of two hundred years it has made such significant achievements to become an eye-catching Nation from a Nation that had been oppressed. We have to applaud the Nation for their achievements.Keywords：America；economy；development1.Introduction:It’s well known that America is a very young country with only more than two hundred years history, but during the past two hundred years, it has become the most powerful country in the world. Many sociologists and economists have done a lot of research on it to analyze the contributing factors to the success, but their conclusions often vary greatly because they view the problems from different perspectives. The only indisputable factor is that the United States has a large piece of fertile land and abundant mineral sources between the two large oceans. And the two large oceans also provide a good condition for America to trade with other countries. On the other hand the immigrations have brought a large number of talented people who have made a great contribution to the development of the United States. Then I will share my view on this topic in detail in my essay.2. The Reasons of American risingThe United States has been the biggest industrial country since 1870 in the world. It has ever experienced a rapid development era of the economy. That rapid development results from many factors. First, the geographical location of the US provides a very good condition for its agricultural development and makes it become a strong country gradually. Second, the US is rich in mineral sources and fertile farm soil with moderate climate. Third, as a result of the African immigration, America has enough people to provide the labor for the development of the economy. At last, the US has many skilful workers and excellent scientists, such as Einstein. Now let’s start to analyze the process of its growing in economy step by step.2.1The immigration brought a lot of talented personSome of those immigrations had advanced knowledge in agriculture and political system and belief. These early immigrations were the pioneers for the rising of America. They laid the foundation for church and governmental authority in America. Many of the first immigrants were educated people and their knowledge contributed to their success in the New World. They brought advanced agricultural technology for the America. And they also set up schools to develop education. In summary, the early immigration has laid the foundation for American agriculture and education.2.2 The War had great influence on the country2.2.1 The First War of independenceThe United States started a large-scale independence war which ended European control of both North and South America from 1775 to 1783. The war wonindependence for the 13 states and started a new era in American history. From then on, the United States has become an independent country. American independence inspired American people greatly. Then American economy developed very fast in the 13 colonies. In general the War of Independence made a new beginning of American history.2.2.2 The second war of independenceAfter this war, the U.S. completely got rid of the British control and began a new period of rapid development .This war also made their citizens realize the importance of a strong nation government. It strengthened the feeling of national united and patriotism through this war. And Americans also turned their attentions to the development of the western part of the continent.2.2.3 The Civil WarAmerican slavery or Negro silvery existed in the southern states after the second War of Independence, while the northern states were capitalism. The contradiction between south and north became more and more intense. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the confederate States of America. Then the Civil war broke out on April 12, 1861. After this war, the United States became a unified capitalist country. After that American economy developed much more rapidly in every field. Abolishing slave system helped to establish a unified home market and enlarged the supply of the free labor. Through this war the American people cleared away all the obstacles and determined to develop science and production further. The U.S. led the world in industry 30 years later after the war.2.2.4 The First World War brought a big chanceThe First World War marked another turning point in American history. The First World War broke out in June 1914. For the sake of that it didn’t happen in the United States. So the United States announced the neutrality on August 2, 1914. The American neutral policy was aimed at making a profit by trading arms and war materials with the warring countries. Generally the United States got a lot of benefits through this war. And because of the peaceful domestic environments, its economy also got a very rapid development.2.2.5 The Second World WarAs the First World War, the United States also got a lot of benefits in the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States has benefited a lot from a prolonged period of unprecedented prosperity and became the strongest country in thecapitalist world. At that time, many capitalist countries were deep in debt to America. The U.S. industrial production made up about 60% of the world’s total while its exposition monopolized about 30% of the world market which made it possible for America to enjoy another period of economic prosperity.2.3 The Industrial RevolutionAmerica has taken part in the Industrial Revolution twice. During that period, the American economy developed very rapidly. After the two times Industrial Revolution, the United States has basically realized the realization of urbanization. Science and new inventions played an important role in promoting the economic development. The iron and steel industry was one of America’s basic industries. At the same time, railway construction proceeded rapidly which resulted from the steel industry. By 1920 America had already constructed more than 400000 kilometers of railroads which greatly sped up the development of economy.2.4 President Roosevelt’s “New Deal” saved the America’s economyWhen a country faced with problems, they always need a great leader to save the nation. There were many serious weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “new deal” to get America out of the depression. The new deal increased government interference in the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. It used public fund to finance a lot of government projects in order “to put people to work”. It also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. The “New Deal”has produced far-reaching influence on America’s social welfare program.2.5 Natural causes2.5.1 PositionAmerica has two neighbor countries, Mexico and Canada. Both Mexico and Canada have no threat to America which provides a steady environment to develop own country. It has two long coastlines which are convenient to go on international trade. Now Canada has been America’s most important trading partners and the trade between Mexico is also climbing.2.5.2 TopographyAmerica has a large area of land, ranking No. 4 in the world .And the topography is various from place to place. America has varied geographical features with large mountains, round-topped hills, big plains, dry deserts and low-lying basins. America’srich land resources and varied geographical conditions are important contributing factors in the development of the United States. Few countries enjoy so many geographic advantages.2.5.3 Climate and weatherThe United States is mainly situated in the northern temperate zone. America has different types of climate in different areas. In New England, the temperature rarely rises above the freezing point