不定式用法

1. 不定式原形作宾语
1) 可以接动名词/名词，而不能接不定式作宾语的动词有：见动名词部分
2) 可以接不定式，而不能接动名词作宾语的动词作宾语有：见下面
3).
3.1)既能接不定式又能接动名词作宾语的有: remember, regret, stop, forget;want, need, deserve，require; go on, mean, leave off, hesitate to do/hesitate over/about, propose (意义有差别)
例如：
Your hair wants cutting.
I want to see you.
You need to have your hair cut.
The flower needs watering.
The old lady required looking after. 这位老太太需要人照顾
The agreement requires both sides to find a solution to the problem. (require 的用法见下面详解)
They went on reading. (continue happening or doing sth as before).
After introducing herself briefly, she went on to explain their travel plan. (to do sth after doing sth else)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
I mean to go tomorrow.
They left off quarreling. 他们停止了争吵。

In 1999, he left off to start his own business. (he left off some place in order to start his own business)他99年离开了(公司)，开始创业。

They propose to stop the meeting. 他们打算。

I propose him for the job. 建议他做这份工作
I propose going to an early movie and having dinner afterward.
我建议。

(propose sth/propose doing sth/propose +that clause, 用法和suggest一致。

) 注意和advise, recommend (建议), require的用法区别propose to do ×
propose sb to do ×
If you want to improve the taste, try adding some sugar. (尝试)
He tried to answer each question by himself. (努力)
3.2)在encourage, permit, allow, forbid, recommend (建议) , advise, authorize等动词之后，一般接-ing分词/名词(短语)作宾语；接不定式宾补。

We recommend making reservations early, because ticket is in great need. 建议
I recommend you not to disobey your officers. 我建议你不要反抗你的上司。

Recommend (建议) 其他用法：
Recommend +n. √
Recommend +that clause √
Recommend to do sth ×
I recommend this product for removing ink stains from your blouse. 我推荐用这种产品去除你外衣上的墨水渍。

Recommend (推荐):
Recommend sth to sb/ Recommend sb sth √
Recommend sth for sth √
Recommend sb for sth/as sth √
Recommend sb to do×
Recommend doing sth ×
Recommend to do sth ×
Recommend a good hotel to me
I can recommend you a good novel
Recommend a red tie for the black suit
Recommend her for the job/the position 推荐她做那份工作/担任这个职位Recommend her for running the whole factory
Recommend her as their representative to negotiate with their
employee 推荐他作为他们的代表去和老板谈判
They encouraged learning English by radio and television.
They encouraged me to learn English by radio and television.
School doesn’t allow smoking here.
School doesn’t allow us to smoke here.
I advise leaving early/that you leave early.
I advised her to wait.
Doctor advised a complete rest.
He advises to leave early.×
We don’t permit smoking here.
We were not permitted to enter the area during the investigation.
I can’t forbid you/your seeing that man again.
She was forbidden to talk to him. 或者：She was forbidden from talking to her.
Requie (需要；要求/命令)
T o carry out the plan requires increasing our staff by 50% 需要增加50%的员工
The agreement requires both sides to find a solution to the problem.
Require + n. √
Require +that clause √
Require to do st h ×
Authorize him to deal with everything while I am away.
The expense has been authorized. 批准这项费用。

3.3) 在hate, like , continue, love, prefer, dread, cease, intend attempt, loathe, neglect, omit (忽视，忽略), can’t bear, begin, start等词后接动名词和不定式(几乎无意义差别)。

按照传统语法，表示一般的行为，用动名词居多；如
表示特定的或具体的即将发生的事，则用不定式较多。

I can’t bear living alone.
I can’t bear to see the child treated badly.
I dread falling ill
I dread to think of it.
He neglected checking the list of orders.
He often neglected to answer the letter right away.
He prefers eating less at night.
He prefers to go by train this evening.
I don’t like watching TV.
I’d like to swim today.
3.4) begin，start后若跟的是静态动词或本身已用于进行体时，其后的动词也用不定式。

