解读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧命运

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论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲惨命运的根源

论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲惨命运的根源

论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲惨命运的根源一、本文概述《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代笔下的一部深刻描绘社会悲剧与个体命运纠缠的杰作。

作品以女主角苔丝为中心,细腻展现了她在维多利亚时代英国社会大背景下所经历的种种磨难与不幸。

本文旨在探讨苔丝悲惨命运的根源,通过对小说文本的细致解读,结合社会历史背景,深入剖析导致苔丝悲剧命运的多重因素。

文章将从家庭背景、社会环境、个人性格以及道德观念等多个维度展开论述,以期对苔丝的命运有更全面、深入的理解。

通过对苔丝悲剧命运的探讨,本文旨在引发对个体命运与社会环境之间复杂关系的思考,以及对维多利亚时代社会道德观念的反思。

二、苔丝的家庭背景与成长环境在《德伯家的苔丝》这部小说中,苔丝的命运之源可以追溯至她的家庭背景与成长环境。

苔丝出生于一个贫穷的小贩家庭,这样的家庭环境使她在物质和精神层面都面临着巨大的压力。

她的父母,尽管深爱着女儿,但却无力为她提供一个更为优越的生活环境。

在生活的压力下,他们只能寄希望于苔丝能够借助婚姻改变家庭的困境,这无形中为苔丝的未来铺设了一条布满荆棘的道路。

在这样的家庭背景下,苔丝的成长环境也充满了挑战。

她不仅要面对生活的艰辛,还要应对社会对贫困家庭的偏见和歧视。

她的纯真和善良在这样的环境中显得格格不入,这也为她日后遭遇的种种不幸埋下了伏笔。

在苔丝的成长过程中,她缺乏足够的关爱和引导,这使得她在面对人生的重大抉择时,常常显得无所适从。

在这样的家庭与成长环境下,苔丝的命运似乎早已注定。

她的纯真和善良成为了她最大的软肋,使她在面对世俗的丑恶时,无力抵抗。

而她的家庭背景则成为了她无法摆脱的枷锁,使她在追求幸福的道路上步履维艰。

因此,可以说苔丝的家庭背景与成长环境是她悲惨命运的根源之一。

然而,尽管苔丝的命运充满了悲剧色彩,但她的坚韧和勇敢却让人深感敬佩。

她在面对生活的种种不幸时,从未放弃过对美好未来的向往和追求。

她的故事让我们深刻认识到,家庭背景与成长环境虽然对个体的命运有着深远的影响,但个体的坚韧和勇气同样能够创造出属于自己的未来。

从女性主义视角解读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧

从女性主义视角解读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧

在失去克莱尔之后,苔丝开始对自我价值进行反思,最终将自己的命运掌控在 自己的手中,选择了与仇人同居以缓解家境窘迫的局面。虽然这种选择带给她 无尽的痛苦,但这也体现了她对自由和平等的追求。
苔丝的悲剧命运不仅是因为社会的偏见和压迫,也是因为她在追求自我价值和 爱情的过程中所遭遇的重重困难。然而,尽管在面临困境时苔丝曾经陷入迷茫 和痛苦之中,但最终她还是选择勇敢地面对现实,并为了自己和家庭的生计而 努力奋斗。这种勇敢的精神和对命运的坚韧不拔值得我们学习和借鉴。
苔丝出生于一个贫穷的小贩家庭,是一个美丽、善良、勤劳、坚韧的女孩。然 而,在那个男权主导的社会,苔丝的美丽和独立个性却成为了她的原罪。她被 诱奸,被迫与牧师的儿子克莱尔订婚,然后在新的婚宴之夜向丈夫坦白过去的 不幸。然而,她没能得到丈夫的谅解,两人分居,苔丝陷入深深的痛苦中。
从女性主义角度看,苔丝的悲剧主要体现在以下几个方面:
谢谢观看
参考内容三
基本内容
《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家哈代的杰作,被誉为“威塞克斯系列”中的 一颗璀璨明珠。在这部小说中,哈代通过对苔丝·德伯的悲剧命运的描写,展 示了19世纪英国社会背景下一个贫穷乡村女孩的挣扎与抗争。苔丝的悲剧不仅 仅是个人的不幸,更是社会道德与价值观的扭曲所致。
苔丝出生于一个贫苦小贩家庭,生活的贫困使她不得不听从父母的安排,到一 个富老太婆家去攀亲戚。然而,她在那里却被少爷亚历克诱奸。这个事件对苔 丝的命运产生了重大影响,使她背负着沉重的心理负担。亚历克的诱奸行为不 仅侵犯了苔丝的身体,更是对她纯洁心灵的摧残。这种伤害使得苔丝在以后的 情感道路上始终挣扎在阴影之中。
从女性主义视角解读《德伯家 的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧
基本内容
《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的一部经典小说,以其深入的社会 问题探讨和生动的人物塑造而著名。这部小说描绘了女主角苔丝的悲剧命运, 以及她在男权社会中与三个男人的复杂情感纠葛。本次演示将从女性主义视角 出发,对苔丝的悲剧进行深入解读。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的代表作之一,它描写了19世纪英国乡村的生活和社会问题。

主人公苔丝·埃弗德是一个普通的农村女孩,她的悲剧成因在于社会的偏见、性别歧视、以及她自身的软弱和无助。

本文将从这几个方面来分析苔丝悲剧的成因。

社会的偏见是苔丝悲剧的重要成因之一。

在19世纪的英国社会,阶级观念严重,贫穷的农村女孩根本没有得到应有的尊重和尊贵。

苔丝出生在一个贫苦的家庭,她的父亲是一个酒鬼,家境非常贫困。

由于家庭的贫困,苔丝在社会上没有任何地位和尊严,被视为低下的劳动阶级。

在当时的社会中,贵族和富人们对贫穷的人和低下阶层的人持有歧视的态度,他们认为这些人注定是悲剧的命运,是注定要被社会所边缘化的。

社会的偏见使得苔丝从小就背负着巨大的压力和负担,她被剥夺了应有的幸福和尊严。

性别歧视也是苔丝悲剧的成因之一。

在19世纪的英国社会,女性的地位非常低下,她们几乎没有任何权利和地位。

苔丝在小的时候就失去了父亲和朋友的支持,她不得不去寻找工作来维持家庭的生活。

在当时的社会中,女性的工作选择非常有限,尤其是对于一个没有文化和技能的女孩来说更加困难。

苔丝找了很多工作,但都因为一些外部条件而不得不辞职。

她始终没有找到合适的工作,这使得她的生活更加困难和无助。

苔丝自身的软弱和无助也是导致她悲剧的重要因素之一。

苔丝是一个善良和乐于助人的女孩,但她内心却缺乏坚强和勇气。

她对自己的生活没有明确的目标和规划,总是依赖他人的帮助和支持。

在遭遇困难和挫折的时候,她没有坚强的意志和毅力去克服困难,而是选择了逃避和放弃。

她在与天真的安吉拉和富家子弟阿雷克斯之间的感情纠葛中,迷失了自己,最终导致了她的悲剧结局。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因主要包括社会的偏见、性别歧视,以及她自身的软弱和无助。