in winter. But the several states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia in the tropical have a little higher temperature. The south eastern parts of the United States enjoy a warm climate with abundant rainfall. In a word, American climate and weather create a better environment for developing.2.5.4 Rich natural resourcesAbout 47% of America’s land areas can be used for farmland. The large area of arable land makes it easy for America to develop its agriculture and grow enough food grain to feed its people. It’s well known that water resources play an important role in a country’s development. And the United States is a comparatively rich in water resources. It totally has 12 rivers and lakes, which can be used to irrigation fields, transport goods, and furnished power. Generally speaking, America enjoys abundant water resources. The United States is also rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver. All these natural resources have combined to provide a solid material base for American industry.2.6 The political and economic systemAs we all know, the US. Constitution divides the federal government into three outwardly separate but inwardly inter-dependent branches. They work together but check each other. This can greatly deduce the corruption of the government which indirectly promotes the development of the economy. America has a capitalist mixed economy. And there are many large private enterprises which have made a great contribution to the development of the United States.2.7 American diplomatic relations and militaryAs the globalization has begun, foreign relations also play a vital part in a country’s development and it has become more and more important. The United States of America has established diplomatic relations with most of the countries in the world, especially some developed countries. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. and consulates around the country. This greatly strengthened the exchange of America and other countries and promoted the development of the UnitedStates.ConclusionAs we all know America is a very young nation with only 200 years history. But now it has developed from a colony to the strongest country in the world which is worthy of our China to study.There are many reasons for the American’s rising that can be divided into two main parts: internal reasons and external reasons. From my perspective the main reason is the internal reasons. On one hand the American people have tried their best to develop their country in economy, science and technology, education, policy and some other aspects. On the other hand the rich natural resources, fertile farmland and suitable climate also play a great role to the development of the United States. Another important reason is that neither the First nor the Second World War happened in the United States. What’s more, the United States has benefited a lot from the two World War. This provides a stable domestic environment for the development of the United States. And during that period the United States developed very quickly. At last the America attached great importance to the education which has brought a lot of talents. That’s why the science and technology of the United States have developed so rapidly.On the whole, America has set a good example for other countries. We can also learn from the experience of the United States to develop our own country.BibliographyAtkins, Ollie.The White Houses Rears[M]. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1977 (1):102-136. 来安方.英美概况[M].郑州: 大象出版社,1995 (1):143-171.周静琼.当代美国概况[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003 (1):113-153.张奎武.英美概况学习与指导[Z].吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，2001 (1):21-32/wiki/United_States/view/2398.htm。
英美概况unit2论文
A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅡNorthern IrelandNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, both in area and population. It’s capital is Belfast. Though Northern Ireland is small but it is significant because of the political troubles there. There are four aspect to know about Northern Ireland. First, it is about it’s physically. It is mostly rural, with many beautiful views. There are many famous sights such as Giant’s Causeway、Ironbridge Gorge and Broughty Castle and so on.Second, it is about the political problems which are best known about it. The people of Ireland are living an ordinary life. The crime and the murder rate are very low. But in the world, the Ireland is a country which wants to be independent. So it’s international affect is very great.Third, it is about it’s active cultural life. There are many famous people, such as Seamus Heaney、Heaney won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995. Neil Jordan won an Oscar for the “Best Original Screenplay”in 1992. Van Morrison is an internationally famous pop musician. Brian Fried is a playwright whose stageplays are acclaimed in London and Dublin. So Ireland is a cultural.Forth, it is about it’s economy problems. Two parts are the big problem. One is the troubles discouraging investment; another is it’s peripherality in relation to the UK. The cost of people is very low.HistoryThe history of Ireland is the one thing that almost everyone knows about Ireland. Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict. The Queen Elizabeth became the settler from late 1905. The ingrained resentment of the British which is almost endemic in the native Irish culture is evident even today. In the 19th century, British politics became a campaign in parliament called “home--rule”. Irish political control Irish affairs. In 1916, the Easter Rising was the most spectacular event. In 1916, IRA expanded the fright. In 1920, most Catholic didn’t appeal to independent. Because English government, trying to increase it’s control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, so the northeast part of Ireland thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The troublesThere are many trouble of Ireland1、The popular revolt by Roman Catholics.2、Counter—demonstrations by Protestants3、In 1969, British soldiers were asked to help restore order4、A campaign of bombing and shooting5、Internment6、Bloody Sunday in 19727、In 1973, an agreement was reached8、In the late 1970s and the 1980s, the conflict continued and the life went onIn 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. They were shot dead by British soldiers. This was a key event in streagthening Catholic opposition to the Btitish presence. This day has now been my thought as “Bloody Sunday”.Towards a SolutionFirst is The Bullet and the Ballot Box.Second, in 1985, the Anglo—Irish agreement was signed, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.Third, the Downing—Street Declaration said that British had “no selfish or strategic interest” in Northern Ireland.Forth, the IRA declared a ceasefire.The Good Friday AgreementIn January 1974, the British Prime Minister set to a power—sharing executive which involved representatives from both of the Republic and the North of Ireland as well as governance of the North.The next attempt at an all—government solution was known as the Angle—Irish Agreement of 1985. The agreement like the one before it, guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future—either to join with the South, or to remain as they were.Multi—party negotiations aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also as the Belfast Agreement. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so with out the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.On 28th July 2005, the Provisional IRA declared an end to it’s campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of it’s arsenal.The North of Ireland is now a quieter and more civilized place than it has been for the last thirty years.ConclusionThere is still a palpable culture up North of “telling”—that is, trying to guess without asking whether a stranger is Catholic or Protestant, a game that has a large political point, for it is not easy, with this history behind them, for a Northerner to be comfortable with someone not of his own traditions and persuasion.。