It’s beginning to rain.
We began to understand what he meant.
2. 不定式原形作宾补
1) 可以接不定式作宾补的动词有: 见下面
2) 可以接分词作宾补的有：见分词部分
3)既可以接不定式又可以接分词作宾补的动词：无
注意：
1)动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, observe, look at, listen to等等既可以跟-ing分词也可以跟不定式作宾补。

区别在于：-ing着重说明动作正在发生；不定式着重说明动作的全过程. 接不定式作宾补时，要省去to; 但是在被动语态情况下，to不能省。

常跟不定式作宾语的动词：(见p132) (有些词除了可以接不定式，还可以接其他成分，如名词，that/wh-词宾语从句。

举例说明)
Agree fail promise
afford prove guarantee
refuse Refuse ask
happen intend propose (打算) resolve attempt hesitate
seek bother hope
seem learn tend
choose long threaten
claim manage trouble
try decide offer
demand plan volunteer determine prepare want
fear (只能接不定式，dread既可以接不定式也可以接动名词)
arrange agree aim
bother continue need
prove refuse neglect(疏忽/忘记) pledge (发誓)strive(努力做…..)swear
prefer desire (想，想要) endeavor (努力做) pretend wish
常跟不定式作宾补的动词：
Advise command (命令) force
Allow encourage instruct (交代/吩咐) Ask entitle (给…权利) intend
Beg expect invite
Compel (强迫) like (希望/想让某人做某事)Press(催促/逼/敦促) forbid (也可以：forbid sb from doing) Oblige (迫使)
Mean (sb to do打算让某人做) prefer (sb to do)tempt (引诱) remind urge (敦促, 书上“激励”意思不用不定式) Order request want
Permit teach wish
Persuade Call on (要求) cause
Convince (鼓励，书上有问题。

Convince sb that/of sth使相信)
direct enable get
have hear help
Hate (不愿/喜欢某人做)Hire inspire(鼓舞)
Warn tell desire
recommend (建议) long (希望long for sb to do sth)
lead Let make
have listen to look at
notice observe feel
watch hear see
注释
1 Instruct:
1) formal to tell someone to do sth, esp officially or as their employer交代，吩咐
2) formal to teach someone a subject or skill instruct sb
2 Entitle: often passive to give someone the right to do something entitle sb to do
3 intend 打算
They intend me to take his place.
4 forbid sb to do/from doing
5 prefer to do (rather than do)/prefer doing (to doing)
6 remind
1) remind sb of/sbout sth 或者remind sb that: to tell someone again an event from the past or about a fact that they used to know
Remind sb to do sth: to help someone to remember something that they have to do
7 permit: to allow someone to do sth, or sth to happen
Permit sb to do sth
Permit sb sth: she permitted herself a pack of cigarette a day.
8 call on: call on sb/sth to do sth: to officially ask a person or organization to do sth
The human rights group has called on the U.S. to end the death penalty (死刑).
9 urge:
1)催促urge sb to do sth/sb that…
2) 强烈推荐/立陈..很重要/有用的. urge sth; urge sth on sb; urge+ that clause
They urged the importance of English learning.
He urged on his students the importance of hard work
He urged that it was important to work hard.
3 urge sb +adve/prep: to encourage someone to put more effort into sth 鼓励;激励
Urge his staff to greater effort;
When we felt tired, he urged us on by telling hero’s stories.
.10 warn:
1) to make someone conscious of a possible problem or danger so that they will not be hurt warn sb about/of/against sth; warn that
2) to tell someone that they will be punished or something bad will happen if they do sth warn sb to do sth
11convince sb of sth; convince sb that 使相信
Convince sb to do：鼓励
12 recommend: 建议recommend+that clause 或者+doing sth 或者sb to do sth
3. 不定式原形作定语：
1) 如果某一动词或形容词后面经常跟不定式，那么它们的同源名词也常用不定式作定语
Ability failure refusal agreement intention reluctance ambition hope resolution (决定) anxiety need attempt plan threat claim promise willingness decision readiness wish determination inclination eagerness tendency struggle
附：
动名词短语置于名词后面作定语. 这类名词有：
way of; method of, chanc e of, opportunity of/for , habit of, hope of, process of, possibility of, importance of, necessity of, intention of, honor of, means of, surprise at, astonishment at, excuse at, apology for, plan for, objection to, idea of, experience in, skill in 等
在intention, chance, opportunity, way, pla n等名词后面可以用动名词也可以用不定式作定语。