这些因素相互作用,最终导致了苔丝的悲剧结局。

苔丝的悲剧命运反映了当时英国社会的黑暗一面,更让人们意识到了社会的偏见和歧视对一个人的生活和命运所带来的巨大影响。

德伯家的苔丝爱情与命运的悲剧

德伯家的苔丝爱情与命运的悲剧

德伯家的苔丝爱情与命运的悲剧德伯家的苔丝是托马斯·哈代的经典小说《苔丝·得·厄维尔》中的主人公。

她是一个天真善良、勇敢坚强的女性,她的爱情与命运之间交织出一幕幕悲剧。

本文将通过分析苔丝的爱情和命运,探讨她所面对的挑战以及她的成长过程。

苔丝的爱情经历充满了波折和痛苦。

她最初爱上了托马斯·哈代的表兄弟安吉尔·克莱尔,但遗憾的是,他选择了与富家女结婚,而将苔丝抛在了一旁。

苔丝对他的爱情是真挚而无私的,然而却得不到回应,这使她备受打击。

她曾试图逃避自己对安吉尔的感情,但内心深处的爱意始终无法掩盖。

当苔丝最终在一次事故中受伤后,安吉尔才后悔自己的选择,但却为时已晚。

苔丝的命运同样充满了磨难和不幸。

她出身于农村贫困家庭,没有接受过良好的教育,却渴望通过努力改变自己的命运。

然而,社会的阶级差异和常规的道德观念使得苔丝无法逾越自身的身份和地位。

她在回到故乡德伯后,被迫成为家族的佣人,受尽凌辱和不公。

她在经历了一系列的不公正待遇后,终于选择了逃离这个压抑和恶劣环境。

她的命运似乎无法逆转,她在追求幸福过程中总是遭遇挫折和痛苦。

然而,正是在这一系列的遭遇中,苔丝逐渐成长并展现出了自己的坚强和勇气。

她不再是那个任人欺凌的软弱少女,而是变得坚定、独立和自信。

她通过艰苦的努力,成功地独立谋生并养活自己。

她的成长过程显示出一个女性在逆境中挣扎并追求自由和尊严的形象。

苔丝深受社会和家庭限制,但她从未失去对幸福的渴望和对爱情的执着。

在小说的结尾,当苔丝得知安吉尔已经娶了她的姐姐,她选择了坚强地过上自己的生活,并带着对未来的希望离开了德伯。

她表现出的勇气和坚持展示了她对自己命运的掌控欲望,她希望能够通过自己的努力找到真正属于自己的幸福。

苔丝的命运虽然是悲剧的,但她所经历的痛苦和挫折塑造了她坚韧不拔的性格,这也让读者深深地为她所遭受的不公和不幸而感到同情和惋惜。

总结起来,德伯家的苔丝的爱情与命运交织成了一幕悲剧。

浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧

浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧

三、结语
哈代的悲剧性小说《德伯家的苔丝》之所以十分出色,
一个重要的原因是,塑造了一个动人的悲剧性人物——苔
丝,由于主观或客观的原因,他犯了这样或那样的错误而 造成的悲剧性的结果。她是好人但不是完人;她有着令人 同情甚至钦佩的品质和性格,同时也有着凡人不可避免的 弱点和缺陷;她的生活方式、思想感情和悲剧结局更能反 映时代的现实,获得了我们的共鸣。哈代为我们展示了一 位维多利亚时期少女的真实感情和多舛的命运,她是在同 命运、环境、社会的斗争中失败后倒下来的。这样的悲剧 不是偶然的,也不只是发生在一个苔丝身上。从这个悲剧 本身,我们对那个时代都应有更深的思索。
托马斯・哈代是19世纪英国现实主义作家,小说《德 伯家的苔丝》是他的代表作品。小说中的主人公苔丝是一个 天真、纯洁、美丽的农村姑娘,因家境贫困,去给与自己同 姓的地主德伯打工,被主人家的儿子艾利克・德伯维尔奸 污,生下一个私生子。孩子夭折后,苔丝离家到一个牛奶场 工作,并在那里与牧师的儿子安吉尔相恋。然后在新婚之 夜,当苔丝向他袒露自己的过去之后,自己也曾与荡妇鬼混 过的安吉尔却不原谅她,弃她而去。无奈的苔丝不久又成了 亚雷克的情妇。几年后,安吉尔拖着病躯从巴西返回,欲与 苔丝破镜重圆。苔丝杀死亚雷克,与安吉尔逃走。然后很快 被警察抓获,后被判处绞刑。这部作品堪称为哈代悲剧小说 中的典范。作为一名现实主义小说家,他对资本主义文明的 发展采取了批判的立场。哈代认为人民的生活是悲惨的,民 间人物的命运也是悲剧,而主人公苔丝的命运是人类命运的 缩影。小说中,作家广泛使用了对比形式表现手法,对人和 社会环境、人和大自然、人的粗暴的感情因素和理智因素、 人的外貌和其内心世界等方面进行了多层次的对比,突出反 映了人物性格与自然环境的冲突以及人物与命运抗争的无奈 和弱小。他把自己的作品称为“性格与环境小说”,他认为 性格和环境的冲突造成个性的毁灭。这一特点在小说《德伯 家的苔丝》中得以集中体现。

理想与现实:《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧结局

理想与现实:《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧结局

理想与现实:《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧结局概述《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代于1891年出版的小说,被广泛认为是一部揭示社会现实和女性地位问题的经典作品。

本文将探讨小说中人物苔丝在追求理想与面对现实两者之间所引发的悲剧结局。

苔丝的理想苔丝是一个年轻而坚强的农村女孩,在她成长过程中,她对于生活和爱情有着美好而纯真的理想。

她渴望能够摆脱贫困、得到教育和提升自己的地位,希望找到真正疼爱她并珍视她内心灵魂的人。

苔丝面对现实然而,苔丝在努力追求自己理想过程中逐渐意识到了残酷现实。

她通过去当女仆工作来赚取钱财,并积极寻找机会提高自己的社会地位。

但即使付出了努力,她仍然受制于社会阶层的束缚和性别歧视,无法实现她内心的理想。

婚姻的悲剧作为一个美丽而有才华的女孩,苔丝吸引了德伯家族中的三位男人的注意。

她面临着对爱情和幸福的抉择,然而,她却在这个过程中遭遇了巨大的痛苦与不幸。

她相信自己找到了真正爱她和关心她的人,但却被背叛和遭受未婚生子带来的耻辱。

最终,她不得不放弃自己所追求的那份美好,并陷入了无尽的困境与绝望之中。

社会现实与女性地位小说通过苔丝这一形象深刻揭示了19世纪英国社会对女性地位和道德标准所带来的压迫和限制。

苔丝成为一个被社会舆论所谴责、流落异乡孤苦伶仃的妇女。

这种残酷现实让读者重新思考社会道德规范以及对女性权利、尊严和选择权应给予的重视。

结论《德伯家的苔丝》通过苔丝的悲剧结局,寓意着现实与理想之间常常存在巨大的鸿沟。

小说通过描述苔丝的经历和遭遇,向读者们呈现出一个残酷而真实的社会现实,同时也表达了对于女性地位和尊严的关切。

这个故事警示我们要珍惜自己拥有的机会和权利,同时也要思考社会中存在的种种不平等和偏见。

在追求理想与面对现实之间,我们需要保持信念和勇气,努力去改变不公正的社会环境,并为每个人创造更加平等和美好的未来。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的著名小说,讲述了主人公苔丝从一个乡村女孩成长为一个经历种种挫折的女性的故事。

苔丝的悲剧成因深深触动着读者的心,下面我们就来探讨一下《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因。

苔丝的出身就决定了她的命运。

苔丝出身于农村贫苦家庭,她的父亲是一个喜欢酗酒、爱赌博的农民,母亲则是一个柔弱无助的女人。

这样的家庭环境决定了苔丝从小便要承受很大的生活压力,她要照顾家务,照料家人,过着贫困困苦的生活。

这种贫困生活使得苔丝从小就缺乏了良好的教育和正常的成长环境,她的心灵和情感发展受到了很大的阻碍。

苔丝的纯真天性也成为她悲剧的原因之一。

苔丝自小在福利委员会的幼儿园长大,长大后成为给哈代家族做女佣的女仆。

她天真纯洁,善良善解人意,然而这样的性格却遭到了很多人的伤害。

她对世界的无邪与美好的向往和追求在酸雨一般的现实面前显得太过玻璃般脆弱,她最后因为对爱情的迷蒙与追求而陷入了深渊,最终走向了悲剧的终点。

苔丝的仁慈和善良也成为她悲剧的原因之一。

在故事中,苔丝对待他人总是满怀善意和同情心,她对家里的老大人失去了现实的希望,她对父亲的深情孝心,她对爱情的全部投入,她慈爱的对待哈代家族的儿童,都体现了她的善良与仁慈。

这样的善良和仁慈在那个物欲横流的年代却被人利用和践踏,她最终遭受的伤害也正是因为她过分的信任和仁慈。

苔丝的不甘沦为命运的牺牲品也使她走向了悲剧。

苔丝一直都对自己的命运抱有不甘,她并不愿意沦为一个普通的农村女孩,她对爱情有着美好的向往,对未来有着美好的憧憬,然而命运却对她一直并不友好,她不得不承受种种的被动和伤害,最终导致了她的身心崩溃。

苔丝身上的女性特质也成为她悲剧的原因之一。

在《德伯家的苔丝》中,苔丝展现出了女性的纯真、温柔、坚韧和牺牲,但这些美丽的品质却未能得到应有的尊重和保护。

在一个男权至上的社会,苔丝的女性身份注定了她只能成为被动的牺牲品,她的命运被男人的利益所左右,最终导致了她沦为悲剧的结局。

苔丝悲剧命运分析

苔丝悲剧命运分析

悲剧的审美特征在哈代的小说中表现得非常突出和集中。

正如在小说《德伯家的苔丝》,从苔丝身上我们看到一个纯洁可爱的女孩怀着美丽善良的愿望进行着完全正当的追求,可是却一次又一次地遭受磨难和挫折,她最终失败了,被彻底地毁灭了。

我们为她的遭遇不胜悲悯,又从她的不懈的追求中倍受感动与鼓舞。

在潸然泪下之时,我们看到的是真与善的闪光,领略到的是一种庄严悲怆的美。

一、造成苔丝悲剧命运的外部因素1.社会因素作者哈代生活在19世纪和20世纪之交,即维多利亚后期,正是英国由自由资本主义向帝国主义过渡的时期,资本主义在给英国社会创造了繁荣的经济的同时也加深了下层贫苦人民的苦难,曾经辉煌的维多利亚时代逐步走向衰败,英国的工业垄断地位也在动摇,随之出现了经济萧条。

资本主义工业入侵偏远落后的农业地区,破坏了古老的生产秩序,使许多以农耕为主的各阶层人们因受地主的无情剥削而面临生存危机。

哈代亲眼目睹了资本主义入侵农村致使农民破产的情况,他在作品中描写了资本主义给农村带来的灾难,并且对农民的悲惨境遇寄予同情。

哈代由于自己所处的社会时代的局限,尽管他想找出解决这些问题的出路,但是最终没有成功。

苔丝的悲剧就是在这样的大背景下上演的。

苔丝以其美丽、灵巧、勤劳纯朴、善良刚毅,如果生活在一个公正合理的社会,建立一个美满的家庭,过上普通百姓的日子是不难的,然而经济的贫困、生活的艰辛把她一步步推向深渊,最终成了这个畸形社会的牺牲品。

