计算机专业英语词汇
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第一章 个人计算机系统
教学目的及要求:掌握基本的语法结构,本章要求了解非限定性动词的用法,尤其是动名词和动词不定式;掌握计算机系统相关的词汇。
内容要点:以下词汇为必记内容(要求拼写和应用)
1. Computer:A machine that processes data into information under control of a stored
program.
计算机:一种在一个存储程序控制下将数据处理成信息的机器。
2. Data:Raw,unstructured,unprocessed facts.
数据:原始的,未经组织的,没有处理过的事实。
3. Hardware:Physical equipment,Contrast with software.
硬件:物理设备,与软件相对称。
4. Information:The meaning a human being assigns to data.Processed data.
信息:人类赋于数据的意义。处理过的数据。
5. Input:Transferring data from an external device into a computer's main memory.
输入:将数据从外设传送到计算机主存的过程。
6. Memory:The computer component in which instructions and data are stored.
存储器:存储指令和数据的计算机部件。
7. Output:The act of transferring data or information from the computer’s main
memory to an external device.
输出:将数据从计算机主存传送到外设的动作。
8. Processor:The component of a computer that selects and executes instructions.
处理器:选择并执行指令的计算机部件。
9. Program:A series of instructions that guides a computer through some process.
程序:一系列引导计算机执行某些过程的指令。
10. Software:Programs.Contrast with hardware.
软件:程序。与硬件相对应o
11. Chip:A tiny square of silicon that holds thousands of integrated electronic circuits.
芯片:一块能容纳数千个集成电路的方形硅片。
12. Circuit board:A flat surface on which chips are linked by electronic paths embedded in the surface.Examples include processor boards,memory boards,and interface boards.
电路板:表面嵌入一些电子线路的平面板,这些电子线路联接了板上的芯片。例如,处 理器板、主存板和接口板
第二章 处理单元
教学目的及要求:了解复合句的结构及相关处理单元的词汇。
内容要点:
以下词汇为必记内容(掌握拼写和应用)
1.Address:A location in memory. Often, the bytes or words that make up memory are
numbered sequentially; the byte's number is address.
地址:存储器中的一个单元。通常,组成存储器的字节或字按顺序编号,字节的编号
是地址。
2. Arithmetic and logic unit:The part of a central processing unit that performs Arithmetic
operations and logical operations.
算术逻辑单元:中央处理器中执行算术操作和逻辑操
作的部分。
3. Binary system:A base2 number system that uses values 0 and 1.
二进制系统:使用值0和1的基为2的数值系统。
4. Bit:A binary digit.
位:一个二进制数位。
5. Byte:Eight bits.On many computer systems,the smaller addressable unit of main
memory.
字节:8个位,在很多计算机系统中,较小的主存可寻址单位。
6. Clock:A device that generates the regular electronic pulses that drive a computer.
时钟:一种产生驱动计算机的规则电子脉冲的设备。
7. Register:Temporary storage used to hold data,instructions,or control information
in the processor.Registers help make processing more efficient.
寄存器:用于在处理器中存放数据、指令或控制信息的暂时存储器。寄存器可以使
处理效率更高。
8. Control unit:the part of a central processing unit that directs electronic signals between
memory and the ALU,and between the CPU and I/O devices.
控制单元:在中央处理单元中,内存和ALU之间以及CPU和I/O之间引导电子
信号的那一部分。
9. Parity bit:an extra bit added to a byte for error detection purposes.
奇偶位:在一个字节中用于错误检测目的而额外增加的。
第三章 输入与输出
教学目的及要求:熟悉并列句的结构及后置定语的用法,掌握与输入输出相关的词汇。
内容要点:必须掌握的词汇(拼写及用法)
1.Buffer:Temporary storage used to compensate for the different speed of adjacent
缓冲区:暂态性存储区域,用于平衡邻接设备不同的速度。
2. Channel:A device used to attach input,output,and secondary storage devices to
large computer system.The channel contains its own processor,and thus can free
the main processor from responsibility for controlling I/O operations.
通道:把I/O设备和辅助存储器联人大型计算机系统中的设备。通道有自己的
处理器,因此能把主处理器从控制I/O操作的工作中解放出来。
3. I/O control unit:An electronic device that links an I/O device to a channel
I/O控制单元:把I/O设备联接到通道上去的电子设备。
4. Cursor:The blinking line or box that indicates where the next character typed or
output will appear on a display screen.
