托福听力以及速记
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Listening
Warming Up
听力考试三大考点:
>音
>语
>题
▲注意音变(连读)
e.g. 1.quite~ill~at~ease (=nervous=panic=jitters =cold feet)
2.pop~art~exhibit
▲词汇积累(注意某些词的发音)
deposit reverse rate存款准备金率
exchange rate
interest rate
trade surplus/deficit 贸易顺差/逆差
sandbreak 防风林
full of beans=red-blooded=energetic=on the go= having a lot of energy精力充沛
humanitarianism 人道主义(练发音)→abbr. ≤4 letters
You cold shoulder. (give sb. a cold shoulder 对……冷淡) (pun,一语双关)
Tomato, tomato. (前者发/tə'meitəu/,后者发/təˈmɑ:təu/) 半斤八两
trans-oceanic 跨海大桥
Ukraine/ ju:'krein/ 乌克兰
siren (不是念“死人”)汽笛,报警器
Buick 别克
▲四大热点
经济:Greece、Dubai、credit crisis……
环保:Copenhagen accord
健康:obesity、Asthma
安全:nuclear crisis
▲词的深度
seism (=earthquake), seismic
deluge (=flood)
havoc (=disaster, catastrophe)
Morakot 台风莫拉克(顺带各种台风诡异名字)注意人名的各种固定翻译 e.g. Dr. Sun Yatsen 孙中山Chou Yunfat 周润发
landfall v.风暴登陆
meteorology 气象学
▲文化特色词
Culture notes——
(→:意为,取代)
down-sizing 裁员
the disadvantaged = the poor chairperson主席→chairman
mail carrier →mailman
flight attendant空中乘务员
police officer →policeman
prostitute
pensioner →senior people/ old people
想去洗手间的委婉说法:
wash my hands
pick some flower (0.0)
find the John (John无故躺枪)
go somewhere
go to the restroom/ bathroom
domestic engineer →servant
domestic executive →housewife (这两个说法太冠冕堂皇了!……)
中文音译过去的词(吐槽无力):
Bonsai 盆栽
Coolie 苦力
Unit 1
音的考点
注:
C:辅音
V:元音
Semi-V:半元音
1sound liking
多词连读stepping~on~an~ant
take~it~out~on me朝我出气
tough it out
C+V→S:
night out
max out 精疲力竭
brush up on sth.突击复习
burn the midnight oil 开夜车(=cram)
more haste, less pace. 欲速则不达。
C+Semi-V →过渡音
规则:t+j →/ tʃ/
d+j →/ dʒ/
s+j →/ʃ/
z+j →/ʒ/
e.g. last year
cut you loose
tease you (cf. tissue)
use your ~?(cf. usual)
C+(h+V)→击穿连读(h略过)
e.g. tax~haven
all on~his own
household
I lent him a black hat.
Take hold of
*is a comeback~at~his~age~at~all likely?
2失音Sound Omission(听写)
<1>失爆:爆破音(plosives)蓄而不发(p b t d k
g)
Taiwan is China’s sacre(d) territory.
听写时注意截音回补(把听到的音记下来未发出来的音回过头再补上)
crac(k) down
sta(te) council
whi(te) pollute
state monopoly
basic state policy
state-owned enterprice
trade barrier
wide screen tech
task group (特种部队)
cf.:talk fast /talk fest
<2> 叠合两辅相同取其一
black~case work 暗箱操作
antique~car 老爷车
speed~date 速配
blind~date 相亲
part-time job
take care
③同化assimilation
V+V →过渡音
规则:u+V→w
i+V→j
The rain has no end in sight. (=endless) Nothing to it 没什么大不了的
Just do it.