2.家庭因素。

家庭的破败贫穷是导致苔丝悲剧命运的一开始也是最直接的因素。

如果不是家庭贫困,苔丝就不必连夜去赶集;如果不是家庭贫困,父母也就不会逼迫她去认亲;如果不是家庭贫困,在克莱尔没回来的期间她也就不会受到那么多屈辱,更不会下嫁给亚历克。

由此可见,贫穷确实是导致苔丝悲剧命运的最重要条件之一。

尽管苔丝家处于绝望的困境,但她为了不接受亚历克的控制而挣扎着,而如果苔丝答应去爱他,亚历克是有能力去减轻她家的困难的。

可是苔丝内心发生着的冲突,是她的道德感和对家庭的忠诚造成的。

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运——英国文学《德伯家的苔丝》赏析

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运——英国文学《德伯家的苔丝》赏析

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运——英国文学《德伯家的苔丝》赏析《浅析苔丝的悲剧命运——英国文学〈德伯家的苔丝〉赏析》《德伯家的苔丝》这本书啊,就像一个装满了酸甜苦辣的大盒子。

苔丝呢,那可真是个可怜的姑娘,她的命运就像坐过山车一样,一下子就跌到了谷底,而且还爬不起来,太惨咯。

我觉得吧,苔丝的悲剧一开始就像是被下了咒一样。

她家里穷得叮当响,就像老鼠洞里啥都没有似的。

她的父母呢,知道他们家好像和那个有钱有势的德伯家有点关系,就想着让苔丝去认亲。

这就像是把一只小羊羔送进了狼窝呀。

苔丝那时候还小呢,啥都不懂,也许她心里还有点小期待,想着能改变家里的状况。

苔丝到了德伯家,就遇到了那个阿历克。

阿历克啊,那就是个坏蛋,就像故事里专门欺负好人的大恶魔。

他看到苔丝长得漂亮,就动了坏心思。

他对苔丝的追求,根本就不是什么爱情,就像是一只苍蝇盯上了一块糖,只是想占为己有。

苔丝呢,她反抗了,可是她一个弱女子,怎么能斗得过阿历克这个坏蛋呢。

最后啊,苔丝还是被阿历克给欺负了。

这时候的苔丝啊,就像一朵被暴风雨摧残过的花朵,整个人都蔫儿了。

她的清白没了,她觉得自己的世界都塌了。

我就想啊,这时候的苔丝得多绝望啊。

她可能想过死,也许死了就一了百了了,可是她又放不下家里的人。

后来呢,苔丝遇到了安吉尔。

安吉尔啊,他和阿历克可不一样,他看起来是个很温柔、很有教养的人。

苔丝爱上了他,那是一种很纯粹的爱,就像清澈的泉水一样。

苔丝觉得自己的生活好像又有了希望,就像在黑暗的山洞里看到了一丝曙光。

可是呢,问题来了。

苔丝的过去就像一个甩不掉的影子,一直跟着她。

当她和安吉尔结婚的时候,她犹豫了,她不知道该不该把自己被阿历克欺负的事情告诉安吉尔。

她心里肯定想:“我说了,安吉尔会不会就不要我了呢?”最后,她还是鼓起勇气说了。

结果呢,安吉尔这个家伙,他虽然看起来很开明,可是他骨子里还是很传统的。

他知道了苔丝的过去后,就像变了一个人似的,对苔丝很冷淡,就像冬天的寒风一样,吹得苔丝的心哇凉哇凉的。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的解读

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的解读
区。这是英国南部地区残留下来的一个保有古风古貌 的宗法制社会。在十九世纪后期,随着资本主义生产方
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝 悲剧命运的解读
李静敏
摘要:苔丝的悲剧是与她所生活的社会环境密 切相关的.是资本主义制度下形成的。苔丝的命运真实 地反映了在资本主义压迫和剥削下个体农民贫因破产 的悲惨状况。控诉了维多剁亚时代传统的道德、伪善的 宗教、不合理的法律制度和腐朽的社会对一个纯洁女 性的摧残.有力地揭露了黑暗的社会制度,抨击了资产 阶级上层建筑的虚伪和残酷。 关键词:苔丝;悲剧命运;解读
加年代。作为思想理念,人文主义和存在主义都是一种
以人道主义为核心的人本哲学.”莎士比亚一方面重视 天神,敬畏超自然力量对人世生活的干预.一方面又关 注人类的命运。对神发出疑问和质询,表现出对人类生 存状态的思考。 参考文献: 【1】莎士比亚:《哈姆雷特》,<莎士比亚戏剧集》第五 册.朱生豪译,呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社。2004年,
式侵入英国偏僻落后的农业地区。威塞克斯的古老秩 序遭到破坏,爆发了一场严重的经济危机.这个阶段最 重要的特征就是农民由于经济结构的改变而引起的经 济上的彻底崩溃,苔丝作为农民阶级的代表。她的悲惨 命运就是在这种历史进程中形成的。 苔丝是一个农家姑娘。她的父亲是一个贫苦的乡 下小贩。一家人全靠一匹老马生活。苔丝在替父亲送蜂 窝煤的时候被邮车撞死了老马。老马一死.小贩这种经 营就跟着解体了。由于丧失了生活资料,苔丝不得不改 变自己的身份,由农民阶级向工人阶级转化。苔丝身份 转变的的苦难反映出破产后的威塞克斯农民阶级在寻 求出路的过程中遭到的各种灾难。苔丝为了解决家庭 的经济问题,到亚雷・德伯家去养鸡,表明她已受雇于 资产阶级,这是她走向工人阶级的第一步。这件事对苔 丝命运的影响是巨大的。这影响不仅仅表现在苔丝在 被亚雷诱奸从而失去了被资产阶级伦理道德所重视的

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运郑海燕康宁(张家1:1教育学院宣化分校;张家口职业技术学院)摘要:<德伯家的苔丝>是托马斯哈代的著作之一。

小说的副标题称苔丝是“一个纯洁的女人”,在作家的眼中。

她虽失身又杀人。

但这位大地之女是无辜的。

苔丝的命运是悲惨的。

她悲惨命运的产生有其一定的偶然因素.但这悲剧本身又是不可避免的。

关键词:苔丝:悲剧:哈代:命运托马斯哈代是19世纪现实主义小说家.对资本主义文明的发展采取了坚决批判的立场.他以威塞克斯的悲剧小说闻名于世,因此获得了“悲观主义者”的绰号。

这些小说表达了人与环境抗争失败后走向毁灭的主题。

<苔丝》中的悲剧原因主要有命运悲剧、社会悲剧和性格悲剧三个方面.三者融为一体.呈现出强大的立体感和层次感。

首先,苔丝的悲剧是不幸的命运造成的。

受时代的局限,哈代无法理解社会发展的规律。

他认为,现实的危机与矛盾是神秘而又不可预测的宇宙意志.人在强大的宇宙威力面前.是渺小的、软弱的,人是根本无力与环境抗衡的。

只能被动地屈从于环境。

受命运的支配。

这种宿命的世界观使哈代笔下的人物由宇宙意志支配,偶然的不幸常常在人生的关键时刻降I临。

在苔丝的身上.我们明显地感觉到了命运对人物的嘲笑。

苔丝是天命或宿命的牺牲品;同样。

苔丝的一生都充满偶然性和命定的色彩.由一系列偶然的不幸事件一步步促成。

尽管苔丝从未向命运低头并进行了不屈不挠的抗争.失身后宁可忍受屈辱也不愿意同不爱的亚雷呆在一起.她不相信失去贞洁的女人。

就永远失去了一切。

她不甘被命运击败。

一次又一次地奋起抗争。

但最后仍然避免不了毁灭的命运。

仿佛在她人生的每一个关键时刻都有一只无形的命运之手一步步地将她推入悲惨的境地。

小说里还经常出现一些神秘的现象。

如苔丝结婚时午问公鸡不祥的啼叫。

德伯家神秘的大马车事故,令人恐惧的十字路标。

逃亡途中的异教神坛.所有这一切都暗示着苔丝的悲剧是命中注定的.也许是上天对于她祖先犯下罪行的惩罚,苔丝最后被绞死.。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代创作的一部著名小说,讲述了苔丝的悲剧人生。