光标:闪烁的线或方框,在显示屏上指明下个键人字符的位置或将要输出的下一字符的
位置。
5. Display or display-screen:A TV-like screen that displays data.
显示器或显示屏:类似于电视机的显示数据的荧光屏
6. Graphics:computer output in the form of points,lines,and shapes.
图形:以许多点、线和图形等形式表示计算机的输出。
7. Interface:On a small computer,an electronic component,often a
board,that links
an external device to a computer.More generally,an electronic component that link two
different device.
接口:在小型计算机上的一个电子部件,通常是一块把外设联到计算机上的电路板。
更广义地说,它是联接两个不同设备的电子部件。
8. Keyboard:An input device on which characters are represented as discrete keys.
When a key is pressed,the associated character is input to the computer system.
键盘:一种输入设备,它上面的字符是用一些相分离的键表示的,当一个键按下时,
相应的字符就被送入到计算机系统中。
9. Magnetic media:Input , output , or secondary storage media that represent data as
magnetic patterns.
磁介质:能以磁化结构来表示数据的输入、输出或辅助存储介质。
10. Monitor:See Display.
监视器:解释同显示器。
12. Optical media:Generally,input media on which data are represented as light and
dark patterns that can be interpreted by an optical scanner.
光介质:一般地讲,是一种输入介质,把数据作为亮暗的序列表示在它上面,用光
扫描器可以解释这些序列。
13. Pixel:A picture element.A spot on a display screen that can be selectively turned
On or off.The basic unit Of a graphic display.
像素:图像的一个元素,即显示屏上的一个点,可有选择地让它亮或暗,是图像显示
的基本单位。
14. Printer:A device that outputs printed characters.
打印机:一种能输出打印字符的设备。
15. Punched card:An input medium that represents data as patterns of holes punched
in a card.
穿孔卡:一种输入介质,在卡片上用穿孔的形式表示数据。
15. Resolution:A measure Of the precision Or sharpness Of a graphic image.Often,a
function Of the number Of pixels On a screen.
分辨率:图像的精度或清晰度的量度,通常它是显示屏上像素个数的函数。
16. Terminal:Hardware placed at the entry or exit point of a communication network
for the purpose Of entering Or obtaining data.
终端:硬设备,放在通信网络的进出点上,用来输入或获取数据。
17. Voice I/O:The input or output of spoken sounds.
音频I/O:对讲话声音的输入或输出。
第四章 辅助存储器
教学目的及要求:要求掌握状语从句、到装句、动名词短语的用法。掌握与辅存相关的词汇。
内容要点:必须掌握的词汇(拼写及用法)
1. Access mechanism:On disk,the part that holds the read /write head.The access
Mechanism moves To position the read/write head over the track containing the
desired data.
存取装置:磁盘上装有读写头的那一部分,存取装置可移动,把
读写磁头定位在
存有所需数据的磁道上。
2. Backup:Extra hardware,software,or data intended to keep a computer system
running in the event that one Or more components fail.
备份:为了保证计算机系统在它的一个或多个部件坏了后继续工作而附加的硬件、
软件或数据。
3. Cassette Or magnetic cassette:An inexpensive secondary storage medium.
盒式磁带:一种廉价的辅助存储介质。
4. Cylinder:On a multi-surface disk pack,one position of the access mechanism,which
defines a set of several tracks.
柱面:在多面磁盘组上存取装置的一个位置,它定义了一组磁道。
5. Directory:A list O{the contents O{a disk pack Or other storage medium showing the
locations Of each file Or program.
目录:硬盘组或其他存储介质中显示每个文件或程序位置的内容目录表。
6. Diskette:A thin,flexible magnetic disk often used On small computer systems.
软盘:薄而柔韧的软磁盘,通常用于小型计算机系统。
7. Hard disk:A rigid disk.Contrast with diskette.Generally,a hard disk spins constantly;consequently,data access is much faster than with diskette.Also,hard disk has a greater data storage capacity.
硬磁盘:刚性磁盘,和软盘正好相反。通常,硬盘以恒定的速率旋转,因此,存取数据的速度比软盘快得多,硬盘有较大的数据存储容量。
8. Magnetic tape:A popular back up medium.A ribbon of mylar coated with magnetic material.Data are recorded along the tape’s surface.
磁带:一种常用的备份介质,是一条表面涂有磁性材料的聚酯带子。数据沿带的表面 存放。
9. Sector:A fixed-length element of disk or other magnetic storage that holds a single physical record.
扇区:磁盘或其他磁存储器中的一段固定长度的单元,它可存一个物理记录。
10. Track:One of a series of concentric circles around which data are stored on disk or
drum.Tracks are often subdivide into sectors.