④浊化
<1> [s]后
<2>连读时
<3>美音t/tt →d
Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Got a lot out of it
Start it all over again
⑤重读accent change
规则:两处变化弱→强
强→/ə/
method→methodically
error →erroneous
Brevity is the sole of wit. 文以简为贵。
(brie f→brevity)
get back to normality
⑥弱读
On behalf~of~all~of~us
It’s~as~if~it never happened
but +I/you/he/she 时
[and 相关词组]:ham and eggs
safe and sound
forgive and forget 既往不咎
name and shame
Unit 2
Multiply
①一词多义
e.g. hot She’s a hot chick
It is Africa hot
hot bed 犯罪滋生的温床
hot spring
hottest 炙手可热
pick up :学会/ 涨/ 收拾/ 捎
②多词一义
e.g. be good at
= be well versed in
= be an old dog
Every dog has its day.
Dog day 夏日
Shark=pro.
He knows one thing or two about English. 他精通英语。
----What have you been up to lately?
----Nth. much./ Same old, same old.
R-tard 智障
----What’s up?
----What’s up./ Nth.
Culture Shock
In the red 没钱亏损vs in the black 钱财亏损BLACK——black spot 犯罪率高的地方
black tea
black sheep 害群之马
黑——黑马:dark horse
黑巧克力:dark chocolate
黑社会:gangland
黑手党:mafia
洗钱:dirty money laundry
鸡腿肉:dark meat
青一块紫一块:black and blue
请客吃饭:My treat.
On me.
Pick up the tab/bill.
My dollar.
AA:Split it.
Go 50, 50.
Separate check.
喝酒:Cheers.(喝)
Hit the hatch.(喝完)
需要记住的缩写:
NATO(北约)=North Atlantic Treaty Organization
DINK=double income, no kids
UNESCO=United Nations Educational, Scientific, a nd Cultural Organization
OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Count ries
APEC=Asia Pacific Economics Cooperation
IMF=International Monetary Fund
MBA=Master of Business Administration
CEO=chief executive officer
GDP=gross domestic product
GNP=gross national product
CPI=consumer price index
PPI= producer price index
TMD=tactical missile defence
推荐书单:《Yes, Prime Minister》
(待续)
Unit 3
▲缩写法(熟词缩写):
1长单词:开头字母+词缀法
★辅音为主
示例:
n=tion/sion
s=cious/tious/cius (e.g. tenacious 顽强的→te nas)
y=ity/lity/city/sity
m=ism (e.g. chauvinism沙文主义→cha m r=ture/sure
~=ing
O=”人”
2普通单词:音节法3letters
3短单词:头尾法(辅音)
4考试高频词:特殊音法
e.g. tho=though
thru=through
thr=their/there
thmS=themselves
⑤单字母类:
w=with →wX=without wIn=within wDr=wit hdraw
b=be →b4=before
e=every →eb、eth、ed、ew、nth、nb ……
r=are/relationships
⑥数字类
4 →b4、4cast、4ml
2=to →F2F=face to face P2P=peer to peer
9=night →29=tonight
4+3=foremost
⑦符号类
←from
→after
= equal
/ different
+ many/much
+2 more/比
+3 most/最
⑧两次合成:只记前一词+后词开头字母(大写)
e.g. subordinate →subO
▲词义辨析:贵与便宜
expensive 广义的贵
costly 抽象的贵
dear 稀有的贵
pricy 【口语】
rip-off 敲竹杠
It cost me an arm and a leg. 花了我一大笔钱
clearance 清仓
cheap 廉价劣质的
a good bargain价廉物美的(减价的/讨价还价)get a deal 买到便宜的
▲一些合成词
bio- bio-medical bio-weapon bio-chip b io-clock
job- job-hunter job-security job-hoppe r job-axe(裁员)
▲数字习语
0:He is such a zero = gd 4 nth. 一无是处
1:one of a kind = unique
one in a million 百里挑一
one of those days 倒霉
2:kill 2 birds with 1 stone 一石二鸟
Two heads are better than one.