英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain中文摘要：英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。
英国采用君主立宪制政体，王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。
英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，气候温和湿润。
它，一个漂泊在大西洋上的小岛，曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻，人口不过数百万，国土资源也很有限，却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门，从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心，一跃成为西方强国的领头人，并独领风骚数百年，给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。
然而到了十九世纪末期，由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因，英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤，大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立,大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。
这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落，回归到欧洲，回归到欧洲的版图之内，回归到大西洋中的那个小岛。
关键词: 农业革命；工业革命；世界工厂；殖民扩张；帝国；世界大战；衰落Abstract in English：Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britain was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate.It, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one after another. The great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "workshop of the world" and "an empire in which the sun does not set" began declining gradually and returned to Europe, the European territory，the island in the Atlantic Ocean.Key words:Agricultural Changes;Industrial Revolution;T he workshop of the world;Colonial Expansion ;The World War ;The Empire ;Decline Introduction:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression ,shecompleted the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. she began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it ,but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power who is always at the America's command in international affairs.1 The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times ,how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.1.1 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the synall farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cuffivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming moreefficient and more profitable. The 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell (1725-95). Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke(1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nick-named “Famer George”Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results (1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands -land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; and (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentra tion of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.1.2 M-The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to seek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All these factorscombined to make England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry because of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was increased by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam locomotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two classes became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north England, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center of the world trade and the English language was used in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.1.3 Colonial ExpansionEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notabl the British East India Company in India. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th century.1.3.1 The growth of dominionsIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, under populated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.After the Seven Years' War (1756-63 ) between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the. Quebec Act of 1774. Then the Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Pntario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French. Only one serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada ,as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales, (1770). The English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century. New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. In the1770s Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England. Missionaries became active inthe early 19th century, and systematic colonization was begun in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) with the Maori chiefs, and made the country a separate colony (1841). It achieved self-government in 1952, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.1.3.2. The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government became directly involved in Indian affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a “Board of Control”to supervise the Company. Political instability and French interference prompted further intervention. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native- troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentment at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2) fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and (3) the issue of cartridges- greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims . After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.2 The Fall of Great BritainWith the coming of the 19th century,the British Empire began to go downhill. First,the capitalist countries did not develop at even pace. T owards the end of the 19th century the newly-industrialized countries which developed more quickly than Britain spang up and become Britain's formidable rivals in markets and source of raw materials. In 1900,Britain was surpassed by the United States and Germany in industrial production and Britain lost her economic supremacy in the world. Sceond,when the 20th century was ushered in the state of Britain's imperial rule over her colonies started to totter and an up surge of the national independence struggle of the colonial people began to be in the making. In the process of the crumbing of the British Empire, there were several affairs which directly or indirectly led to her declining.2.1 Britain in the Two World Wars and the AftermathBriain joined in World War I and was one of the victorious countries . It seemed like that she won the greatest victory in history,but she sustained great loss:more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt,and loss of many foreign markets forever. She was exhausted and half bankrupt. About 750,000 Englishmen,fell in action and 1.500,000 were disabled for life. The war cost was about 9 billion pounds an nearly 70 percent of it was met by loans. As a result ,Britain became a debtor country. London was replaced by New Y ork as the world's banking center. Britain's international status was lowered to a great extent and she was deprived of her position as unmatched maritime overlord by the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.On June 6,1944,the British joined the Allied forces in the Normandy Invasion and fought in the Second Front in Western Europe until the final victory. World War II started the last stage of Britain's disintegration which was initiated by World War I,on the one hand, Britain suffered enormous losses in the war and her national strength was greatly reduced .With the war over, Britain had face the fact that it was no longer