磁道:一组同心圆中的一个环,在磁盘或磁鼓上,数据就环绕着它存放,磁道通常
又分成扇区。
11. Optical disk:A metallic disk that uses a laser beam for reading and writing.
光盘:一种使用激光束进行读写的金属盘。
12. Secondary storage:A nonvolatile storage. It stores data and programs even after
the power is turned off.
辅助存储器:一种非易失性存储器。即使在关上电源也能保存数据和程序。
第五章 操作系统
教学目的及要求:掌熟悉原因状语从句、条件状语从句的用法、掌握分词短语及不定式的用法。熟悉比较句及相关的词汇。掌握与操作系统有关的词汇。
内容要点:掌握下列词汇(掌握其拼写及用法)
1.
Boot:A small routine,read into main memory when the computer is turned on,
which reads the rest of the operating system into memory.
引导程序:一小段子程序。每次开机就自动地读入主存,由它把操作系统的其余
部分读入主存。
2. Input output control system (IOCS):The operating system module that assumes responsibility for communicating directly with input,output,and secondary storage devices.
输入输出控制系统:操作系统模块,负责直接与I/O设备及辅助存储设备通信。
3. Operating system:A collection of program modules that control the operation of the computer.A typical operating system allocates resources,schedules programs,controls access to input and output devices,and manages data.
操作系统:程序模块的集合,它控制着计算机运行。一个典型的操作系统能分配资源、 调度程序、控制对I/0设备的访问以及管理数据等。
4. Error recovery:The activities undertaken by the operating system to restore processing when errors are found.
错误恢复:当发现错误时由操作系统承担恢复处理的活动。
5. Multiprocessing:A computer system that uses two or more processors that share memory and input and output devices.
多道处理:有两个或两个以上共享内存和输入输出设备的处理器的计算机系统。
6. Multitasking:A technique for concurrently executing tasks,or basic units of work
performed by a program,on the same computer system.It is similar to multiprogramming,except the processor may be working on several portions of a program instead of several programs.
多道任务:在同一个计算机系统中,一种由一个程序并发执行多个任务,或者多个基本工作单位的技术。除了处理器可以工作在一个程序的多个部分而不是几个程序外,它与多道程序相似。
7. Virtual Storage (VS):A soft ware technique that redistributes the CPU’s resource
by dividing large programs into workable units called pages.
虚拟存储:通过将大型程序划分成称为页的工作单元来重新分配CPU资源的一种软件技术。
第六章 应用软件
教学目的及要求:熟悉不定式、分词短语、伴随状语的用法,掌握与应用软件相关的词汇。
内容要点:必须掌握的词汇(掌握其拼写及用法)
1. Assemble language:A programming language in which one mnemonic source statement is
coded for each machine-level instruction.
汇编语言:一种编程语言,该语言的每一条助记符源语句都对应一条机器指令。
2. Bug:An error in a program.
程序出错处:程序中的错误。
3. Compiler:A support program that reads source program,translates the source statements to machi
ne language,and outputs a complete binary object program.
编译程序:一种支持程序,它读人一个源程序,并把源语句译成机器语言,输出一个完 整的二进制代码的目标程序。
4. Debug:To remove errors (bugs) from a program.
调试程序:排除程序中的错误。
5. Documentation:Diagram,comments and other materials that explain or clarify a
program.
文档:解释或说明程序的图表、目录和其他的一些材料。
6. Interpreter:A support program that reads a single source statement,translates that
statement to machine language,executes those machine-level instructions,and then
moves on to the next source statement.Contrast with Complier.
解释程序:一种支持程序。它读一条源语句并把它译成机器语言,接着执行这些机
器指令,然后再转向下一条源语句,与编译程序不同。
7. Library:A collection of related flies or programs.
库:相关的一些文件或程序的集合。
8. Load module:A complete machine-level program in a form ready to be loaded into
main memory and executed.
装入模块:一个准备要装入到主存中去执行的完整的机器码程序。
9. Machine language:Binary instructions that can be stored in main memory,fetched,
and executed by a computer。
机器语言:一组二进制指令,能被计算机存人内存、取出与执行。
11. Maintenance:Continuing support Of a program Or a system after it has been released.
维护:当一个程序或一个系统交付使用后,对它们的继续支持。
12. Nonprocedural language:A programming language in which programmer simply
describes the logical structure of a problem,instead of writing a procedure to solve
it.Also called a forth-generation language or a declarative language.