Two peas in a pod. 一模一样
5:work 9 to 5:朝九晚五
9:on cloud nine 及其开心、飘飘然
10:ten to one that…十有八九、很可能Zillionaire:超级富翁
▲应试技巧
①最快时间确定主题(20s)★首段高频词
②符号化高频词→极易出现(2个左右)
③高难空格(≤8 words)将前一空格做个标记
④汉字化预测内容(翻译成汉语)
Unit 4
【高口长段子】位置高于一切!
①主题原则:注意长对话前三回合/talk 前三句
②听记原则:边听边选,多听多选,笔记+标记
③顺序原则:(同IELTS)
★读题时上下关联,推测话题,挖掘线索
★牢记出题位置,“守株待兔”
★边听边选,切忌听完再选
▲六大出题点:
①采访话题
②被采访人的身份和行为
③Q&A
黄金规则:1.回答人 2.首句★注意预读&判断性别
④“唠叨”现象(同一个点重复3遍以上)
1.一人重复
2.对话时听者重复★注意判断是否同义
⑤“糊涂”现象(没有听清,求重复)
1.停顿
2.That is to say/ Let me put it this way/ Sorr
y, what I mean is… ★后文重要!
⑥路标词
六类路标词
1.重要:imp、signf、最高级
2.转折:but、hwv、on the other hand、on the
contrary
3.让步:although 后表结果的主句in spite of/d
espite、even if…
4.因果:bcs (of)、due to、thx to、owing to
5.否定:nth、nb、none、nowhere
6.递进:moreover、furthermore、in addition
▲题型技巧
①态度题★尾重
直接表达→not in a million years/ over my d ead body 【NO】
间接表达→right on 【YE S】
(语音语调)Can pigs fly?【NO】(Dry Joke)Is ice cold?【YES】(虚拟语气=消极)Shoot some hoops.
(口是心非)You should have known better. 早知今日何必当初
(表面好→消极)(May I take) a raincheck?→下次
(表面不好→积极)Break a leg. 大获成功。
★一定错:indifference、indignant愤慨、furious 狂怒、curious、doubtful、confused、subjective
★一定要记录全部数字
②细节题1:3原则(3:完全不搭界)
③常识题生活基本思想
④因果题型重因轻果(选择题)
▲词汇积累
同音异义/易混淆词:
add --- ad
core --- corps (军团)
guerrilla(游击队)--- gorilla
heal --- heel
heroin(海洛因)--- heroine(女英雄)
I’ll --- isle ---- aisle idle --- idol
overseas --- oversees
sore --- soar
sole --- soul --- Seoul think --- sink
fourth --- force
forty --- faulty
英美同义异形词例举
英美
autumn --- fall
call for a taxi --- grab a cab
flyover --- overpass 立交桥chips --- fries
Ltd. --- Inc. (用于公司名称后)
Unit 5
▲三类主题
①开门见山类today, discuss, about, centre a round, focus on
②手段高频类
③层层深入类事实或设问:→引起听者思考→提出主题
三种标志:1. 以问句开头
2. 以what 开头
3. 主题前出现转折标志词
▲Note-taking Skills
★主题树形图
★纲要树形图
★列举 include、for example、such as
★数字
★比较
★路标词后重要信息
★听时重理解,记时重实词
★信息分层勤于分行重听首段重记末尾(不论路标词)
★抓住枝干line~~~arrow
★牢记信号词
▲笔记三要素
▲笔记三原则
1.少写多划
①(汉字(强迫!)→加强理解
②英文缩写≤4 words
③符号法(自己用习惯)
1.少字多义
e.g. 子:kid、sin、subsidiary
同义词→单字
e.g. 今:at prst、currently、Td
助:help、aid、assist、sponsor、give a hand、see sb. through
1.少横多竖(勤分行)
▲新闻听力练习
方法:
1.听首句
2.听what>who>why>when, where, how
(首句动词>名词>因果词伙)
1.轻声跟读★重动词,选最像的一个注意同义
置换
练习:Dictation Std VOA 一遍→5 key words Shadowing Spe VOA 跟读(如影随形)
一、缩略词
英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:
F拿掉所有元音
MKT: market
MGR: manager
MSG: message
STD: standard
RCV: receive
F保留前几个字母
INFO information
INS insurance
EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
In stead of I/O
F保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK week
RM room
PL people
F根据发音
R are
THO though
THRU through
高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表
缩略词原词
APT Apartment
ACC Accountant
ACDG According
ACPT Accept
AD Advertisement
ADS Address
ADV Advice
AMAP As much/many as possible AMT Amount
APV Approve
ASAP As soon as possible
BAL Balance
BLDG Building
CERT Certificate
CFM Conform
CNCL Cancel
CNF Conference
CMI Commission
CMP Complete
CMPE Compete/competitive
CMU Communication
CONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND Condition
CO. Company
DEPT Department
DISC Discount
DPT Departure
EXCH Exchange EXPLN Explain
EXT Extent
FLT Flight
FNT Final
FRT Freight
FYR For your reference GD Good
GUAR Guarantee
H.O. Home office INFO Information IMPS Impossible
IMP(T) Important INCD Include
INDIV Individual
INS Insurance
INTST Interested
I/O In stead of
IOU I owe you
IVO In view of
MANUF Manufacture MDL Model
MEMO Memorandum MGR Manger
MIN Minimum
MKT Market
MSG Message NCRY Necessary NLT No later than OBS Observe
OBT Obtain
ORD Ordinary
PAT Patent
PC Piece
PKG Packing
PL People
PLS Please
POSN Position POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality QUTY Quantity
RCV Receive
REF Reference REGL Regular
REP Representative RESN Reservation RPT Repeat RESPON Responsible SEC Section
SITN Situation