例如：
Is there any way of contacting you while you are in Africa?
The students are learning new ways to communicate in writing.
The chance to learn the local culture (机会)
For the first time in 15 years, they have a realistic chance of winning the election (可能性)
It wasn’t my intention to hurt you.
I have no intention of giving up.
A plan to produce energy from waste material
`They haven’t had any plan for spending their holiday.
Have few opportunities of going abroad.
A great opportunity to travel
2) 某些名词后面需用不定式作定语。

It’s time to go to bed.
She is a very nice person to work with.
Is there sth to be ashamed of?
Children have no right to vote.
Opportunity to exchange experience
They start a movement to clean up the city
We must have the courage to admit we are wrong
Only then can we have the motive force to go forward. 只有这样我们才有前进的动力。

能跟不定式作定语的名词很多，如reason, effort, drive(为达到某目的而展开的运动，攻势，活动等), campaign, chance, way等。

总结：在区别不定式，分词作句子的各种成分时，可以从各自表达的意义，各自的各种形式使用的场合来判断。

I have no right to vote.
I have no right voting.=I have no right that votes. × (所有的分词作定语都可以变成定语从句)
I have no right to be voted.
I have no right voted.=I have no right that is voted.×
I have no right being voted.=I have no right that is voted. (再结合分词的被动一定表示的是进行意义，故不对)
It is the first book to have appeared on the subject.
It is the first book having appeared on the subject. (-ing分词的完成式不能作定语) ×
He was the first Chinese to have played films in Hollywood
He was the first Chinese having played films in Hollywood. (-ing分词的完成式不能作定语) ×
3) 不定式在the first, the second, the last, the only等短语后面作定语You’re the only person to complain.
4) 不定式短语在下列句子中作定语，表示要发生的事。

这时，不定式几乎等于一个定语从句。

Are you going to the meeting to be held on Friday? (that is going to be held) We have a lot of things to do today.
Do you have any suggestion to offer?
I’ve got two letters to write tonight.
He is not a man to bow before difficultie s√
He is not a man bowing before difficulties√
4. 不定式原形作主语
不定式与动名词作主语一般来说差别不大，有时两者可以互换。

但按照传统语法来说，动名词表示一般性/抽象动作或习惯；而不定式表示具体的、一次性动作。

例如：
Smoking is prohibited here. 此处禁止吸烟。

It’s not good for you to smoke so much today because you have caught a cold.
Defending motherland is army’s duty.
Your task this morning is to show guests around our factory.
5. 不定式原形作表语
不定式与动名词作表语一般来说差别不大，有时两者可以互换。

但按照传统语法来说，动名词表示一般性/抽象动作或习惯；而不定式表示具体的、一次性动作。

例如：
A postman’s duty is delivering mails.
Your task this morning is to deliver the papers to Professor Tom.
Her ambition is to be a film star.
His goal is to be a scientist.
The purpose of this meeting is to elect a new monitor.
当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省去to; 反之，表语中的to不能省。

例如：
What we can do is continue to wait.
The thing for them to do is manage to raise enough money for the project.
6 不定式原形作主补
He is said to be from Canada.
7. 不定式原形作状语
1)用于“be+形容词+不定式”，说明产生这种情况的原因(和人的情感有
关)
I was eager to go back home.
I’m proud to be a Chinese.
I’m sorry to hear that you were ill.
She was surprised to see Tom walk in.
She was keen to go.
说明在哪方面存在谓语所表示的情况
I’m not ready to go back to work yet.
He was determined to teach them a lesson.
He was lucky to find such a good job.
He was brave to act like that.
You are foolish to act like that.
She was amusing to be with.
有时可以由表示“物”的名词作主语
The question is difficult to answer.
The fruit is not fit to eat.
Do you think the water is safe to drink?
2)不定式用作状语，表示目的，原因，结果。

A friend of mine came to see me last night. (目的) We slept together to keep warm. (目的)
You are an idiot not to have realized it. (原因)
We jumped to hear it. (原因)
What have I said to make you so angry? (结果)
He left, never to return. (结果)
3)在许多句型中可用不定式作状语。

He was so careless as to leave his car unlocked.
W ould you be so good as to forward my letters to me?
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
He had do so in order not to disappoint him.
His behavior is such as to make his friends angry.
W ould you be good enough to close the door?
She isn’t old enough to travel by herself.
You are too young to understand.
It was too late to do anything now.
注意：
1) Too……to结构中，too前有all, only修饰时，没有否定意义(意思：“非常”)。

I am only too pleased to accept your kind invitation. 我非常乐意接受你的盛情邀请。

We are all too willing to help you. 我们很乐于帮助你。

2) Too……to结构中，to前有not时没有否定意义(意思：“非常”)
He is too wise not to solve the problem. 他非常聪明，必能解决这个问题。

3) Too……to结构中，too前有never, but, not时，没有否定意义(意思：“非
常”)。

It’s never/not too be careful to drive. 开车不管怎么小心都不为过。

It/One is never/not too late to learn.
“O nly to do”表示令人失望的，不愉快的结果。

He hurried to the station only to learn the train had left.
He went home from his holiday only to find his house had been stolen.
4) 有些不定式用来修饰整个句子，因而称为句子状语。

To be honest, I just don’t like him.
To tell you the truth, I’ve never met him.
To be frank, you’re a bad driver.
He is a nice person, to be sure.
8. 不定式的时态和语态
下列情况下不定式用主动：
1)
I have a lot of things to do.
Give him some books to read.
They found the book difficult to understand.
下面情况下必须用被动：
Do you have anything to be taken to Tom (by me)? 你有什么东西需要(让我或其他人)带到城里去？
Let me show you the room to be used as teacher’s reading room.
I have no more letters to be typed, thank you. 我没有什么信要打. (不是自己打，而是由别人打)
I want to find some novels to be read (by my son)。

我想找些书给我儿子读。

Please give me the books to be distributed (分发) among the students.
2)
There be 句型中，主动，被动都可以。

口语中主动形式多一些。

There are a lot of things to do.
3)
That is a difficult problem (for us) to solve.
4)
The reason is not difficult to find.
The sofa is comfortable to sit in.
He is not easy (for anyone) to convince.
5) 在面句型中，形式是主动，却表示被动的意思。

The house is to let (出租).
Who is to blame for it?
不定式的时态和语态
一般式
进行式
被动式
完成式不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生
完成被动式
进行式
You are said to be preparing for TOFEL.
He pretends to be sleeping.
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
完成式：
He is said to have written a new book about workers. (主补)
You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (状语)
He regrets to have told me about it. (宾语)
He thought it a pity not to have invited her. (宾语)
As to us, it was a shame to have lost the game. (主语)
He was the first Chinese to have played films in Hollywood. (定语)
He felt it an honor to have been invited to take part in the party.
动词不定式的逻辑主语
每个不定式可以有其逻辑主语，它可能是句子的主语或宾语。

如：
I had a lot of letters to write. (i是to write的逻辑主语)
当句中没有适当的词作不定式逻辑主语时，可以借助一个由for引导的短语来表示它的逻辑主语：for+名词/代词的宾格+不定式、
It is important for him to attend the meeting.
2) 在表示人物性格，特征等形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。

It was very kind of you to help me.
How foolish of him to say so.
常用的这类形容词有：
Absurd clever good(好心的)
Bold(大胆的) considerate grateful
Brave courageous honest
Careful cruel kind
Careless foolish nice
Polite silly wicked
Right stupid wise
Rude thoughtful wrong
不定式符号to的省略：
2在表示感觉的动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式省去to, 在被动情况下to不能省。

3动词help后面的不定式，可以带to也可以不带to
4不定式通常不能直接跟在介词后面，但是可以接在介词but和except后面作宾语。

如介词前有实义动词do, 介词后面跟省去to的不定式；反之，跟带to的不定式。

5在cannot but, cannot help but, can’t choose but, had better, may as well, would rather等习惯用法中跟不带to的不定式。