非过程语言:一种编程语言。用该语言,程序员简单地描述问题的逻辑结构,而
不是书写解决问题的过程。还可称为第四代语言或说明性语言。
13. Object module:A machine-level translation of a programmer’s source code.
目标模块:由程序员的源代码转换成的机器码程序。
14. Problem definition:The first step in the programming and/or systems analysis and
design process during which the programmer or the analyst defines the problem.
问题定义:在程序设计和域系统分析与设计过程中的第一步,在这个阶段中程
序员或系统分析员要对问题进行定义。
15. Source code:Program instructions written in a source 1anguage such as BASIC,
COBOL,FORTRAN,or Pascal.
源代码:用源语言,如BASIC、COBOL、FORTRAN或Pascal语言书写的程序指令。
第七章 软件工具
教学目的及要求:本书的语法重点是并列句、复合句、动词不
定式,同时又是语法的难点,掌握好这部分语法,对于同学们的英语表达将有非常大的好处,因此要求学生通过前面第一章到第六章的学习基本掌握它们的用法。掌握与软件工具相关的词汇。
内容要点:掌握下列词汇(拼写及用法)
1. Special-purpose programs:Programs that are dedicated to performing single user
tasks,for example,medical billing,patient tracking,or contract.Also called
special-purpose application software.
专用程序:完成单用户任务的程序。例如,医疗、病人跟踪或合同,也被称为专用
应用软件。
2. General-purpose programs:Programs that are adapted to a wide variety OI tasks,for
example,word processing ,spreadsheet,data base management,graphics,and,
communications.Also called general-purpose application software.
通用程序:适合于各种任务的程序,例如,文字处理、电子报表、数据库管理、图形
和通信,也被称为通用应用软件。
3. Idea processor:A software productivity tool,also called an out line,that allows the
user to organize and document thoughts and ideas.
主意处理器:一种软件生产率工具,也称为一个拟提纲程序,允许用户对想法进
行组织并形成文档。
4. Spreadsheet:(electronic) Refers to software that permits user to work with rows
and columns of data.
电子报表:指的是允许用户对行列数据进行处理的软件。
5. Communications:The collection and/or distribution of data from and/or to a
remote facility.
通信:从或往一个远程设备接收或分发数据。
6. Word processing:Using the computer to enter,store,manipulate,and print text。
文字处理:用作计算机输入、存储、操作和打印文本。
第八章 办公自动化与计算机网络
教学目的及要求:掌握一定的词法句法结构,掌握基本的构词法及常用句型,注意读、写听的训练。掌握与办公自动化、网络有关的词汇。
内容要点:掌握下列词汇(拼写及用法)
1.Analog:Data represented in a continuous physical form.The height of a column of mercury is an analog representation of a temperature.Computer data are transmitted over local telephone lines by converting them to continuous wave form.Contrast with digital.
模拟量:用连续的物理量形式表示数据。温度计水银柱的高度是温度的模拟量表示。把计算机的数据转换成连续波形,然后通过电话线路发送出去,与数字量的概念正相反。
2. Baud:The basic unit of data communication speed measured in discrete signal events per second.Since the basic unit of data transmitted is a bit,a baud rate usually measures bits per second.
波特:每秒离散信号的个
数。测量数据通信速度的基本单位,由于数据传输的基本单位是数位——比特,所以波特率通常用每秒传输的位数来度量。
3. Carrier signal:A standard,predictable signal,such as a sine wave,used to transmit data.The unaltered signal indicates an absence Of data;alterations in the standard pattern convey meaning.
载波信号:一个标准的可预知的用来传输数据的信号,如正弦波。不变化的信号表示无数据,以标准波形变化的信号表示有数据。
4. Data communication:Transmitting data over a communication line.
数据通信:在通信线路上传输数据。
6. Data communication monitor:A software routine or program that controls or monitors the data communication process.
数据通信监控程序:一个控制或监督数据通信过程的软件子程序或程序。
7. Modem (Data set):An acronym for Modulator-DE Modulator.A device that converts data from the computers internal digital form to analog wave form and back again.Used to link computer equipment to a telephone line.
调制解调器(数传机):调制器和解调器的缩写词。一种能把数据从计算机内部的数字量形式转换成模拟量形式,并且还能转换回来的设备。该设备用于联接计算机设备与电话线路。
8. Digital:Data represented as individual,discrete digits。Contrast with analog.
数字的:被表示成一个个离散的数字的数据,与模拟量正相反。
9. Distributed data processing:A technique for using computers in which several machines are used for local data processing activities and are linked to a central computer that often houses the organization’s database. Such a configuration provides many of the advantages of decentralization without sacrificing the advantages of centralization.