苔丝是一个可怜的女孩,她的悲剧成因主要包括社会地位、爱情和命运三个方面。

苔丝的社会地位造成了她的悲剧。

在19世纪的英国社会,贵族与平民之间的鸿沟非常明显,社会地位是人们命运的决定因素。

苔丝出生在一个贫困的家庭,她的父母没有多少社会地位,所以她从小就被注定了是一个社会底层的人。

由于家境贫困,她只能通过自己的努力和勤奋来改变自己的命运。

在当时的社会中,一个女性想要脱离贫困,并不是一件容易的事情。

苔丝凭借自己的聪明才智和勤奋,在一个大家族的农场工作,但最终仍无法脱离贫困的命运。

社会地位的局限性让她无法得到更好的生活,这也是她悲剧的一个重要原因。

爱情也是苔丝悲剧的原因之一。

在小说中,苔丝经历了三段爱情,每一段爱情都给她带来了不幸。

首先是她对安吉丽卡的爱慕,但由于自卑感和社会地位的差距,她并没有勇气表达自己的爱意。

接着是她与亨德利的婚姻,亨德利虽然对她表示出爱意,但最终却因为社会地位的不同而抛弃了她。

最后是她与亚历克斯·德伯的婚姻,亚历克斯的虚伪和自私,使苔丝陷入了更深的痛苦之中。

爱情的不顺和挫折,让苔丝陷入了绝望和痛苦之中,也成为她不幸的原因之一。

命运也是苔丝悲剧的原因之一。

在小说中,苔丝所面对的命运始终是不公平的。

她努力工作,勤奋学习,但最终还是被社会对她的偏见和对女性的不公平对待所限制。

她的一生中遭遇了太多的不公平和挫折,最终导致了她的悲剧命运。

在当时的社会中,一个普通女子很难摆脱社会对她的束缚,这也是苔丝命运不幸的原因之一。

苔丝的悲剧成因主要包括社会地位的限制、爱情的挫折和命运的不公平。

这些因素交织在一起,构成了她的悲剧命运。

《德伯家的苔丝》通过苔丝的悲剧故事,揭露了19世纪英国社会的黑暗面和对女性的不公平对待,也使得读者对于社会的不公和人性的冷酷有了更深刻的认识。

希望通过对这部小说的分析,我们能够更加珍惜现在的生活,并且在面对困难的时候坚定自己的信念和勇气,不让自己成为另一个苔丝。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因与哈代的悲剧意识

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因与哈代的悲剧意识

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因与哈代的悲剧意识1《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的成因1.1 当时社会环境和制度的因素首先是当时社会传统观念的偏见以及社会道德的不公,苔丝因为受到亚雷的凌辱就被认定是没有节操的,不纯洁的女人,导致安吉在知道苔丝有过一个孩子的时候,由于传统道德观念和偏见的根深蒂固,在新婚之夜抛弃苔丝,使苔丝痛苦绝望,失去了生活的希望,这也是苔丝的悲惨命运的开始,与亚雷对苔丝肉体上的伤害相比,安吉对苔丝的抛弃又何尝不是更大的精神上的摧残呢?其次就是由于当时的社会制度和资本主义的经济制度所造成的各个阶级之间的地位和经济的悬殊,这也是引发苔丝悲惨命运的关键因素。

当时的农村被资本主义的经济势力侵袭,使当时农村的个体经济受到严重的影响,在资本主义的经济制度影响下,贫富差距非常大,穷人的地位是非常低的,如果不是这样的话,苔丝也不会受到亚雷的凌辱,心爱的丈夫也不会抛弃她,更不会在走投无路的时候杀了亚雷,受到资产阶级法律的不公平待遇,悲惨的命运也就不会开始。

最后就是法律的不公,这是导致苔丝悲惨命运的直接的社会因素。

亚雷就是当时的恶势力和暴力的代表,苔丝的一生都在受着强权和暴力的侵害,产生这种现象的一个重要原因就是当时的恶势力有资产阶级的法律做后台,所以才会导致亚雷的为非作歹。

当时的资产阶级法律的不公主要表现在,苔丝杀掉亚雷就是杀人犯,就要受到法律的制裁,赔上性命。

但是苔丝受到亚雷的侮辱和迫害就被认定是正当的,难道亚雷就不应该受到法律的严厉制裁吗?无辜的苔丝最终成为了资产阶级文明发展的牺牲品,苔丝的悲惨命运以及社会对她的不公平待遇,都间接表明了当时社会法律的虚伪性和不人道。

1.2 苔丝自身性格的原因首先苔丝拥有着勤劳善良的美德,但就是由于这一点使得她为了全家的生活,被迫去认亲打工,却受到了侮辱,迫于生活的无奈,再一次到牛奶厂去打工,在那里遇见了安吉,苔丝认为找到了人生的归宿,但是安吉却在知道苔丝的遭遇后离她而去,为了家庭,苔丝不得不再去打工,但再一次遇见了亚雷,苔丝的勤劳和善良没有得到应有的回报,却一次又一次的将她推入无底深渊。

浅析苔丝悲剧成因德伯家的苔丝中苔丝悲剧命运分析

浅析苔丝悲剧成因德伯家的苔丝中苔丝悲剧命运分析

浅析苔丝悲剧成因德伯家的苔丝中苔丝悲剧命运分析《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的长篇小说,讲述了一个苔丝从农村妇女晋升到富有绅士夫人再到堕入困境的悲剧命运。

苔丝的悲剧命运是由多重因素共同导致的,包括社会环境、家庭因素、个人选择等原因。

首先,社会环境是苔丝悲剧命运的重要因素之一、小说所描绘的时代背景是19世纪末的英国乡村社会,以农业为主导的封建社会仍然占主导地位。

在这个社会中,贫富悬殊极大,社会地位固化,阶级观念深入人心。

苔丝从小生活在贫困的农村环境中,没有机会上升到更高的社会阶层。

她自小就懂得读书,渴望通过知识改变自己的命运,但社会环境限制了她的发展空间,使她很难摆脱贫困窘境。

其次,家庭因素也对苔丝的命运产生了重要影响。

苔丝生活在一个家境贫寒的家庭中,父亲是一个喜欢饮酒的懒散农民,母亲早逝,家庭缺乏温暖和支持。

父亲对苔丝的关心不够,甚至觉得她是家庭的负担。

在这样的家庭环境中,苔丝从小就缺乏爱和安全感,导致她内心孤独、渴望得到他人的关注和认可。

此外,苔丝自身的个人选择也是她悲剧命运的重要原因。

小说中,苔丝为了改变自己的命运,勇敢地离开了家乡,寻找更好的生活。

然而,在她寻求幸福的过程中,她犯了几个致命的错误。

首先,她的纯真和孤独使她容易受到他人的诱惑和欺骗。

她先后爱上了两个男子-亚历克斯和安吉尔,但两者都不能给她真正的幸福。

苔丝对于自己的爱情选择没有足够的明智,很容易被情感左右,导致了她在这段感情中的痛苦和破碎。

总之,苔丝悲剧命运的成因是多方面的。

社会环境的限制、家庭的贫困和个人的选择错误都为她的悲剧埋下了伏笔。

苔丝的命运警示我们,社会环境和家庭因素对个人的发展和幸福有着重要的影响,但个人选择和决策也是至关重要的,我们应该警惕自己在人生的道路上的选择,并尽力避免重蹈苔丝的覆辙。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧性格分析

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧性格分析

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧性格分析河北北方学院外国语学院马勇康丽英苔丝的悲惨命运及其原因《苔丝》是一部悲剧作品。

小说女主角苔丝是一个美丽善良的农家姑娘。

由于家境贫寒.她不得不听从母亲的劝说。

跑到地主庄园去做工。

被地主少爷亚历克奸污。

怀着身孕回到家乡。

孩子夭折后.她又到一家牛奶厂当挤奶工.在那里遇到了牧师的儿子安琪克莱尔.两人产生了爱情。

新婚之夜。

苔丝出于一片忠诚.向克莱尔坦白了自己失身的遭遇,不想却为丈夫所不容。

克莱尔立即丢下妻子。

独自去了巴西。

苔丝被遗弃后.又跑到一家农场做苦工。

恰在这时亚历克又突然出现.一再跑来纠缠苔丝。

后来在父亲去世.母亲患病,弟妹失学,一家人沦落街头,而克莱尔又杏无音讯的情况下.苔丝只好舍身救家,答应与亚历克同居。

谁知克莱尔经过一场磨难,终于回心转意。

从巴西回来寻找苔丝。

苔丝悔恨交加,怒不可遏地刺死了亚历克。

她在逃亡中与丈夫度过了几天幸福生活,最后被捕,并被判处死刑。

苔丝的命运是悲惨的.她悲惨命运的产生有其一定的偶然因素.但这悲剧本身又是不可避免的。

究其原因,可归结为以下两点:1.外在因素1.1苔丝所处时代男性对女性的支配这部小说反复提到的主题之一是男人支配女人的方式,他们主要是用男性强权向女性发挥威力。

这种男人的支配可以说是苔丝和苔丝那个时代所有女性的悲剧。

1.2家庭因素家庭的破败贫穷是导致苔丝悲剧命运的最开始也是最直接的因素!如果不是家庭贫困.苔丝就不必连夜去赶集:如不是贫困。

父母也就不会逼迫她去认亲:如果不是贫困.在克莱尔没回来的期间也就不会受到那么多屈辱。

更不会下嫁给亚历克。

由此可见.贫穷确实是导致苔丝悲剧命运的最重要条件之一。

2.内在因素:苔丝的性格特征苔丝是哈代作品中最具悲观色彩的女主角。

作者形象地描绘了这样一个既可爱又可悲的角色。

在哈代心中.苔丝拥有一个劳动者应有的各种优秀品质.更优异于那些所谓的贵族与资产阶级。

她孝顺、温柔、坚毅、真诚、勇敢、反叛的性格是我们所称道的.但也正是这些性格特点,才使她自己走向命运的终结。

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运

浅析苔丝的悲剧命运
LTE I RAR Y GAL E L RY
文 海 艺 苑
世 界 文 艺
浅析 苔丝 的 悲剧 命 运
卢海英 ( 衡水 学院, 河北 衡 水 0 30 ) 5 00
摘 要: 哈代的《 德伯 家的苔丝》 写 了女 主人公 苔丝 受宿命的安排 , 描 在种种偶 然性 因素 的牵引下走向毁 灭的故 事。哈代的宿命论思想是与偶 然性 因素结合在一起的 。苔丝是宿命 的悲剧 , 也是偶然的悲剧。
性因素 ,其作为推进苔丝命运 发展 的动力发挥 了至关重要的
作用。这些偶然性的因素常常在人生 的关键时刻降临在苔丝 的身上 , 使得苔丝成为宿命 的牺牲 品。 苔丝的一生都充满着偶 然性 和命定 的色彩 ,她最后 的命运都是 由一系列偶然的事件


苔丝的宿命
在小说中 , 哈代运用 了一系列的巧合和暗示 , 来说 明苔丝 的悲剧性命运是早就安排好 的, 是无法避免的。 苔丝是英 国资本主义 飞速发展时期破产农 民的典型 , 她 的命运代表着英 国南部农村 整个农 民阶级 的命运 。小说开头 牧师对德伯家 的考古发 现 ,从历史 的角度说明 了苔丝毁灭的 历史必然性 。哈代把苔 丝的这个悲剧看作是对其祖先作孽的 报应 , 认为这是一种宿命的必然 。 苔丝家族的衰败过程正好符
晚, 同时爱恋安玑的三位女孩 出事 , 坚定 了苔丝说 出实情的决
心, 偶然的 ; 苔丝遇到困境 , 向公公求救 , 去 老克莱牧师却恰好
不在家 , 这也是偶然的 ; 苔丝 的靴子被克莱 的哥哥取走 , 还是
偶 然 ;在 归 途 中碰 见 亚 雷 ,依 然 是偶 然 … …这 无 数 的偶 然 因

在苔丝 的宿命 中, 偶然性的因素起到了关键 的作用。 在哈 和决定力量就体现在偶然之 中,推动命运进程 的就是偶然性

从原生家庭角度浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧命运

从原生家庭角度浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧命运

从原生家庭角度浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧命运作者:刘露露来源:《现代交际》2017年第24期摘要:《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名文学家哈代的经典文学名作。

一直以来学界对苔丝悲剧命运的分析集中在心理学角度以及宿命论方面。

随着家庭系统理论的诞生和发展,对苔丝的悲剧命运的分析又有了新的角度——从苔丝的原生家庭以及家庭结构来分析和解读她的内心世界和行为模式。

本文从原生家庭的角度出发分析苔丝的悲剧命运。

关键词:原生家庭家庭结构悲剧命运中图分类号:I561文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-5349(2017)24-0113-01起初苔丝是一个淳朴、善良、美好,对明天有着美好向往的17岁乡村少女,由于家境贫寒,苔丝的父母从苔丝儿时起便忙于生计,根本花不起金钱和时间教育子女,在家中经济拮据时首先想到的是将自己的大女儿送出去,用她的漂亮脸蛋换回一些接济,而苔丝根本没有面对陌生男人时该有的防范意识,对年轻男子渴望年轻貌美的女孩时可能作出的行为一无所知,导致了第一次的失贞,不幸的是,还怀孕了,这是苔丝的不幸,也是原生家庭对苔丝不负责任的表现。

而当苔丝怀孕回到家中时,父母对苔丝的受辱只是默默接受,这可能是小农思想和自卑心态作祟,苔丝的命运又一次受到沉重的打击。

苔丝的悲剧命运和她自身的处理方式有很大关系,而她的个性和处理问题的方式都和父母对她的教育息息相关。

原生家庭指的是父母的家庭,儿子或女儿并没有组成新的家庭,这样的家庭泛指原生家庭。

从出生到自己组织家庭,人们一直生活在原生家庭里。

所以不管是生活方式、处事方法还是三观、信仰与自我意识都会不同程度受到父母影响。

在不同类型的原生家庭中成长的人,性格特征和处事方式都有很大的差异。

原生家庭的类型主要有三种:完美主义、过度高压以及忽略。

完美主义式家庭中父母会逼着孩子做超出孩子能力范围的事情。

过度高压式的原生家庭中父母不允许孩子说任何话,只有他们才能说。

这样的家庭模式使得孩子做的许多事情都不是出于主观意愿。

对苔丝悲剧命运的解读

对苔丝悲剧命运的解读

对苔丝悲剧命运的解读作者:于冬梅来源:《青年文学家》2014年第26期摘要:《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠——托马斯·哈代“性格与环境小说”的代表作之一,在世界文学史上堪称悲剧小说的典范。

小说刻画了主人公苔丝悲剧及其中人物的人性特点,从不同侧面物揭示了19世纪维多利亚英国社会宗教伦理道德的腐败以及对人的身心的伤害,展现了社会底层劳动人民的生存困境,本文从试图从不同形态的人物身上,探讨苔丝悲剧命运的社会根源。

关键词:哈代小说;苔丝;悲剧命运;人物作者简介:(1964-),女,辽宁喀左人,蒙古族,讲师,硕士,研究方向:英语语言文学。

[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2014)-26--01托马斯·哈代是英国现实主义作家,他的“性格与环境”表现了19世纪维多利亚时期英国社会中人与人、人与社会的冲突和矛盾。

其中尤以小说《德伯家的苔丝》最为典型,小说围绕着被侮妇女苔丝的悲剧命运展开,揭露了19世纪英国社会宗教和伦理道德对人的身心摧残和人性的弱点,其中尤以主人公苔丝的悲剧最为典型,其中环境是苔丝悲剧的主线,本文试图从影响苔丝命运的人物形象身上,挖掘其悲剧的社会根源。

一、苔丝父母虚荣心是苔丝悲剧命运的诱因小说的主人公苔丝是纯朴的大自然的女儿,她天生美丽纯洁农村姑娘,她的生活环境是一个宗教法规和社会习俗森严的维多利亚乡村,她的父亲是个懒惰无能,虚荣愚昧,时常贪杯的小贩子。

而母亲是个浅薄庸俗,满脑子迷信思想,仅靠一本算命大全来判断是非的农妇,家里贫寒,由于家中唯一劳动力“老马” 的死去,使得本来拮据的生活顿时陷于困境,此时,苔丝父亲从一个牧师那听说他是贵族的嫡系,这对夫妻对此深信不疑,带着重振家业的美梦和攀龙附凤的虚荣心,他们决定让自己单纯的女儿苔丝去认这门远亲,作为长女的苔丝为了替父母分担家庭重担,铤而走险,不料遭到恶少的奸污,失去贞操,落下了“堕落女人”名声,这次事件对苔丝影响极其大,从此拉开了苔丝命运悲剧的序幕,因此,苔丝父母的虚荣心和利欲熏心是她个人悲剧的诱因,也是她的家庭悲剧的根源。

《徳伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧分析 Analysis of Tess's Tragedy in Tess of D'Urbervilles

《徳伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧分析 Analysis of Tess's Tragedy in Tess of D'Urbervilles

摘要托马斯·哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。

他用史诗般的文字描绘了贫穷的农家女子苔丝短促而不幸的一生。

苔丝是一个贫穷农民的女儿,她的父亲获悉自己本是骑士世家徳伯家的嫡系子孙,于是便派苔丝去附近一个富户徳伯家认本家,从而遭遇到亚力克的引诱,而失身。

苔丝回家后生下一个孩子,不久后夭折。

在农场做工的时候,他遇到了安吉尔——一个牧师的儿子,两个人很快坠入爱河并且订了婚,新婚之夜,苔丝向安吉尔坦白了自己的遭遇,可是,安吉尔却未能原谅她,反而离开了她。