a major power.it would no longer keep up pretences;its cities had been damaged ,its navy and army strethed to the limit, its war debt enormous.Britain needed a long time to recover from the cost war-nothing less than a reconstruction of the nation.2.2 The Loss of ColonizationIn Britain's former colonies, the commonwealth was to keep a certain club-like organization by which Britain manage to keep a certain The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. The British government tried its best at first to suppress them and when that failed,she made concessions.World War I undermined Britain's rules over her colonies. When the colonials participating in the war returned home, they were not as deferential to their English masters as before. Revolutionary ideas of the war like "self-determination of peoples" and socialist idealogies wereside-spread in the British colonial rule began to revolt against colonial rulers and some of them won their victories. After World War II,peoples in the British colonies had been awakened and tempered by the war and their struggle for independence began to surge forward immediately. Within two decades ,most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.3 Modern BritainHistory has left much burden on Britain and she didn't recover from the bad condition quickly. There are a series of factors which influence her development.3.1The Monarch and the PeopleThough the feudal class is no longer in power,the monarchy and the Upper House have been retained and the monarchy continues to confer noble titles on distinguished persons. In Britain, the Queen reigns,but she does not rule. The royal house has a large amount of private wealth and spends many million of pounds given by Parliament,which undoubtedly give a burden on the national expenditure. In addition, they have many privileges.Despite traditional as well as present diversity, the British people have their common characteristics--conservatism and deference.Adherence to traditions and familiar things easily leads to public suspicion of new plans of the government,causing numerous protests i n the country.3.2 The Economic FactorsBritain is a trading nation.many years of consumption has exhausted some of Britain's resources. Therefore ,she became one one of the world's largestest importers,buying up a large proportion of the raw materials sold in the world market. Its limited domestic market and inadequate home supply of raw materials compel the country to rely on heavily on foreign trade.In addition,Britain is not self-sufficient in food grain.After the second World War,Britain nationalized some one-fourth of production and service industries.Some of the stated-owned companies made thin profits or even ran at a loss. Britain's slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term"British Disease". In spite of the efforts to redjust and some short periods of rapid development,Britain's rate econemic growth has been low in comparison with that of most other industrialized countries.3.3 Cultural and Social FactorsBritain is said to be a state with a from-cradle -to -grave social welfare programme.The government should ensure ,as far as it can,that nobody should be without the means of the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment ,old age,sickness,or over-large families. According to one estimate,government's spending on the social programme consists of more than 40% of the government's total expenditure. It 's a heavy burden on the government,resulting in what is known as ''dependency culture'' which hinders development based on competition.Conclusion:Looking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of twowars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.T aking the rise and fall of Great Britain as an example, we may learn that a country want prosperous, it needs to go through a hard road. But after being glorious, resting on one’s laurels is a road to death. T echnology is the development for all, so we must accept new things and ideas and let our mind emancipated from old stereotype!Bibliography：Alderman Geofftey,Modern Britain 1700--1983,Burrell Row,Provident House,1986,P1--15A.C.W.,Winchester,Nineteent Century Britain 1815--1941,Harlow,Essex,UK, Longman House 1982,P175--181安来芳,英美概况[M],郑州：河南人民出版社，2004.9 ,P130--136张奎武，英美概况[M]，吉林：吉林科技大学出版社，1984,P115-12911。
英美概况——精选推荐
英美概况Discussion1: Describe the climate in Britain and point out its three features. Britain has a temperate maritime climate ,which is damp and warm all the year round and generally does not run to extremes. The climate in Britain is much milder than that of many places in the same latitude. The climate in Britain has three features. The first one is that there are more fogs or smog in winter , for which London is famous. The second one is that there are more rainy days but less sunny days. The rainfall is not very heavy and there is not often any very violent storm or wind. The third one is its instability or changeability.2: Give a brief account of the three stages in the evolution of the English language.English is descended from the language of the Germanic people—the Anglo-Saxons who invaded the British Isles in the fifth and the early sixth centuries. Their language is called Old English(450-1150). After the Norman Conquest ,the English vocabulary was gradually enlarged by borrowing and assimilating thousands of French ,Latin and Greek words and words from other languages. Then English had entered the second stage by 1150—Middle English (1150-1450). The introduction of the printing press ,the establishment of the First English postal system both promoted the spread of the London dialect, which is turn helped to establish the London dialect as the literary standard for the country. By1500,English had entered the period called ModernEnglish(1450-present).4.1)What power dose the queen have theoretically? Why is it said she has no real power at all in reality?Theoretically the Queen has all the power : she is the head of theexecutive branch of government and gives effect to all laws; she may pardon criminal offenses and cancel punishments; she is thecommander-in-chief of the armed forces and the temporal head of the Church of England ; she also confers all titles of rank and appoints judges, officers of the armed forces, governors , bishops anddiplomats. It is the monarch who has the power to conclude treaties , to declare war upon and make peace with other nations. In reality, however, almost all these acts are performed only on the advice of the ministers. She does not personally take part in theprocess in which decisions are made. She is bound in practice toappoint the very person Prime Minister. So the appointment is only a legal formality.4. 2)Point out the main functions of Parliament.Parliament?s main functions are :debating, making laws and supervising the government and finance.5.Give a brief account of the history and the basic policies of the two principal parties in Britain.The Conservative Party developed out of the Tory Party .The Conservative Party is in favor of privatization and openly helps the monopolists to make profits.The Labour Party was formed in 1900 by a union between the trade union, the Independent Labour Party and the Fabin Society. It took the place of the Liberal Party after the First World War and came into office immediately after the Second World War and since then it has taken turns in office with the Conservative Party. The Labour Party practices bourgeois democracy or social reformation and nationalization of public enterprises.6.How was feudalism gradually established in England and how was it developed after Norman Conquest?In early Saxon England the main classes of people were noblemen, freemen and slaves.Gradually changes took place in social relation. By the 10th century, the thegn had appeared. In the 11th century, the noble classes were supposed to be protectors of the ordinary people. The old system of clans and kinship had been completely displaced by the system of lords and tenants . But the process of Feudalism was not completed until after the Norman Conquest. Henry II had a reform of the courtsand law. He improved the courts of justice, introduced the jury system and made the law common throughout thestrengthened the feudal system in Britain.7.T ell what you know about the renaissance.It was under the Tudors that the renaissance spread into England . It was a re-birth ,revival of interest in many things that the early Middle Ages had cared little about . It was a cultural movement by progressive thinkers who represented the interests of the rising bourgeoisie and worked for freedom and enlightenment. They were called “humanists."8.1.Give a brief account of the nature and process of the British Industrial Revolution .It a revolution in both the method of production andthe relations of production , was one of the direct results of the primitive accumulation of capital and the rapid development of capitalism in Btitain after the Bourgeois Revolution.Process;In 1765 ,James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny . In 1769 ,Richard Arkwright invented a spinning machine run by water power.In 1785 ,Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom. In1814, further improvements were made on the steam locomotive used on the railway. In 1803 a young American of Irish builta steamboat .2.What were the six points contained in the People's Charter .They were equal electoral districts , abolition of the property qualifications for MPs ,universal manhood suffrage ,annual Parliament , vote by ballot , and the payment of MPs . These demands were accepted with enthusiasm by hundreds of industrial workers who saw in them the means to remove their intolerable economic grievances.9What do you know about the British Empire?The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583,the first British colony overseas.In the hundred years after the Industrial Revolution,the Empire kept expanding.The British colonists perpetrated atrocities inAmerica,India,China,Africa and many spots along the route from Europe to Asia:Gibraltar,Malta,Cyprus,Suez,Aden. By 1900,Britain had been transformed from capitalism into imperialism.The three features of imperialism are foreign territorial expansion,the export of capital and monopoly.10 1.Give a brief description of the British educational system.Education in Britain is carried out in three main stages:primary education,secondary education and higher education.All children must,by law,receive full-time education between the ages of five andsixteen.Primary and secondary education takes place in schools,which may be divided into two categories:the independent schools and the state schools.Examinations are very important in British education.Universities are now open to all intelligent young people,both male and female.In the teaching profession there is no clear distinction between elementary and advanced level teachers.The standard salary scale for teachers in schools is called the the Burnham Scale.The academic year is divided into 3 terms,namely,the Autumn term,the Spring Term and the Summer Term. 2.Describe the college system and tutorial systern of Oxbridge.The college system:In order to enter the universitiy,a student must first apply to a college and become a member of the university through the college.All colleges are parallel and equal institutions.None of them is connected with a particular study and all are governed by twenty or thirty tutors.The tutorial system：Tutors teach their own subject to students and are responsible for the students? academic progress.Most tutors give one or two lectures a week.Each student gets personal tution once a week in his tutor?s own room.No lectures are compulsory.Tutors usually advise their students which lectures they should go to.12: Why has the united states long been known as a melting pot?Because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world .Many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all over the world to make their new homes in the new land , which had sparsely been populated by native Indian tribes. Most Americans are of European origin ,but many came from Latin America ,AsiaAfrica ,Australia ,Mexico and Canada .Therefore ,there are many different Americans who have been dissipating theirThe senate has the power to ratify all treaties withforeign .countries ,and approve the president nominees for high level official positions , while representatives may propose bills for raising money . impeachment should be proposed by the house but decided on by the senate .The major power of the House of representative is to pass federal legislation that affects the entire country, although its bills must also be passed by the Senate and further agreed to by the President before becoming law unless both the House and Senate re-pass the legislation with a two-thirds majority in each chamber.17: What are the main ideas of the Declaration of Independence?The main ideas of the Declaration of Independence were that all menare created equal and have certain inalienable rights ,among which are life, liberty and pursuit of happiness; that governments get their powers from the consent of those they govern; and that was created can be abolished by the people. 18: What was the significance of the American Civil War?The Civil War is of great significance in American history. It preserved the Union. It solved the agrarian problem. It destroyed the feudal slavery-plantation system, which had been an obstacle on the pace of the development of capitalism, so that the American capitalism developed at a higher speed after the war. In this sense it is, therefore, also called the Second American Bourgeois Revolution.20: What is the central factor in the operation of American higher education institution?What is central to American higher education is the fact that the actual substance of education and the way it is provided are determined by individual professors or by their own institutions through the collective judgment of the professors. It is the faculty of the college or university that decides who shall be taught and for how long, what shall be taught and how, and who shall have the right to teach.Notes1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国The Pennines奔宁⼭脉the Channel Islands海峡群岛Cumbrian Mountain Range康布⾥安⼭脉Ben Nevis尼维斯峰Clyde克莱德河Forth福斯河Edinburgh爱丁堡Cardiff加的夫Lough—Lake Neagh 讷湖Belfast贝尔法斯特The Thames River泰晤⼠河The Severn River塞⽂河Temperate maritime climate 海洋性温带⽓候2: population density ⼈⼝密度population distribution ⼈⼝分布conurbation 由⼤城市及其周围的卫星城市组成的都市区Greater London ⼤伦敦都市区Greater Manchester ⼤曼彻斯特都市郡Midland 密德兰（⼯业区）Celt 凯尔特⼈Gaelic 盖尔语Welsh 威尔⼠语Old English 古英语Middle English 中古英语William Caxton 威廉·卡克斯顿Modern English 现代英语Early Modern English 早期现代英语Authoritarian English 权威期现代英语Mature Modern English 成熟期现代英语Late Modern English 晚期现代英语Protestant 新教徒Catholics 罗马天主教徒the Church of England 英格兰圣公会the established church 国教Westminster abbey 西敏寺⼤教堂dissenters 异教徒Free Churches ⾃由教Baptists 浸礼教Quakers 教友会，“贵格”派Methodists 卫理会Commonwealth 英联邦Orthodox 正教Jews 犹太⼈Moslems 回教徒Buddhists 佛教徒Jesus Christ 耶稣基督Santa Claus 圣诞⽼⼈Easter 复活节Sabbath Day 安息⽇metric system 长度度量体制monetary system 货币体制Ulster 阿尔斯特the City of London 伦敦城Inner London 内伦敦Outer London 外伦敦East End 伦敦东区West End 伦敦西区the City of Westminster 威斯敏斯特城Buckingham Palace ⽩⾦汉宫the Palace of Westminster 威斯敏斯特宫White Hall ⽩厅No.10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号Hyde Park 海德公园Westminster Abbey 西敏寺⼤教堂British Museum ⼤不列颠博物馆Birmingham 伯明翰Glasgow 格拉斯哥Newcastle upon Tyne 泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔Sheffield 设菲尔德Hull 赫尔Southampton 南安普顿Plymouth 普利茅斯4. constitutional monarchy 君主⽴宪制Parliament 议会the power of veto in legislation ⽴法否决权House of Lords （议会)上院the Lord Chancellor ⼤法官House of Commons （议会）下院Mr. Speaker 下院议长Question Time 质询时间，反对党対议员向政府⼤⾂进⾏质询的时间。