分布式数据处理:一种用于多计算机系统的技术。用这种技术,若干台计算机能进行局 部的数据处理,并且这些计算机还联接到含有单位的数据库的中央计算机上。这种结构既提供了非集中式的许多优点,又没有牺牲集中式的一些优越性。
10. Front-end device:A transmission control unit that links a number of communication lines to a computer system. Often, the front-end device contains enough intelligence to assume responsibility for polling terminals。
前端设备:一种把一些通信线路与计算机系统联接起来的传输控制单元。通常,这种设备具有轮询终端的智能。
11. Line:A communication medium connecting two or more points.
线路:连接两个或更多点的通信介质。
12. Microwave:An electromagnetic wave that is used to transmit data.
微波:用来传输数据的电磁波。
13. Modulation:Converting data from digital form to analog wave form.
调制:把数据从数字量形式转换成模
拟量波形。
14. Demodulation:The reverse of modulation.To convert data from analog to digital form.
解调:与调制相反工作。把数从模拟量转换成数字量。
15. Network:Two or more computers linked by communication lines.
网络:用通信线路链接两个或更多的计算机。
16. Noise:In data communication,electronic interference.
噪音:在数据通信中的电子干扰。
17. Polling:Asking a series of terminals,or checking a series of buffers,one by one, to see if they have data to transmit.A technique for determining who gets to transmit data next.
轮询:逐个地询问一组终端或检查一组缓冲区,看看它们是否有数据要发送。一种确定 下一个该谁发送数据的技术。
18. Port:The point at which a communication line enters a computer system.
端口:通信线路进入计算机系统的地方。
19.Transmissioncontrol unit:Or TCU.A control unit that links a transmission line or lines to a computer system.
传输控制单元:或称TCU。能把单条或多条传输线链接到一台计算机系统上的控制单元。
第九章 多媒体技术
教学目的及要求:到此为止,我们已经学了与计算机相关的词汇及翻译方法,这对我们阅读这方面的科技文章奠定了一定的基础,我们还需进行这方面的大量的阅读训练才能交好地提高阅读科技资料的能力。因为课时有限,建议同学们自行进行每周两学时的阅读,阅读总量应达到250000词左右,老师可适量进行辅导。
内容要点:掌握下列词汇(拼写及用法)
1. Desktop video: A system that creates and manipulates video image so as to produce in -house presentations rough drafts of commercial video, or training products.
桌面影视系统:用于产生和处理视频图象,以便生成室内演示片、商业视频录象草稿和培训产品。
2. Full-motion video:The video that is digitally recorded video played back at the broadcast standard of 30 frames per second or close enough to that speed so the video appears smooth rather than jerky.
全动视频:它是一种以数字方式记录的视频,能以每秒30帧的电视广播标准或者以非常接近于此的速度重现图像,因而这些视频图像看上去很自然,没有跳跃感。
3. Hypermedia:A system that combine all elements of media such as graphics,animation,optical storage,image processing and sound,into an interactive system.
超级媒体:一种能够把媒体的所有要素如图形、动画、光存储、图像处理和声音结合成一个交互系统的系统。
4. Hypertext:See Hypermedia.
超文本:参见超媒体。
5. MIDI:The short for Musical instrument Digital Interface that is a standard specification developed by music synthesizer manufacturers.
MIDI:
为乐器数字接口的缩写。它是由音乐合成器制造商开发的一个标准规范。
6. MPC:The short for Multimedia Personal Computer which consists of a base system,VIDEO and AUDIO boards,a CD-ROM drive and so on.
MPC:它是多媒体PC机的缩写。MPC由基本系统、视频和音频插件板以及CD-ROM光盘机等构成。
7. Multimedia:A concept which typically refers to a synthesis of graphics,animation,optical storage,image processing and sound.
多媒体:一种概念,通常指图形、动画、光存储、图像处理和声音的合成。
8. Multimedia system: A system which allows end users to share,communicate and process a variety of forms of information in an integrated manner.
多媒体系统:它是这样一个系统,允许最终用户以集成的方式对多种形式信息进行共享、通信和处理。
9. Information overload:A problem that can be seen,for example,in business where executives are required to make decisions based on an ever increasing variety and volume of information.
信息超载:它是指例如在商业界行政决策者们根据日益激增的大量多种多样的信息进行决策时所遇到的问题。
10. Information starvation:A problem which can be seen when decision makers do not have the right information to make the correct decisions.
信息匮乏:它是指当决策者没有恰当的信息做出正确决策时遇到的问题。
11. Interactive multimedia: See Hypermedia.
交互多媒体:参见超媒体
LCA33444117