后来,贫穷再一次迫使苔丝回到亚力克身边。

于是悲剧发生了。

苔丝的悲剧不仅是社会的悲剧,同时也是性格的悲剧,她的悲剧不仅是客观的,更是主观的。

苔丝是资产阶级社会和资本主义入侵农村的受害者。

导致主人公苔丝悲惨命运的原因是多方面的,如家庭、社会、宗教、不公平的法律、传统的伦理道德及自身弱点。

关键词:《徳伯家的苔丝》;悲剧;原因;性格AbstractThomas Hardy was once called ―Shakespeare in British novel.‖He described poor Tess short and unfortunate life in an epic way. Tess, a daughter of villager who discovered that he was the descendant of an ancient family D‘Urbervilles, was persuaded by her parents to claim kindred with a more prosperous D‘Urbervilles and was seduced by the master Alec. Then she had to return home in disgrace. After back home, she delieved a child who died soon after born. Then she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman, and she falls in love with him and married him. On their wedding night Tess and Angel tell each other about their own past. Angel who gets the hypocritical morality deserts her seduction by Alec; then poverty makes her come back to Alec again and the tragedy happens. The tragedy of Tess is an individual one as well as a social one. Tess is the victim of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the English peasantry.Key W ords:Tess of D’Urbervilles; tragedy; cause; characterContents摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)Contents (iii)1 Introduction (1)2 Analysis of the Character Causes of Tess‘s Tragedy (2)2.1 Analysis of Self-factor in Tess‘s Tragedy (3)2.1.1 Analysis of Tess‘s Family (4)2.1.2 Analysis of Tess‘s Resistance (7)2.1.3 Analysis of Tess‘s Com promise (7)2.2 Analysis of Alec and Clare‘s Character Causes of Tess‘s Tragedy (8)2.2.1 Analysis of Alec‘s Character (8)2.2.2 Analysis of Clare‘s Character (9)3 Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes in Tess‘s Tragedy (11)3.1 Hypocritical Capitalism Moral‘s View and Unequal Legal System (11)3.2 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (11)3.3 The Male Factor in Tess‘s Tragedy (12)4 Conclusion (14)References (15)Acknowledgements (16)1 IntroductionTess of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) describes the misfortunate life of a poor peasant girl Tess.Hardy is famous for novels of character and environment. His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland; this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardy‘s writes. His father was a stonecutter, but like music. His parents paid more attention on Hardy‘s education. In his childhood, he received the education for theology but when he grew up, he turned to learn the literature. Hardy left school became an architect apprentice in 1856. And then he went to London and became a post of the building draftsman in 1862, also in this time he took advanced courses for language in London University and began literature creation. His literature career began with poetry. His first long novel was published in 1871, the celebrated work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in the 1874. From then on and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation.From the late nineteen century, Thomas Hardy and his works have always been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Thomas Hardy‘s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins wit h a discussion of Hardy‘s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy‘s war against man‘s inhumanit y, While Amold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him, the subject of Tess of the D’Urb ervilles is not the tragedy of a ―pure woman‖ but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle considers it as a complete as a social novel.Tess of D’Urbervilles describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. Tess was a poor peasant girl. At the beginning of the works we know Tess replaces her father to take the load of beehives herself to the retailers in Casterbridge for the Saturday market. On the way, a mail cart runs into her wagon and kills the horse. The encounter gets her family into the trap. For the benefit to her family, Tess tries to struggle with the bitter fate,Feeling guilty of indulgence in the outside pleasure without helping her mother. After May-Day dance, Tess hurries home to deal with the homework. Though Tess does things for her family and makes sacrifices. She still can‘t escape the tie of fate. Sent by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the D‘Urbervilles family, she was seduced by the young master of the house, Alec and had to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a child who died in infancy, she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm Talbothays. There she met Angel Clare, a son of clergyman and he felled in love with her and married her.On the wedding night, Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts, and Clare, after hearing Tess‘s confession left her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forced Tess to seek for work for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master. Then the news of her father‘s death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drive her to seek for assistance from Alec, and the latter, now a preacher, soon resumes his former illicit relation with her. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She hated Alec because one again he had been the cause of her husband‘s reputation of her, Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She stabbed him as he slept. Then she ran out of the houses and followed Angel. They had a few happy days together. Living with the husband she truly loved, she was ready for her punishment.In this novel, we can see that Tess resisted her unjust fate again and again, yet still to be destroyed. We cannot help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of the Victoria times, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In the paper, I try to show the various causes of Tess‘s tra gedy on the base of some early researches and to prove the inevitability of Tess‘s tragedy.2 Analysis of the Character Causes of T ess’s T ragedyThis story describes the miserable experience of a rural girl. But too unfortunate to overthrow this girl who calls Tess, she relies on her own hands to work, moving people with her own sincerity. She is ―a pure woman‖. Finally she winds up with the tragedy, which is why people often discuss her as the source of the tragedy. She was fighting against the society, the hypocritical religion. She has shown in front of common people her own practical action that she is insulted, which indicates a resisting powerful woman‘s images.2.1 Analysis of Self-factor in T ess’s TragedyTess‘s tragedy not only results from t he external causes but also from the internal ones. And only through the internal causes, the external causes become operative. The tragedy that results from the conflict between man and her self is the tragedy of character. Tess‘s tragedy is the tragedy of character. On one hand, Tess struggles bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality. She desires for happiness and true love. On the other hand, she cannot completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day, which makes her believe that she has to pay for what she has sinned. She yields to the arrangement of the fate (Ackerman, 1996: 49). The latter is the weakness in her character.When Tess falls in love with angel Clare, she still cannot get rid of her sense of guilt. ―Her love for him acts to blot out the memories of the past in her, but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is only temporary, that the doubts, fears, and shame were only waiting like wolves just outside the light. One night, when the two of them were sitting indoor, she suddenly exclaims that she is not worthy of him.‖ (Hardy, 1993: 189) After their wedding ceremony, Tess is sad by the time they come back to the farm. She is tortured by guilt. She asks herself, if she has any right to be Mrs. Angel C lare. Tess‘s deep sense of guilt makes her submit to Angel‘s maltreatment without resistance, thinking she deserves it. Undoubtedly, this kind of character helps to make external causes operative (Xu, 2007: 80).This is the first point about her character. The second is her purity which can be reflected in two aspects.First, there is not any trace of vanity in her behavior. Although her parents are benighted and her family is poor, Tess still keeps the working people‘s virtue. She detects her parent‘commonplace words and deeds, despises noble origin and considers herself the daughter of villager, she says:“Pooh-I have much of mother as father in! All my prettiness comes and I was only a dairymaid .‖ (Chapter , 103)The second aspect is Tess‘s honesty. Al though she is seduced by Alec, she is not willing to become his plaything and leaves him resolutely. When Alec lures her with money, Tess is describe like that:Her lips lifted slightly, though there was little scorn as a rule in her large and impulsive na ture. ―I have said I will not take anything more from you, and I will not-I can not! I should be your creature to go on doing that: and I won‘t!‖ (chapter12. 78)Although in the bourgeois society, the moral standard for man and woman is very different; Tes s‘s faithful love to Angel and her honesty still make her confess her relation with Alec to Angel:“Tess, say it is not true? No, it is not true!‖“It‘s true..“Every word ?‖“Every word‖(chapter36, 239)In the novel, Tess is portrayed as a brave girl, hard –working and sweet- natured and innocent, yet she is free from the influence of social conventions and moral standards of the day. Her purity obviously is not welcomed by the bourgeois society.2.1.1 Analysis of Tess’s FamilyTess is the daughter of a very poor villager. Her parents are very benighted. When her father finds he is the descendent of an ancient aristocratic family, D‘Urbervilles, he is immensely proud of himself although there is nothing valuable left in his hand. He even goes to hotel and drinks very much until Tess and her mother come to look for him. When Tess and her mother support his arms to go back home, there is such description:On reaching the fresh air he was sufficiently unsteady to incline the row if three at one moment as if they were marching to London and at another as if they were marching to Bath-with produced a comical effect, frequent enough in families on nocturnal home goings;and, like most comical effects, not quite so comic after all. The two women valiantly disguised there forced excursions and countermarches as well as they could from themselves: and so they approached by degrees their own door the head of the family bursting suddenly into his former refrain as he drew near; as if to fortify his soul at sight of the smallness of his present residence: (Liu, 2007: 103)“I‘ve got a family vault at Kings beer!‖ (chapter4,23)“Hush-don‘t be so silly, Jack,‖ Said his wife, ―Yours is not the only family that was of count in world days. Look at the Anktells, and Horseys, and the Thringhams themselves gone to seed almost as much as you-though you was bigger folks than they, that‘s true. Thank God, I was never of no family, and have nothing to be ashamed of in that way!‖“Don‘t you be so sure of that. From your father ‗tis my belief you‘ve disgraced yourselves more than any of us, and week kings and queens outright at one time.‖Tess turned the subject by saying what was far more prominent in her own mind at the moment than thoughts of her ancestry-“I‘m afraid father won‘t be a ble to take the journey with the beehives tomorrow so early.‖“I? I shall be all right in an hour or two.‖ said Durbeyfield (chapter4, 24).From their conversation and the description of Durbeyfield‘s drunkenness, we can see the foolishness of Tess‘s paren ts, and of course, which is mainly caused by poverty. The author Hardy takes some very humorous words to describe their bitterness caused by poverty.All these young souls were passengers in the Durbeyfield ship-entirely dependent on the judgment of the Durbeyfield adults for their pleasures, their necessities, their health, their existence. If the heads of the Durbeyfield‘s household chose to sail into difficulty, disaster, starvation, disease, degradation, death, thither were these half dozen little captives under hatches compelled to sail with them-six helpless creatures who had never been asked if they wished for life on any terms, much less if they wished for it on such hard conditions as were involved being of the shiftless house of Durbeyfield (Chapter3, 18)Under the great poverty, Tess‘s parents become more and more apathetic and vulgar. When they have a more prosperous relative, what they have in mind is to ask Tess to claim kindred with Alec. Tess isn‘t willing to go, but she has no idea about her family‘s poverty. Onthe day when she is going to visit Alec there‘s such a conversation in her family;Her mother expostulated, ―Y ou will never set out to; see your folks without dressing up more than dand that?‖ (chapter7,44)“But, I am going to work!‖ s aid Tess.“Well, yes,‖ said Mrs. Durbeyfield, and in a private tone, ―at first there mid be a little pretence, but I think it will be wiser of‘ee to put your best side outward,‖ she added.“V ery well; I suppose you know best,‖ replied Tess with calm abando nment.And to please her parents the girl put herself quite in Joan hands, saying serenely ―Do what you like with me, mother.‖ (chapter7, 44)Along these lines, we can see a very apathetic father and a vulgar mother, and also a pure girl who is weak and in competent. Why Tess‘s family, but also in many families, especially peasants.Her family, started early in the story broken broken up by six or seven years ago. As writers and issued by emotion in the book as ―Norman‘s blood, not Victoria-dynasty‘s wealth as an aid, and what of it!‖ dignitaries of origin did not bring any benefits to Tess, her tragedy is Thus began. They are farmers and the general difficulties of life Bitter. Her father is a lazy hearts softened, and he not only own, ignoring the others, and too alcoholic. Her mother is just a superficial of the laity, not so much a mother as she said she is a bog boy. However, the parents of these two incompetent but has seven children. Therefore, the heavy burden of the family will keep pressure on the shoulders of Tess. Tess is so in love with her sisters and brothers that she could not bear to see them live in destitution among. As a result, her has been decided that-sooner or later tragedy, but it may be in a different way. In order to show off their so-called ―elite‖status and to meet the humble vanity, delusion by Tess‘s parents, ―claiming kin,‖―marriage‖approach to enhance their own status. Although Tess hate the hypocrisy of their parents, despised noble origin, insisting that they are women and farmers. She is to live on their own work, but she is the boss at home, Her parents can make a heavy family burden without premature drop on shoulder. Tess reluctantly ordered the mother to comply with the counterfeit money to defect to his family. Vices o f the victim and the ritual became a sinner. Later ,she uprooted from their homes for their families, everywhere scoop Park, suffered a lot, when in the dead end. Or for the family, go back to Alec side.2.1.2 Analysis of Tess’s ResistanceTreat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly. Although she became a disgrace woman, she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec. She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life, fostered the child lonely. Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. Although life gave her only attack and disaster, she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remains unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise.However, disaster arrived. Tess‘s father died and her family was expelled from the village. Tess entrusted the body once again to Alec in order to get her mother and little brother and sisters a place to live, but anti-makes in light of this had not ended, submits is only temporary. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband‘s repudiation of her. Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She used a knife killed Alec; this is inevitable result of her innermost feelings revolt. Tess had the ending of violent resistance to evil just her character to a higher level.2.1.3 Analysis of Tess’s CompromiseThe other side of Tess‘s social character is resigned to bad conditions. Tess adopts completely another kind of manner to treat Clare. The relationship between lovers should be equal, but Tess constantly disparages herself and raises Clare. At the beginning of love ―she loves he e xtremely, she looks he as the god.‖ (Thomas Hard, 261)“To her sublime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be – knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know. She thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of mascul ine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer……The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her lift up her heart to him in devotion.‖ (Thomas Hardy, 276)This is a love which how strong is blazing actually acts sterilely. In front of love, Tesshas lost herself, has lost the dignity. Just this kind of blind, unequal love make Tess dropped the happy right as a wife, deepened her tragedy.Tess write a confession letter to Clare before married, and then tell her ―crime‖, bu t Clare is the traditional morals defender of traditional moral principles, his ―new mind‖ demand Tess gives forgiveness and tolerant for his profligate behavior in the past. Tess has done, but the tragic past of Tess, actually cannot obtain Clare repays-like the intolerance. Tess has not done revolts slightly face Clare heartless abandonment. Oppositely, she said: ―I certainly like a low pitiful slave of yours, absolute obeys you. If you ask me not to be able to fall to the ground, suicide killed, and I do not violate you.‖ (Thomas Hardy,352) Clare cruel-heartedly leaves; Tess never reduces her love to Clare. A passionate letter actually cannot call Clare‘s ice-cold heart. In the end, when Clare finally came to her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband‘s repudiation of her.2.2 Analysis of Alec and Clare’s Character Causes of T ess’s TragedyIn this novel to male leading character‘s description ha s reflected at that time the capitalist society darkness and false capitalism morals view. People‘s character also takes a very important part. In this novel, the writer though the environment to describe Tess‘s tragic fate, but the other reasons caused th is result is people‘s character, Alec and Clare are very closely to Tess fate.2.2.1 Analysis of Alec’s CharacterAlec is the emerging bourgeoisie‘s representatives; he is representing the bourgeois society‘s authority, the wealth and the evil, Tess‘s tra gic life reason to him. His father is a rich merchant, but after crown by aristocrat D‘Urbervilles surname. This young man lay on his father‘s money and power dominates the native place. When he meets Tess, the dissolute lascivious countenance is completely unmasked; he supposes the snare that destroyed young girl‘s pure and chaste and the life happiness. Harmed others to benefit him, resorts to all means to satisfy own absurd fleshly desires, and not only displayed the countryside landlord class‘s essentia l characteristic, but also manifested the property realistic characteristic.Although afterwards he changed in old pastor Clare help next evilly reforms, however, several dozens years abuse eradicates by no means. When he meets Tess‘s family is in has no h ome. It can be said, Tess‘s life is the might and the violence victim which the Alec thunder represents.2.2.2 Analysis of Clare’s CharacterIf someone says Alec representative‘s evil force is the direct reason to cause Tess‘s tragedy, then the traditional ethics morality survives on Angel Clare devastates to Tess is one kind invisible, the more fearful spirit injures. Angel Clare is a complex artistic image. On his body, not only has the certain enlightened thought, but also is retaining the traditional moral prejudice. Although he born in a pastor family, not willing to be a pastor ―serves for God‖, he is willing to work at farming, ―serves for the metropolis lively life, he wants to go the country to do the arduous physical labor as those farmers, tries hard to grasp each kind of class the agricultural technology. In nature bosom, he feels the village life is simple and in the love question, he mild-mannered and cultivate, serious and earnest, pay more attention on emotion, all of these are different with Alec. This explanations he was the Bourgeois intellectuals who has the free thought at that time, but he departs from to this social class also is extremely limited, He will be engaged in the agricultural production the goal is for later to be a large landed estate. He not only as soon as starts to recognize Tess could be a good steward in the future, the most important is he love Tess not like her to love his such selfless and sincere. In his eyes, Tess is ―nature ‗s new born daughter‖, however, once she confessed the insult to him which receive, then on his body preserves the inherent morals have strangled in his heart the real sentiment. Although he also have had the profligate behavior, and obtained Tess ‗s forgiving, but actually is not willing to for give originally innocent Tess. This indicated his heart‘s core traditional morals ethics idea ingrained , he regards a woman from traditional chastity view to be chaste or not, this has given Tess by devastating attack. If we say because the Alec thunder ferocious adversary caused the desire and the future hope of her live.Then, Clare to her abandonment, said in some kind of degree, then has destroyed her spiritual prop (because Tess really loves him).Thus, his return caused her to feel the humiliation which own received, thus caused its pain, the lamentation; to despair has achievedthe apex. Her finally killed Alec, not only must prove own helpless, simultaneously also are must to the person which loves prove own innocent.From this, I may say that, is pr ecisely by Alec representative‘s evil force and Clare himself preserves the traditional ethics morality, together pushed Tess to the tragic abyss.3Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes inTess’s TragedyIn this novel, Hardy emphasizes the real istic cause of Tess‘s tragedy, including the disintergration of English peasantry and the hypocritical morality of bourgeois society. Throughout the novel, we get the impression that the tragedy of Tess is made by the imposed fate, including the hypocritical morality of that time, rather than Fate and Chance. Tess cannot escape her tragic fate unless she escapes from the society. In fact, Tess‘s tragedy is shared by most of the poor peasants.3.1 Hypocritical Capitalism Moral View and Unequal Legal SystemTess was lived in the Victorian era when capitalism invaded the rural England. She was a hardworking, kind-hearted, intelligent and beautiful girl; but regarded as a laborer, a man of poor agricultural workers, she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist society. By analyzing this novel we can know that in Victoria time, Tess‘s tragedy was due to social morals root. In the capitalist society, legal regime and moral outlook all maintains the exploiting class oppresses people‘s authority as the township, did all kinds of evil things, but they was protected by the law. Tess actually is condemned the death penalty. This just was explaining bourgeoisie politics system reactionary and indicated the unimportant persons in the lower level social class were impossible to obtain the fair treatment in the society. We may see in the novel, such as Alec this thunder actually receives the bourgeoisie state apparatus and the religious morals protection.3.2 Impoverishment and Decay of Small FarmersThis story has happened in the southern countries of England. Small famer‘s impoverishment and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.Let us see the economic crisis took place in bourgeois world and led to the social change. The change made many peasants lose their lands and became peasant workers. Large quantities of peasant were bankrupt. It is the s ame with the D‘Urbervilles. Their narrow minds and stupidity make them puzzled. The society is so cruel that it does not give them a chance to live and makes them discard their children. Tests was born into the family of a poor rural tradesman. Her father drinks a lot and doesn‘t work hard. Her mother herself is like a child and never thinks about the future. There are many children in their family. Her mother sends her to claim kin with a distant relative of noble D‘Urbervilles family in the hope of her fa mily was worse, that means the bankrupt of the family. Her disjoint from the country leads to her later tragedy; the young master Alec seduces her and the following pregnancy compels Tess to return home in dis grace. Her tragic life was begun.3.3 The Male F actor in T ess’s TragedyThis section mainly refers to Alec and Angel.Alec is an upstart on behalf of the bourgeoisie, a typical playboy. His image is a symbol of Western civilization hiding under the cloak of barbaric cruelty of sex desire. He also bel ieves that the beauty of Tess is negative, because a woman‘s beauty is the bait to lure men‘s desire. From his view of male point, this seems to imply that his possession of Tess is due to the temptation of her beauty. The first time that Tess went to claim kindred is very reluctant to Tess. With the feelings of shyness and shame, Tess went to D‘Urbervilles and starts her acquaintance with Alec. Later Alec threatened to Tess in every possible way, but Tess would prefer to remain in the poor cave, to endure the cruel exploitation and oppressed, to bear the heavy manual work overload, but unwilling to yield to Alec, or accepts his help. However, her father dies, her mother is ill, her brothers and sisters are out of school, their house lease is expired, the fa mily have no place to shelter. For the whole family‘s life, Tess had to refer to Alec, becomes his mistress and accepts his help (Jiang, 2007:96). Since then, she completely ruined her happiness of life. The whole life of Tess is the victim of Alec‘s power and violence.As to Angel, he is the incarnation of traditional ethical concepts. Angel and Alec are completely different. He is an intellectual and has liberal thinking; He despises class prejudice and hierarchy; He dislikes bustling city life and is longing to the countryside farming; He is。