英美概况论文 A special issue in Quebec
AbstractOn 30th October 1995 in Quebec, by a vote of 50.6 percent to 49.4, Federalists prevailed over separatist in a secession referendum.French Canadian constitute approximately 80 percent of Quebec’s total population, which make Quebec a special province of Canada. Quebec secession has existed for a long time. This paper centers on the cause of the secession, and the failure of the Quebec Independence Movement, the resistance of the secession and some reflection.Key WordsQuebec secession French British nationalismIntroductionThe cause of the Quebec problemQuebec Independence Movement could date to the French colonization in North America. France had made Quebec a permanent colonial settlement. Then Britain and France engaged in a fierce battle for North American colonies. After winning the final battle, the seven years’ war, British army conquered the important city, Quebec. Since the end of the Seven Years’ War, the Quebec issue has been the focus of Canadian politics.During the final war between the two, 13 colonies began to fight with Britain against the political and economic oppression. They spread the war into the west. Britain delivered The Quebec Act which gave many privilege to Quebec, aiming to contain the war. The act canceled the military control of Britain to Quebec, allowed the old manor system, some Catholic privileges and even French.Britain planned to conquer Quebec with the sugar act, but the act was to blame for the contradictory between the French Canada and the British Canada. Since all the habits of Frenchhad been kept, Quebec became a small France gradually.The Catholic took a command place in the area of manor, revenue, education and social welfare, keeping the French old system. As for the law, they opted the French one, especially different from the Britain Common Law.Then there were two kinds of different language and two kind of different culture, which resulted in the opposition of the national consciousness.Next, Britain gave up half land of the whole Quebec to the USA, which did harm to Quebec’s interest and aroused the strong antagonism of Quebeckers. What’s worse, Britain adopted the policy of dividing the whole Quebec into two parts, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. This policy widened the gap between British Canadian and French Canadian. Lower Canada consisted of part of former French colony of New France, populated mainly by French Canadians.The provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were combined as the United Province of Canada in 1841, when The Union Act came into force. Their separate legislatures were combined into a single parliament with equal representation for both constituent parts, even if Lower Canada had more population. The parliament was not conducive to the French Canadians for the unequal portion of the representatives, so they valued their minority’s right and culture more.Then in 1847, the British Parliament passed the "British North America Act”, the Nova Kim, New Brunswick and Canada and down into a Federation. The act was referred as the original Canadian Constitution.But the Union Act and British North America Act were aimed to strengthen the Canadian English area and assimilate the French Canadian.To a conclusion, the backlash of Quebec wad resulted from British colonial domination policy. To keep their conquest to Quebec, Britain appeased or oppressed Quebec back and forth, and divided it or combined them. No matter what policy Britain adopted, the French Canadian also wanted to keep their language and culture.The responses of QuebecFrench Canadian also took many measures to protect their own rights.Struggling under the control of Britain, Quebeckers had to make a decision and came to the Quite Revolution. The Quiet Revolution was the 1960s period of intense changein Quebec, characterized by the rapid and effective secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state, and realignment of politics into federalist and separatist factions.The provincial government took over the fields of health care and education, which had been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It created ministries of Education and Health, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government allowed unionization of the civil service. It took measures to increase Quebeckers control over the province's economyand nationalized electricity production and distribution.What’s more, the revolution contained the French nationalism claims and demands in Quebec area, instead of expanding it to the whole United Province of Canada.In 1970, the first Quebec Independent Movement had influenced all kinds of aspects of Canada. The language, French, was in core. The federal government founded an organization to solve the bilingual and dual culture problems in order to cater the public appeal.Language reflects a nation’s existing, which is the reason why the language problem was the key in the secession of the Quebec. Quebec's parliament tried to use law or act to protect French from disappearing in QuebecWith the development of the revolution, the secession became more serious. At this time, Robert Bourassa put forward a new proposal. He advocated that Quebec should keep a close economic relationship with the federal government but keep an equal place with federal government on politics. That meant that Quebec should have absolute right in legislation, taxation and diplomacy.During Quebec’s struggling, there were two referendums about "independence" in Quebec.The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government, which strongly favored secession from Canada. The province-wide referendum took place on Tuesday, May 20, 1980, and the proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin.The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should secede from Canada and become an independent state. The 1995 referendum differed from the first referendum on Quebec's sovereignty in that the 1980 question proposed to negotiate "sovereignty-association" with the Canadian government, while the 1995 question proposed "sovereignty", along with an optional partnership offer to the rest of Canada. The motion to decide whether Quebec should secede from Canada was defeated by a very narrow margin of 50.58% "No" to 49.42% "Yes".ConclusionThe reasons of the long existence of Quebec problem:I.The French Canadian have the strong desire to maintain their national characteristics.Quebeckers have no sense of security since they are surrounded by the British atmosphere. During the two hundred years, the French Canadian coexist with British Canadian. The dominant place of the British Canadian makes French Canadian stick together closely.II.The Quebec problem is a culture contradictory in the disguise of language.The famous home cultural historian YuQiuyu had said that a nation, a country, even a race is culture in the essence, instead of military, region or politics. To the most degree, Quebec problem is the problem of traditional French Canadian culture. Quebeckers are unwilling to be absorbed by British culture and their language, either. Faced with the strong status of English, French Canadian has never give up strengthening French. The 63rd Bill, the 22nd and the 101st Bill have been released to protect French and strengthen the