句法知识

高中英语句法知识

一、句子的概念

I.主语部分+谓语部分。

She smiled.

I have never been to America.

I bought a book in the shop yesterday.

构成一个句子必须满足三个条件:1)必须有一个主语;2)有且仅有一个谓语动词;3)表达一个完整的思想.

II.短语和句子

A beautiful school

The school is beautiful.

A book on the desk

The book is on the desk

The child dressed in school uniform

The child is dressed in school uniform.

The girl singing in the next room

The girl is singing in the next room

III.省略句

位于句首的弱读词汇可以省略。Come here, please.

Sounds great!

Looking forward to your early reply. Found your pen, haven’t you?

IV.残缺句（Sentence fragment）和多动词句:

一个简单句若无连词连接有且仅有一个谓语动词。

有一种不合句法的句子：没有谓语动词，这种现象叫残缺句（Sentence fragment）。

改错：

Today Monday.

Tomorrow will Tuesday.

Her face red.

Listen! She singing!

There is a school which near our village.

还有一种不合句法的句子：有多个谓语动词，这种现象叫多动词句。

改错：

Play football is my favorite.

He started at sunrise, arrived at sunset. The earth moves around the sun is well known.

二、句子类型

I.主-----谓

He left.

All the students laughed.

II.主-----谓-----宾

I met one of my friends.

I like Chinese.

III.主-----谓-----宾-----宾

The teacher gave me a book.

Mr. Wang teaches me English.

IV.主-----谓-----宾-----宾补

We call him Mr. Wang.

I can hear her singing.

I will have my hair cut.

V.主-----系-----表

My father is a teacher.

She looks kind.

The dish tastes nice.

三、句子成分

主干成分：主、谓、宾

修饰成分：定、状、补

还有：同位语，插入语，兼语等。

I.主语：

一个句子往往用来表达“某人/某个事物怎么样了”，或“某人干什么了”。其中，某人或某事物，是陈述对象，或动作的执行者，叫主语。

Tom is married.

Japan lies to the east of China.

What he said is true.

That the earth moves around the sun is true.

Playing football is my hobby.

To see is to believe.

主语一般由名词，代词，动名词，不定式或名词性从句充当。

II.谓语：

谓语是一个句子中的陈述部分，即某人或某事物“怎么了”、“干什么了”。我们学过的各种时态均属于谓语部分。

We will go to Beijing tomorrow.

I have lived here for three years

My sister is studying in America.

III.宾语:

谓语动词的动作的承受者，即动作的对象或内容。

I love you.

I study Chinese.

I taught him a lesson yesterday.

Can you show me your photo?

I believe what he said.

We all know that light travels faster than sound.

IV.定语:

修饰、限定名词的句子成分。

I saw a beautiful girl yesterday.

The water here is unfit to drink.

Please bring me the book on the desk. This is the house where I once lived.

I like the novels written by Lu Xun.

He is not the kind of man to bow before difficulties.

Who is the boy standing under the tree? V.状语:

修饰谓语动词的句子成分叫状语，一般用来说明谓语动作所发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等。

I met one of my friends in Beijing. When I was in Beijing, I met one of my friends.

At the age of seven, I began to write