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解读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧命运【摘要】亚雷和克莱尔虽然都是导致苔丝悲剧命运的刽子手,但是克莱尔对苔丝精神上的摧残是更是致命的,当苔丝出于爱情、诚实对克莱尔告白时,这也就无形之中宣布了苔丝无可挽救的悲惨命运。

而德伯世家好像一直都用一双冷漠的眼睛审视着一切,操纵者一切。

【关键词】压迫;告白;漠视;悲剧
一、前言
《德伯家的苔丝》被认为是哈代“维克塞斯系列”中最出色的一部力作,作品中俩位男性——亚雷和克莱尔在苔丝短暂而悲惨一生中起着重要的作用。

如果说亚雷是将苔丝推落悬崖的凶手,那么克莱尔就是亲手将落入悬崖的妻子手中的救命草割断的刽子手。

当苔丝出于良心、爱情、诚实对克莱尔告白之后,一切都变了,这一行动也就决定了苔丝最后的无法挽回的悲惨命运。

克莱尔是当时维多利亚时期父权、男权社会的典型代表,而苔丝的本家——德伯世家无疑是苔丝悲剧的见证者、审判者。

正如福柯的《性史》第一卷认为,告白(confession)正是让我们逐渐被权威话语所控制的方式。

二、告白(confession)
现代政治权力的组织体系中保留着并重新使用了来源于基督教各种机构的一些元素,因此,福柯称之为“牧养权利”的东西就是
延续到了晚期时代的机构中来了。

i告白(confession)正是让我们逐步被这样的权威话语所控制的方式.苔丝对克莱尔倾诉自己的过去,并期望得到克莱尔的原谅,在某种意义上讲,在这个行为之中,克莱尔充当了苔丝灵魂的指引着、审判者。

社会、克莱尔自身和苔丝在某种程度上都默认了克莱尔具有将人的灵魂指引到良知
和救赎的位置。

维多利亚时期的苔丝、受到亚雷玷污的苔丝和维多利亚时期的克莱尔、具有所谓新兴资产阶级的头衔克莱尔二者之间关系构成了告白的前提。

三、苔丝的告白——克莱尔的宣判
如果一个人打算进行告白,就说明,这番言语已经被埋在心里有一段时间了。

有告白可做,就意味着这番话话还没有被讲出来。

这个事件只有在告白迫使这个秘密受到审视的条件下才能成为分
析的材料。

也可能到告白发生时,对它的拖延成了产生负罪感和悔恨的新原因。

ii克莱尔每次向苔丝示爱时,苔丝的内心总是在纠结:“苔丝的脸上立刻显示出一片忧伤” iii,“她心里的挣扎,非常的可怕,她的内心老师向着克莱尔的那颗心……她不肯贸然嫁人,免得叫丈夫娶了她以后,又后悔自己瞎了眼睛”iv。

她内心痛苦的原因就是是否向克莱尔坦白自己的过去,犹豫不定的苔丝一直在拒绝克莱尔。

她也想过等一切结束之后再说,但是这位大自然的女儿出于自己对克莱尔的爱不顾自己母亲的劝告决定在婚前写信告诉
自己的爱人自己的过去,但是事与愿违。

一次次地拖延无疑也使苔
丝备受煎熬。

当事情揭露出来之后克莱尔质问苔丝“你为什么不早点告诉我”时,苔丝的内心的痛苦是无法用语言形容的,似乎自己的罪过不仅仅是自己失贞,自己没有及时告诉克莱尔真相导致克莱尔对自己付出了爱情无疑也是不可原谅的错误。

苔丝违反了当时社会对女性的要求,未婚先孕,这无疑是当时的社会所不许的,这也是苔丝犯下的第一个过错。

苔丝向自己的爱人克莱尔公开自己的行为,这种公开无疑是又是一桩新的罪行,它加重并取代了旧的罪行。

苔丝用语言公开自己的行为,在某种意义上是对先前行为的最终完成。

苔丝在告白时,无疑触犯了俩大禁律:第一身份的等同话。

苔丝试图将自己的行为公开化,并且要得到倾听者的认可。

哈代在小说中有意而为之,苔丝和克莱尔犯的错误几乎完全是一样的。

在当时人们眼中,如果忽略男女之间的差异,苔丝是出于被迫,而克莱尔却是自己愿意为之的,相比之下,俩人的过错谁轻谁重我们也一目了然。

但是苔丝也犯了一个致命的错误——男女之间的差距。

在维多利亚时期,女人是男人的依附品,对女人最重要的一个要求就是“贞洁”,贞洁被视为女人为之女人的根本。

女人在这个时期不是一个完整的个体,在家从父,出嫁从夫。

当新婚初夜苔丝听到了克莱尔的忏悔之后,自己毫不犹豫地就原谅了他,并且当她听到了克莱尔的过错时,心里很是高兴,因为“她觉出有希望,乐得跳了起来”,自己的错误“不会,当然不会更严重。

因为我的正和你的一样。

”苔丝觉得自己“赦免”了克莱尔,
同样会得到赦免。

在一个父权、夫权的社会中怎么会容许这样的事情发生?殊不知,自己的现在的行为无疑加重了旧的罪行。

克莱尔“因为苔丝对于这件事情表面上仿佛不痛不痒的情况,开始使他苦恼起来,这份苦恼,比起这件事情揭露了以后的那份苦恼,也并差不了多少。

” v男尊女卑的关系怎么可能为了一个“大自然的女儿”而有所改变呢?第二,苔丝在克莱尔的面前讲述,因此,他就成为了她告白所必要的听众,成为了必须在场的听众。

vi对于生于、长于、受教育于维多利亚时代的克莱尔来说,又怎么可能容忍自己的妻子这样的背叛自己?苔丝的告白无疑使自己亲身经历了一次侮辱,这样的行为他自己又怎么可以容忍,自己的尊严、脸面又何存。

只要用语言以告白的形式出现,它就会提出身体是否受到惩罚的问题。

苔丝的负罪感引发的告白会以言语的形式出现,苔丝的行为一方面恐惧着惩罚,另一方面又去招致惩罚。

把告白的言语当成是一种要求帮助解除咒语的请求,这种咒语有时几乎会带来致命的结果。

vii苔丝在面对克莱尔的感情错误时曾经出现了一丝希望,但是克莱尔的话立刻将这希望之火扑灭得干干净净。

作为维多利亚时期的审判者“克莱尔的爱,却的确轻灵得太过分,空想得到了不切实际的程度了”,试图以爱情为筹码的苔丝输得很是彻底干净。

最后,克莱尔以一种命令似的严厉的口吻宣判了“不过我没有去找你的时候,顶好你不要去找我。

”这种断绝一切后路的话语割断了俩人的关系、切断了俩人的感情,最后的结果只能是将苔丝推向以
“死亡”的深渊。

四、躲在克莱尔背后的真正的宣判者——德伯世家
克莱尔对苔丝的爱情是真的,只是这份爱情不及苔丝的爱深沉、持久、真心……苔丝与克莱尔之间似乎命中注定了是一场悲剧。

躲在克莱尔的背后有一双无形的手在操控着一切,指挥着克莱尔的一切行动。

当克莱尔第一次向苔丝求婚时,这时出现的另一个主角是从克莱尔嘴里出现的亚雷,这似乎也是在提醒苔丝自己犯过的错误;当克莱尔再次向苔丝求婚时出现的另一位主角是德伯世家;而克莱尔与苔丝的婚房又是克莱尔故意而选之的德伯世家。

德伯世家就像一个冷漠的先知一样无情地注视着苔丝的一举一动,并时时刻刻提醒着苔丝的过错。

苔丝的悲剧源于德伯世家,苔丝的悲剧结束于德伯世家。

而德伯世家以一双冷漠的眼神注视着自己的子孙后代,他没有庇护自己的子孙,而是躲在克莱尔背后的真正的宣判者——审判着一个纯洁的女人的一生。

注释:
i 《消解性别》上海三联出版社 2009年出版 [美] 巴特勒著第168页
ii 同上第170页
iii 《哈代文集5》人民文学出版社 2004年张谷若译第242页
iv 同上第246页
v 《哈代文集5》人民文学出版社 2004年张谷若译第323页vi 《消解性别》上海三联出版社 2009年出版 [美] 巴特勒著第171页
vii 同上第175页。

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