using of it. Especially the 101st Bill. It has required that French is the only official language of Quebec, which had set a exciting wave of counterattack to English. So it also has been referred as the constitution of French. It can be imagined that British Canadian resist it severely, which oppress English at all aspects in daily life. The problem has been deepened.III. Canadian federal system has its own defects.Federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the local states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, are typically constitutionally protected and may not be changed by a simple unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body.Federations may be multi-ethnic and cover a large area of territory. The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests, reduces differences between the different territories, and gives them all even more common ground.So the most distinct characteristic of federation is to keep the balance between the center and the local government and between the local governments. Canadian federation has not dealt this issue appropriately, which makes the French Canadian feel discontent. After conquering the NewFrance, The British parliament took a series of measures to absorb or command the French, excepting the French Canadian struggling to go on. The rise of British Canadian goes back with the federation, which emphasizes on the coordinated development between the local governments.IV.The rise in economics of Quebec.As a matter of fact, the promotion of Quebec’s demands is fitted to the promotion of its economics. Quebec kept the old manor system before the Quite Revolution, which was comparatively old fashioned. However, in the 60-70's of the 20th century, Quebec transformed from agricultural country to industrial country, which changed the situation that British Canadian played a dominant role of the economic markets. During this course, the gap between French and British Canadian had been narrowed, although some British Canadian still held the command place of industrial and financial fields. In spite of the promotion, French Canadian earned less than most of British Canadian. The rising French Canadian thought they should have the right to deal with their own issues in Quebec, which could really improve the situation that they were struggling to keep their own culture. Only by making decision on the provincial issues by themselves, could they protect their rights.Quebec’s secession is difficult to realize.I. As economic globalization develops in depth, Quebec’s economics rely on the whole Canada and the whole world.The two Quebec referendums for secession had failed because the public took economic into account to some degree. During the period of the 2nd referendum, the GDP had decreased to 7.6 percent.II.Canadian federal government and Canadian constitution will interfere in the issue.The most famous one is The Clarity Act. In 1999, the Parliament of Canada passed the Clarity Act, a law that set out the conditions under which the Crown-in-Council would recognize a vote by any province to leave Canada. It required a majority of legal voters for a vote to set off secession talks, not just a plurality of votes. In addition the act requires a clear question of secession to start secession talks. Controversially, the act gave the House of Commons the power to decide whether a proposed referendum question was considered clear, and allowed it to decide whether a clear majority has expressed itself in any referendum. It is widely considered by separatist as an unequal piece of legislation, who announced that Quebec alone had the right to determine its terms of secession.ReflectionThough the secession of Quebec has aroused many controversies, but Quebeckers’ wiling to maintain and keep their own language and culture should be respected with no doubt.Reference维基百科：魁北克独立运动，魁北克1995年独立公投。
英美国家概况课程论文
What I Have Learnt in This CourseAs we know,English has become the most popular language in the world nowadays.And as the main countries that use English as the offical language,the UK and the USA both have a long and splendid culture.After the course of Essentials of British and American Cultures,we have got more understanding of the different cultures.After the course, we can make a comparison between the west and the east culture.So much common point and difference can be found in different kind of cultures.At the the same time,it can promote us with a deeper understanding of our own Chinese culture.Now,I will share something useful that I have learnt in this course.1.The basic information of British and AmericaThe full name of British is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom, the unification of the central government and in a head of state. Britain is located beyond continental Europe in Great Britain, surrounded by the North Sea, British Isles, Celtic sea, across the English channel, the Atlantic ocean and the Irish sea.The land area is 24.36 square kilometers and a population of about 60 million. Britain is the world's first industrialised countries and with a culturally diverse and opening-up thoughts of society. Capital London is the largest and most international city in Europe.America is short for The United States of America.The east is coast Atlantic, west near the Pacific, north to Canada, south meets Mexico. The land area of America is more than 962 million square kilometers,third in the world.On July 4, 1776, the continental congress in Philadelphia has officially approved the declaration of independence, declared the U.S. to birth. Since 1870, United States national economy ranks the first in the world.Today's America is one of the five permanent members of the UN security council, in its global politics,the huge influence in economy, military, entertainment and other domain can’t be matched by other nations.2.The history of British and AmericaAlthough the United Kingdom covers only a small area of the earth’s surface,it represents people of many different origins and cultures.The history of human habitation and settlement in Britain goes back to the Stone Age hunters and gatherers who arrived from the European continent about 10,000 years ago.Around 2000 BC these Stone Age people started to erect huge monuments.Work on the henges continued intermittently into the Bronze Age,until about 1500 BC.The clearest historical item in the general knowledge of most British people is the year 1066.Passing quickly over a long period of civil wars,the wars of the Roses,fought between two branches of the English royal family who each claimed the throne,we approach the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period.In the 16th century,Europe as a whole was changing rapidly.During the 17th and the 18th century,Britain was under war for decades.The main enemy was Spain and France.After the battle of Waterloo and the fall of Napoleon,Britain enjoyed a long period of peace.And then time cames to 20th century.Britain is still widely respected.America is a young country,it was first discovered around the year 1000.after that,some English settlements come to this continent,and they captured the land.In the 18th century,a revolution took place,Americans broke away from the control of British,and then a constitution was devised.After sectional conflict and civil war,America came to get a quickly development in the following decades,and America now has become a great nation.3.English as a languageAs we know,English is one of the main offical languages of the United Nations, is a international exchange language as well. English belongs to the indo-european of sino-japanese Germanic branch, and through the British colonial activities,it widely spreads to other part of the world. Because of history and various national language contact, its vocabulary, grammar from a dollar into multiple from "more inflectional" into "little inflectional", voice has also undergone a regular changes.According to the number of English native speakers of English may be calculated, the world's third-largest language, but it is the world's most widely second language. The world is more than 60% of the letters written in English in two centuries, English and American culture, economic, military, political and scientific leadership makes English become a international language.Along with the time changes, China's continuous development and the level of English requirement rise ceaselessly, more and more foreign students go abroad. Oral English gradually developed into a indispensable part in life. Therefore, the prevalence of oral English in expanding the scope constantly too, the importance of spoken English also will be more and more important.In about 1500 years,English has developed from the language of a small,warlike,agrarian people,to the language of a highly developed technological civilization and now has one of the richest vocabularies of any language in the world.It has become the most influential and most international language of modern times,spoke by 275 million native speakers,and the language that so many people in the world want to learn.4.Others beyond the text bookBeyond the text book,I think I have experienced a lot in other aspects.During this course,for instance,we have seven team members,when we made the PPT,we divided our work and then united them together.It improves our team spirit and raises our passion.When we acted as a teacher in class,I think we all have terrific performance because we have prepared it for so a long time.Afterwards,Mr.Tyler,the foreign teacher,give me very deep impression.From the lesson,I realized that my English is so poor.Even though I studied English when I just a child,but I found so many sentences that he said was beyond my comprehension.As a motto puts it,where there is a will,there is a way.As far as I’m concerned,the learning way is still far and I have no alternative but to improve my oral English,spare no effort.。
英美概况-课程论文格式
华南农业大学珠江学院《英语国家概况》课程论文A Simple Analysis of the Relationship Between America ‟s value、Societyand America‟s Proverbs杨菁华论文题目：浅谈美国价值观、社会与美国谚语的关系系：外国语系年级专业：2012级英语（教育）1201班学号： 20122090141 姓名（手写签名）：提交日期： 2015年6月18日论文成绩评定：二〇一五年六月二十日Abstract: This paper discuss the relationship between American values,social and proverbs in-depth analysis from American proverb embodied American values.On the basis of the collected sayings,this paper analyzed the American values influence on American people daily behavior,the impact on the value and the meaning of American’s lives.It pointed out that proverb,values and social relations.This research is helpful for us to understand thoroughly the mainstream culture of the United States.In addition, this kind of research is provide beneficial for those want to study in the USA and interested in America culture of Chinese people.Key Words: America,value, proverb, behavior摘要：本文探讨美国价值观、社会与谚语的关系，深入分析从美国谚语中所体现的美国价值观。
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2、美国黑奴制——利用肤色进行种族隔离1709年，纽约华尔街出现了大规模拍卖黑奴的市场。
北美独立战争前夕，黑奴总数已近50万，约占各殖民地人口的1/7。
在英属北美13个殖民地都有黑奴，但主要集中在南部种植园。
美国独立后，南部各州普遍实行黑人奴隶制，直到1863年，时任总统亚伯拉罕•林肯宣布正式解放黑奴。
然而19世纪70年代，美国南部多个州和地方通过了对黑人实行种族隔离或其他歧视措施的《吉姆•克罗法》。
这一法律直到1965年黑人民权运动期间才被废除。
但是黑人仍受种族歧视和压迫，美国黑人在政治、经济、教育、就业、居住等方面很难享受到与白人相同的待遇。
他们处在美国社会的底层。
美国人主要分为四大类，第一，土生土长的北美印第安人，就是美洲本来的原住民，现在人口已经很少了，在美国已经属于少数民族了;第二，欧洲白人移民，特别的英法移民，殖民扩张的时候去美国的欧洲白人;第三，非洲，黑人移民，是殖民时代，非洲被殖民者贩卖到美洲做奴隶的黑人第四，近现代的亚洲人，有中国人，日本人，印度人等。
最后补充，拉美的移民也不少，特别是墨西哥的移民。
简介主要指17-19世纪（新航路开辟以后）欧美商人以廉价工业品（枪支等）运到非洲换取奴隶，把黑奴运到美洲卖掉，从美洲购回生产原料（金银，工业原料），制成商品再运到非洲以换取奴隶的循环贸易活动。
因其贸易涉及欧、美、非三洲，故称。
过去，欧洲与美洲、亚洲进行着大规模的三角贸易；大西洋三角贸易是指欧洲、西非和美洲之间的贸易。
新航路的开辟。
“黑三角贸易”顺利进行的政治、历史、地理原因分析：美洲殖民者对印第安人实行种族灭绝政策，导致美洲劳动力大量的缺乏。
15世纪末随着哥伦布发现美洲新大陆，欧洲美洲之间开辟了新航线。
那时候，商业在发展，贸易在扩大，从世界范围来看，欧亚两洲商贸发达，对于西欧、北欧的国家来说，亚洲无疑是千里之遥，而美洲、非洲则近得多，这便为“黑三角贸易”提供有利因素。
于是，葡萄牙、西班牙、英国、法国等等开始殖民扩张。
他们在美洲创建种植园，开发金银矿，由于需要大量的廉价劳动力，在利润的驱使下，殖民者于是将贪婪的目光投向未开发非洲大陆，开始了罪恶的奴隶贸易。
根据资料记载，1562年英国的约翰-霍金斯爵士从塞拉利昂装运奴隶，在海地换取兽皮和糖，在返航之后成为朴茨茅斯最富裕的人。
由于利润高得惊人，所以伊丽莎白女王和枢密院官员也对他的第二次航行进行投资。
他遵循前次的步骤满载一船白银而回，成为英国最富裕的人。
正是由于政府对奴隶贸易的默许，使得奴隶贸易越发猖獗。
欧洲殖民国家无不参与。
一些欧洲人看着有利可图，也纷纷加入这个行列。
因此，三角贸易由此展开了。
影响它促进了英国资本主义的发展，给英国带来了巨额财富，推动了英国工商业的发展，使欧洲资本主义得到充分发展，是资本原始积累的重要步骤。
同时，黑奴贸易为美洲殖民地的开发提供了大批廉价劳动力，促进近代美洲资本主义文化的形成。
然而，黑奴贸易对非洲人的摧残和对非洲社会经济的破坏却是不可估量的，使非洲丧失将近一亿的精壮劳动力。
让欧洲资本主义得到充分发展，经济上，是资本原始积累。
结论在16世纪到19世纪北大西洋进行的“黑三角贸易”，资本主义的发展以及政府的默认，欧洲殖民者对利润的疯狂追逐，加上非洲人民由于原始的社会结构造成的愚昧，是“黑三角贸易”顺利进行的主要历史原因。
由加那利寒流、几内亚暖流、北赤道暖流、墨西哥暖流、北大西洋暖流所组成的三角形形状的环流，为“黑三角贸易”提供了极为有利的航运条件，使得奴隶贩子在出程、中程、归程中一直顺风顺水，奴隶贸易的速度因此加快。
美洲合适的气候条件以及较为丰富的金银矿产资源，使种植园和采矿业发展很快，产生了巨额利润，是整个黑三角贸易进行的主要动力，亦在客观上为“黑三角贸易”提供了有利的地理条件。
所以，“黑三角贸易”在资本主义发展的历史趋势下、在有利的地理条件下，以巨额利润为动力，顺利进行数百年。
存在制度化的种族主义反对种族歧视游行美国种族歧视问题的存在是其制度化种族主义发展至今的必然产物。
从杜鲁门总统开始，美国政府便致力于黑人权利立法。
到约翰逊总统执政时期，最终从法律上取消了种族主义。
因而在美国，虽然合法的种族歧视与隔离被取消了，但制度化的种族主义却丝毫未减。
绝大多数黑人因肤色被剥夺了享有与白人同等待遇的权利。
“黑人应在社会底层”一类思想并非没有市场。
决策者们把解决问题的着眼点定位于改变广大黑人的文化、行为、道德，而不是消除其穷困窘境本身。
这就是说，美国政府在制定该项政策之前，就已对黑人的文化、行为、道德作了彻底否定，这便决定了美国政府的黑人政策无法摆脱种族主义的影响。
相关政策埋下歧视基础随着美国经济的衰退，有色人种、特别是广大黑人的生存条件面临日益严重的威胁，种族冲突愈发激烈，种族主义更加猖獗。
民主党和共和党在竞选中令人吃惊地联合起来，他们从各自利益出发，均把矛头指向有色人种，特别是黑人，并由此出笼了一系列相关政策。
首先，否认黑人享有获得政府福利救助的权利，拒绝给予黑人基本的生存保障。
1996年通过的《福利法案》强行规定了需要政府救济的黑人可得到资助的年限（一生中只有5年），解除了政府部门对其所应承担的救助义务。
其次，减免“精英集团”（以富有的白人为主体）的纳税额，实施有种族主义倾向的经济举措。
在广大黑人最基本的福利待遇被大刀阔斧地砍除时，许多白人却得到了政府的额外津贴。
黑人表现提供歧视口实种族主义的存在也有黑人自身的原因，许多黑人自身的表现为政府对其实行种族歧视性政策提供了口实。
长期以来，许多黑人因得不到平等的受教育机会，没有工作，其中一些人（特别是部分年轻人）经常会做一些“残忍的毒品交易”，以自己的方式模仿资本主义的创业精神。
在黑人聚居区，掠夺性的犯罪每时每刻都可能发生。
另外，还有一些黑人，特别是一些黑人妇女，他们习惯依赖政府的救济生活，不思进取。
种族主义分子以此为由，把广大黑人诬蔑为“寄生于毒品中的无业游民”，“缺乏道德、礼貌、良心的嗜血好战者”。
由此，政府的决策者们为其制定“强硬政策”找到了“凭据”。
黑人斗争的历史还很短反对种族歧视公益广告美国建国200年后，才出现了马丁〃路德〃金为黑人争取权利的运动。
在这个运动中，有一位黑人领袖说：自由只能用子弹才能得到。
可见直到美国建国200年后，种族仇恨依然十分强烈。
然而，子弹最终打进了马丁〃路德〃金。
因而，美国黑人要想获得真正的平等，还必须不断地进行顽强的抗争。
在马丁〃路德〃金的故乡亚特兰大，当地黑白两个流行音乐电台的主持人想借1976年2月马丁〃路德〃金诞辰之机，搞一个黑白民众的联合音乐派对。
这个提议一出，在听众中反响热烈，电台热线快被打爆。
但到了举行派对的当晚，到场的民众中80%以上是黑人。
这表明，尽管美国取消种族隔离制度已经几十年，但多数白人和黑人还是选择过相互隔离的生活。
美国是一个典型的多种族、多民族的国家，建国以来汇聚了来自世界各地的多种族的人。
长久以来。
虽然各族人民在美国社会发展中做出了自己的贡献，然而，美国社会却没有像其宪法所宣扬的那样“人人生而平等”．都能享有自由、民主、平等的权利，直到今天种族歧视这一根深蒂固的问题仍然存在。
在言必称人权的当代社会，我们有必要对美国种族歧视问题作一深入的认识。
一、美国种族歧视问题的现状(一)美国种族构成状况。
最新统计显示，美国现有人口2．8亿，其中白人仍占大多数．有1．8亿，约占美国总人口的63 。
这些人的老家多为欧洲，也有少数人或其祖上从北非、中东移居而来。
自美国建国以来．这些人就是美国杜会的主体。
排在白人后面的族裔依次为西班牙裔、黑人、亚裔、印第安人与阿拉斯加原住民、夏威夷土著与其他太平洋岛民等，他们可以称为美国的“少数民族”。
西班牙裔是指那些从古巴、墨西哥、中南美洲迁移而来的人及他们的后裔，他们中的大部分是白人与印第安人的混血儿。
由于西班牙裔的老家离美国最近，因而这些地方向美国移民的人数也最多，有3500万，堪称“第一大少数民族”。
黑人，或者称之为非裔美国人是“第二大少数民族”．有3400多万人。
这些人的祖上是非洲人，他们是被作为奴隶贩运到美国来的。
1860年爆发的南北战争结束后．奴隶制被废除，黑人得以成为美国的公民。
亚裔是“第三大少数民族”．有1000万。
他们多是从中国、印度、日本、朝鲜半岛、越南迁移而来．19世纪六七十年代，2O世纪七八十年代是亚裔涌人美国的两个高峰期。
印第安人与阿拉斯加原住民有250万，占美国总人口的0．9 。
多数的印第安人仍生活在保留地里，主要从事旅游业夏威夷土著与其他太平洋岛民的人口不到4O万[1](二)美国种旅歧视问题现状。
美国1776年7月4日诞生时通过的世界上第一部人权法案——《独立宣言》庄严宣告：美国“所有的人都是生而平等的”。
然而美国建国200多年的历史和现状表明，美国的种族歧视及因此而产生的种族冲突直到今天也没有停止过。
一位历史学家曾说，这个国家从一开始就一直存在着种族歧视，开始是黑人、印第安人，后来就是墨西哥人、波多黎各人和古巴人。
种族歧视问题成为美国“人权记录” 中最不光彩的一页。
在美国，黑人等少数民族始终是二等公民，在政治、经济、教育等问题上受到不同程度的歧视。
黑人和白人之问，教育水平、就业率、平均工资等方面都有明显差距，由此形成的种族贫富差距和黑人的贫困化则是人人皆知[2]。
司法中的种族歧视也极为严重。
在美国，被关押在监狱里的黑人和被判死刑的黑人比例明显高于白人。
在各州的监狱中，大约47 的为黑人，16％的为拉美裔。
据联合国发表的一份调查报告称，在美国．犯有同样的罪．黑人及有色人种往往受到比白人重2至3倍的惩罚．杀害白人被判死刑的黑人是杀害黑人被判死刑的白人的4倍。
尽管种族问题如今仍是困扰美国社会的大问题之一，但是．明目张胆“种族歧视”的人是越来越少了。
越是大公司和政府部门，对少数族裔越是客气耐心．谁也不想犯“歧视” 这一大忌。
美国的种族歧视从目前来看，开始在新的领域呈现出新的现象，传统的政治保守势力也开始介入到其中，简单的单一种族歧视被文化上的隐性歧视所代替。
同时．还出现了一个奇怪的现象．一方面是美国存在的较强烈种族歧视，另一方面，美国社会的任何行为．都担心会被带上种族歧视的印记．大家都知道种族歧视不好．但是大家都会有意无意地犯种族歧视的毛病．从中可见白人至上主义在某些美国人中十分顽固。
就在这样的怪圈中，美国的种族歧视仍在继续。
二、种族歧视问题的根源。
(一)历史的影响。
美国一向被称为一个移民的国家。
移民对美国的影响恐怕比对其他任何一个国家都要重要。
如果没有源源不断从全世界来的各国移民，美国决不能达到今天的成就。
美国的西部恐怕至今还是野生动物的乐园．美国的文化也不会象今天这样丰富多彩。
正如卡特总统在1980年所提出的：“美国的力量就在于她的人民的内心和丰富的多元文化。