STD Standard
TEL Telephone TEMP Temporary TGM Telegraph THO Though
TKS Thanks
TRD Trade
TRF Traffic
TTL Total
U You
UR Your
WK Week
WL Will
WT Weight
XL Extra large
二、字母、图像
Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如:日本人:JZ。
C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示g overn, government。
governmental official 可以表示为CZ
P 表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician就可以表示为P Z
E 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率:efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业:business。
C×表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conf lict 和confrontation。
W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。
它是work
的第一个字母。
所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示emp loyee)。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(tr eaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。
如果在U内填入2××××,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilat eral(三边的)。
填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism (单边主义),填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。
如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等:country, state, n ation, etc.gO表示进口,Og表示出口
这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。
那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.
T 表示"领导人":leader, head那么head of govern ment, head of company 便可以表示为CT
⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference,negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishe ry 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, w orldwide, global, universal, etc.
J 表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc. L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, s ad, etc.
EO 表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is k nown to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc
三、数学符号
+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a go od many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级:more
+3 表示"多"的最高级:most
-表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in s hortage of etc.
×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrec t,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.
> 表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more tha n/better than, etc.
表示"高" 概念:superior to,surpass, etc.
< 表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc.
表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc.
= 表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say,in ot her words,the same as,be equal to, etc.
表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, count erpart, etc.
( ) 表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.
≠ 表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.
表示"无敌"概念:matchless, peerless, etc.
~表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so,approx imately, etc.
/ 表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.
四、标点等
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, mark s, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:t w?
. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d "表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。
"y"表示this year, "y2." two year late r"next week", 可以表示为"wk."
∧表示转折
√ 表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.
表示"同意"状态,stand up for,support,agree w ith sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的)best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.
n 表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc.
& 表示"和","与":and,together with,along wit h,accompany,along with,further more,etc. ∥表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a st andstill/stop, etc.
五、较长单词的处理办法
-ism 简写为 m 例如:socialism Sm
-tion 简简写为 n 例如:standardization (标准化) stdn
-cian 简简写为 o 例如:technician techo
-ing 简写为 g 例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTg。