雅思大作文各话题思路参考

现代科技的一一些正面面影响
(该总结涵盖了几几乎所有关于现代科技考题的常见论点和相关扩展, 同时也为所有科技和教育结合的考题提供了论点, 如: 远程教育的利弊和高高科技对孩子子的影响；所有论点都以动词短语的形式出现, 请根据具体的题目目添加主语或者变成以人人做主语的句子子。

最快捷的复习方方法是：过一一遍中文文翻译, 同时记一一些关键词, 不必逐字逐句背诵)
效率
论点：Assist people to enhance efficiency. 协助人人们提高高效率
扩展提示示1：With the help of fax, e-mail and other communication devices, the amount of manual work is reduced to the minimum and people are able to perform daily tasks in a more efficient way. 有了传真, 电子子邮件和其他通讯设备的帮助, 人人工工劳动量被减少到最低并且人人
们能以一一种更高高效的方方式工工作
扩展提示示2：One can perform many tasks at home, such as shopping, banking and business interaction. This spares people from travelling back and forth, saving a large amount of time for more creative work. 人人们可以在家做很多事情, 诸如购物, 银行行交易和生生意往来。

这让人人们免于到处奔波, 节约了大大量时间去做更有创造力力的工工作
方方便灵活
论点：Provide considerable convenience and flexibility. 提供了巨大大的方方便性和灵活性扩展提示示: For example, the Internet opens up more opportunities for home working and distance learning. By working remotely, employees can choose to perform daily work after they finish household chores or childcare responsibilities, rather than sticking to a fixed timetable. Students can manage time and plan their learning process according to their actual command of lessons, since on-line courses spare them from struggling to keep up with teachers in classes. 比比如说, 网网络为在家办公和远程教育提供了更多机会。

通过远程办公, 员工工可以选择在他们做完家务活或者照顾完孩子子后再工工作, 而而不是严格遵守一一个固定的时间表。

学生生可以根据他们对课程的实际掌握来管理时间和计划他们的学习进程, 因为在线课程免去了他们试图跟上课堂老老师进度的麻麻烦
娱乐
论点1：Save more time for entertainment. 为休闲节约了更多时间
扩展提示示：With the help of automated devices, such as computers and washing machines, people are able to finish daily work and household chores in a shorter time. This opens up more opportunities for them to enjoy leisure time. 有了诸如电脑和洗衣衣机等自自动化设施的帮助, 人人们
能够在较短时间内完成日日常工工作和家务琐事。

这使他们有更多机会享受休闲时光
论点2：Various forms of recreation are accessible to people 各种娱乐形式可供人人们选择扩展提示示：For example, through web-surfing, people can do shopping, play games, browse news, download movies and so forth. These technology-based activities make the outside world more vivid and enrich people’s daily lives to a large extent. 比比如说, 通过上网网, 人人们可以购物, 玩游戏, 浏览新闻, 下载电影等等。

这些基于高高科技的活动使外面面的世界更生生动地展现并且在
很大大程度上丰富了人人们的日日常生生活
情感
论点：Expand people’s social circle. 扩大大了人人们的社交圈
扩展提示示: In the past, social relationships were limited by physical factors such as geographical distance. But nowadays, due to the widespread use of mobile phones and the Internet, one can get acquainted with more people online and stay in close contact with the outside world. 在过去，社会关系被诸如地理距离这样的物理因素限制。

但是现在, 由于手手机和网网络的干广广泛使用用, 人人们
可以在线结识更多的人人并和外界保持亲密接触
就业
论点：Make job opportunities more available. 使就业机会更容易获得
扩展提示示: Since people can work at home with modern technology, it is more possible for
employers to recruit workers from every corner of the globe or even disabled workers. This technology-based work mode provides new possibilities of making a living. 由于人人们可以通过现代科技在家办公, 雇主就更可能招收来自自全球各个角角落的员工工, 甚至至是残疾工工人人。

这种基
于科技的工工作模式提供了新的谋生生可能
知识
论点：Accelerate the spread of knowledge. 加速了知识传播
扩展提示示: With access to the Internet, a huge amount of information is just a click away. By learning from a variety of sources, such as E-libraries and online training courses, one can take in knowledge in a more efficient way. 有了网网络接口口, 大大量信息只是一一个鼠鼠标点击的距离。

通过从诸如电子子图书馆和在线课程等资源中学习, 人人们可以更有效地吸收知识
现代科技的一一些负面面影响
压力力
论点：Bring about greater stress 带来更大大的压力力
扩展提示示: Modern technology accelerates the pace of work. As a result, people have to continue education and receive on-the-job training to keep pace with changes brought by technology, which takes up their spare time and makes them more stressed. 现代科技加快了工工作的节奏。

因此, 人人们必须不断地接受教育和在职培训以跟上科技所带来的变化, 这占据了他们的业余时间并使
他们更劳累
娱乐
论点：Deprive workers of their leisure time 剥夺了员工工的休闲时间
扩展提示示: Employees are actually working longer, because fax, e-mail or other communication devices make them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work. 员工工们实际上工工作地更长了, 因为传真, 电子子邮件或者其他通讯设施让他们更容易被上级, 同事和客户在下班后联系上
情感
论点1：Lead to domestic alienation 导致家庭情感疏远
扩展提示示: For most young adults, web-surfing takes up a major part of their spare time. The independence on the Internet prevents them from interacting with their family members and may even alienate them from their parents. 对大大多数年轻人人来说, 上网网占据了他们业余时间的很大大一一部分。

对网网络的依赖阻止止了他们和家人人交谈并甚至至可能使他们和
父父母疏远论点2：Make young people unsociable 使年轻人人不善社交
扩展提示示: For many people, spending part of the day on the Internet has become an indispensable part of life. Since some internet users are deeply addicted to the Internet, they seldom interact with people around in real life. Lacking emotional exchange with the outside world will make them socially isolated, which will lead to poor social life and strong feelings of loneliness. 对很多人人来说, 花一一天中的一一部分时间上网网已经成为生生活中必不可少的部分。

由于一一些网网络使用用者对网网络上瘾, 他们很少和现实生生活中周围的人人互动。

和外界情感交流的缺失会使他们变得与世隔绝, 这会导致不理想的社会生生活已经强烈的孤独感
健康
论点1：Pose a potential threat to people’s physical fitness 对人人们的身身体健康构成潜在威胁扩展提示示: The overuse of the Internet may lead to the result that people suffer from serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. In the long term, many people may end up struggling with poor health. 过度上网网可能导致人人们遭受严重的视力力衰退,背疼和肥胖。

从长远来看, 很多人人可能会最终落得和欠欠佳健康状况做斗斗争的下场
论点2：Have a negative effect on children’s psychological well-being 对孩子子的心心理健康有消极影响
扩展提示示: The Internet and TV programs give easy access to unfavorable information, such as violence and pornography. Putting young children into contact with these contents without
parental guide will cause mental problems and even lead to youth crimes. 网网络和电视节目目很容
易让人人接近诸如暴力力和色色情等不良信息。

在没有父父母指导的情况下让孩子子接触这些内容会导致心心理问题, 甚至至青少年犯罪
环境类常用用词汇和短语
名词和名词短语：
Environment pollution 环境污染; Environment problems 环境问题;
Environment protection 环境保护; Environment deterioration 环境恶化;
Environmental consciousness 环保意识; White pollution 白白色色污染;
Household garbage 生生活垃圾; Urban garbage 城市垃圾
Waste water 废水水; Waste gas 废气气; Emissions 排放物; Deforestation 滥发森林
Serious environmental issues严重环境事件; Landslide 山山体滑坡; Soil erosion水水土土流失Disposable items 一一次性用用品 (lunch boxes, shopping plastic bags and mineral-water bottles) Non-biodegradable garbage 不可以降解的垃圾;Wastes and pollutants 废物和污染物Poisonous and harmful substance 有毒和有害物质
Environment-damaging products 对环境有害的产品; Vicious circle 恶性循环
Pollutant-free commodities 无无污染的产品; Eco-friendly materials 环保材料;
Ecological balance 生生态平衡;Waste recycling 废物回收;
Over-consumption过度消费; Over-production 过度生生产; Over-exploitation 过度开采; Shortage of natural resources 自自然资源的短缺; Renewable energy \ sources可再生生能源\资源Government intervention 政府干干预; International cooperation. 全球合作;
Joint efforts 联合努力力; Sustainable development 可持续发展
形容词：
Environment-damaging 对环境有害的; Poisonous 有毒的; Radioactive 放射性的;
Pollutant-free 无无污染的; Eco-friendly环保的;
Recyclable可回收的; Non- recyclable 不可回收的; Reusable 可再利用用
的 Short-lived 不耐用用的; Livable 宜居的
相关高高频动词短语：
Deplete… 消耗… ; Use up… 耗尽…; Reuse… 再利用用…;
Recycle… 回收… ; Reconstruct… 恢复… ; Emit \ discharge… 排放…
环境类典型考题
典型考题1：Some think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others think the problems cannot be solved unless individuals take some action. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
（观点A：个人人对环境问题无无能为力力；观点B：个人人可以采取行行动解决环保问题）常见论点总结：
个人人在环保中可发挥的作用用
论点1：Reduce white pollution by minimizing the use of non- recyclable items.(靠最小小化不可回收物品的使用用来减少白白色色污染)
扩展提示示：消费者(customers)可以减少使用用一一次性饭盒(disposable lunch boxes), 购物塑料袋 (shopping plastic bags) 和矿泉水水瓶(mineral-water bottles). 不可以降解的垃圾的数量(the amount of non-biodegradable waste)就会被降到最低(will be reduced to the minimum)
论点2：choose public transport, rather than driving private cars(选乘公共交通,而而不是开私家车)
扩展提示示：如果大大家都乘公交或者地铁上班上学, 城市就会有很少的污染物和废气气(pollutants and waste fuel)，一一个更宜居的环境(a more livable environment)就会被创造，市
民就更可能享受健康生生活
论点3. Supervise and influence the government's decision-making process.
扩展提示示：具有环保意识公民的存在(The presence of environmentally conscious citizens) 会敦促政府和相关部门坚守职责并且不批准可能造成污染的项目目(urge the governments and
departments concerned t o stick to its duties and disapprove projects that may cause pollution), 这
间接地促使企业采用用绿色色科技和清洁能源(clean energy) ,有利于社会的可持续发展(sustainable development)
类似考题2: The environmental problem in the world can not be solved by ordinary people, and governments and large companies should be responsible for this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (环境问题到底谁负责？普通人人，大大公司，还是政府？)
（总论点显然应该是：三方方都负责）
企业在环保中可发挥的作用用：
论点1：Adopt clean technology(采用用绿色色科技）
扩展提示示：企业放弃落后的操作并引进先进和环保的设备(abandon outdated operations and introduce advanced and eco-friendly equipment), 这样可以优化资源利用用(make optimal use of resources), 生生产出对环境不太有害的产品(produce less environment-damaging products)
论点2：Dispose wastes in a more efficient way through technological innovations.(通过科技创新有效地处理废物)
扩展提示示：再利用用废水水或者回收废物 (reuse waste water or recycle wastes)，大大大大减少有毒和有害物质的排放(reduce the emission of poisonous and harmful substance)，这对环保产生生积极影响
政府在环保中可发挥的作用用:
论点1：Play a more positive role in strengthening supervision. (在加强监管方方面面扮演一一个更积极的角角色色)
扩展提示示：坚守职责并且不批准可能造成污染的项目目(stick to its duties and disapprove projects that may cause pollution), 或者为使用用清洁能源的企业提供优越政策(Provide preferential policies for businesses using clean energy).这间接地促使企业采用用绿色色科技(clean technology),并有利于社会的可持续发展(sustainable development)
论点2：Impose restrictions on manufacturers.(对生生产商施加限制)
扩展提示示：对资源浪费和一一次性的产品施以重税，以便使人人们不要使用用。

(Heavy taxation can be imposed on energy-wasting and disposable products, in order to discourage people from using them)
典型考题3: Pollution and other environmental problems result from a country developing and becoming richer, some think this cannot be avoided. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
For governments all over the world, encouraging or even impelling large industries and manufacturers to adopt clean technology is a productive approach. Eco-friendly equipment is
capable of making optimal use of resources and disposing wastes properly, thereby minimizing pollution and decelerating the depreciation rate of machinery. Moreover, businesses, large or small, can make their production less environment-damaging through technological innovations. The initial operational costs caused by introducing clean technology can be paid off by forthcoming profits, by this I mean, an environmentally conscious business would win more market shares in the long term, since customers are all keen on pollutant-free products.
对于世界各地的政府来说, 鼓鼓励甚至至驱使大大型工工业和生生产商采用用绿色色科技是一一个有效的方方法。

环保的设备可以最佳利用用资源并妥善处理废物, 从而而最小小化污染并减速机械的折旧率。

此外, 各个企业, 无无论大大或小小, 都可以通过技术创新使他们的生生产变得对环境更友好。

由引进绿色色科技所造成的最初经营成本会被未来的利润所补偿, 意思是, 一一个具有环保意识的企业从长远来看会赢得更多市场份额, 因为客户都青睐无无污染的产品。

On the other hand, it has to be admitted that economic progress is actually accompanied by deterioration of environment, which is particularly true in some underdeveloped countries. Nonetheless, when countries become more economically-developed, they will show more willingness to invest money back into environmental protection. Also, as rich countries rely much less on natural resources and their industries have become service-oriented, more funds can be raised for protecting and reconstructing the environment
另一一方方面面, 必须承认, 经济发展的确伴随环境环境恶化，特别是在一一些不发达的国家尤其如此。

然而而, 当国家变得更加经济发达, 他们会表现出更多把钱回投到环保中的意愿。

此外,随着许多富裕国家对自自然资源的依赖减少, 其产业已成为服务型, 更多的资金金课用用于保护和恢复环境
典型考题4: Environmental problems are too big for individual countries and individual people to address. We have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Admittedly, international cooperation plays a unique role in combating trans -boundary
environmental issues. For example, the movement of hazardous waste from one country to another and illegal trade in endangered species between nations could be solved effectively only through multilateral coordination, rather than through unilateral actions of a single country. Moreover, environment protection on the global scale facilitates the exchange of experience. Some underdeveloped countries have difficulties in addressing environmental problems due to lack of facilities or technologies. They need support from the global community, especially those countries which have achieved remarkable progress in this field. By sharing experience in environmental management, countries can tackle problems with greater efficiency and at lower costs.
必须承认的是, 国际合作在解决跨境环境问题中发挥独特的作用用。

例如, 有害废物从一一国转移到另一一国以及国家之间濒危物种的非非法贸易只有通过多边协调才能得到有效解决, 而而不是通过一一个国家的单边行行动。

此外,全球范围内的环境的保护还促进了经验交流。

由于设备或技术的缺乏, 一一些不发达国家在解决环境问题中有困难。

他们需要国际社会的支支持, 特别是那些在这一一领域取得显著进展的国家。

通过交流在环境管理方方面面的经验, 国家可以以更高高的效率和更低的成本处理问题。

On the other hand, it should not be denied that, practical actions of ordinary people and national governments can play their own parts in restoring the damaged environment. If individuals cut the use of short-lived items, such as disposable lunch boxes and shopping plastic bags, the amount of non-biodegradable waste would be reduced to the minimum. Governments could help businesses become more environmentally responsible by subsidizing the introduction of eco-friendly equipment, which is capable of making optimal use of resources and disposing waste properly.
另一一方方面面, 不应该否认, 普通人人民和各国政府的实际行行动也能在恢复遭到破坏的环境中起到
各自自的作用用。

如果个人人减少不耐用用物品的使用用, 如一一次性塑料餐盒和购物袋，不可以生生物降解的废物数量将被减少到最低。

各国政府可以通过补贴环保设备的引进帮助企业变得更具环保责任, 这可以最佳利用用资源并妥善处理废物。

典型考题5: Many people think it is very important to protect the environment but they make no effort to do it themselves. Why is the case? What actions can be done to encourage individuals to protect the environment?
One of the underlying factors leading to this phenomenon may involve the misconception that individual actions cannot contribute to environmental conservation. Owing to lack of professional knowledge, ordinary people are incapable of coping with serious environmental issues, such as landslide and soil erosion. As a result, it is often argued that government intervention and international cooperation should be the solution. People’s increasing material pursuit also discourages them from playing their own parts in environment protection. Driven by material comfort, people nowadays tend to use short-lived and environment-damaging products, such as disposable lunchboxes and chopsticks. For convenient commutes and more efficient mobility, numerous people choose to purchase private cars.
导致此现象的其中一一个潜在因素可能涉及到一一种误解: 个人人行行动不能为环境保护做贡献。

由于缺乏专业知识, 一一般人人不能处理严重的环境问题, 如山山体滑坡和水水土土流失。

因此, 人人们常常认为, 政府干干预和国际合作才应该是问题的解决之道。

人人民日日益增长的物质追求也阻碍了他们在环保中发挥自自己己的作用用。

被物质享受所驱使, 现在的人人们往往会使用用不耐用用和对环境有害的产品, 如一一次性饭盒和筷子子。

为方方便通勤和更有效的流动性, 很多人人选择购买私家车。

In order to encourage more practical individual efforts towards environment protection, various approaches should be adopted. First of all, more environment campaigns should be launched to instill in the public the conception that individual actions are an indispensable part in the problem-solving process. For example, one can classify household garbage to facilitate waste recycling and reduce car use to cut down the emission of waste gas. Moreover, heavy taxation can be imposed on energy-wasting and disposable products, in order to discourage people from using them. Meanwhile, the government should subsidize environmentally friendly products to make them cheaper and more widely used.
为鼓鼓励更多的实际个人人努力力去保护环境, 各种办法应该被采取。

首首先, 应该举办更多环保活动, 向市民灌输个人人行行为是问题解决过程中不可或缺的部分这一一观念。

例如, 人人们可以对生生活垃圾进行行分类, 以方方便废物回收, 可以减少汽车的使用用, 以减少废气气的排放。

此外, 对资源浪费和一一次性的产品施以重税, 以便使人人们不要使用用。

与此同时, 政府应补贴环保产品, 使它们更便宜, 更广广泛地应用用。

犯罪类
常见词汇：
Offenders \ Criminals 犯罪分子子;
Repeat criminals 惯犯
Offences \ criminal acts 犯罪行行为;Anti-social behavior 反社会行行为, 犯罪行行为
Imprison 监禁, 动词 (imprisonment，名词); Re-offend \ Revert to crime 再次犯罪
Law – abiding citizens 遵纪守法的公民;Reform criminals 改造罪犯
Reintegrate into the society 重新融入入社;Deter potential criminals 震慑潜在罪犯
Fall prey to … 成为…的牺牲品; Nip… in the bud 把…防范于未然
犯罪类典型考题
典型考题1: Do you think it is better to send criminals to jail or let them receive education or job training? (让犯罪分子子接受教育培训好还是关监狱好？)
First of all, education changes an offender’s attitude towards the family and society.
Specifically, by receiving education, criminals can improve abilities in coping with everyday problems, such as interpersonal conflict, loneliness and depression. They will build up confidence as well as the ability to reintegrate into the community. As a result, the risk of re-offending would be reduced to the minimum. In addition, Job training enables offenders to acquire earning capacity. Criminals who have employable skills are more likely to find jobs and become economically independent. With jobs to live on, they will behave normally and become productive members of society in the long term. 首首先, 教育可以转变罪犯对家庭和社会的态度。

具体来说, 通过接受教育, 罪犯能改善处理日日常问题的能力力, 如人人际冲突, 孤独感和抑郁。

他们将建立
立信心心和重新融入入社会的能力力。

因此, 重新犯罪的风险将被降到最低。

此外, 职业培训使
罪犯获得谋生生能力力。

有就业能力力的罪犯更容易找到工工作并变得经济独立立。

有工工作
维持生生计, 他们的行行为会变得正常并从长远来看会成为社会的有用用成员。

On the other hand, there are opponents arguing that sending criminals to prison is the most effective method. Admittedly, imprisonment has great deterrent effects. Confronted with severe punishment, some potential offenders are very likely to abandon the idea of committing crimes. However, it should not be overlooked that imprisonment plays a negative role in reforming offenders. Since criminals are deprived of freedom and influenced by peer group in prison, they tend to resent the society and are very likely to revert to crime after being released. 另一一方方面面，也
有反对者辩称, 将犯罪分子子送入入监狱是最有效的方方法。

诚然，监禁具有很大大的威慑
作用用。

面面对严重的惩罚, 一一些潜在的犯罪者者可能会放弃犯罪的念头。

但是，不应该
被忽视的是, 监禁在改造罪犯中起到的是消极作用用。

由于被剥夺了自自由和受到监狱中的
同辈团体影响, 犯罪分子子往往会怨恨社会并且被释放后很可能要再次犯罪。

典型考题2: Crime is a problem all over the world and there is nothing that can be done to prevent it. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (犯罪有没有预防的方方法?)
政府在预防犯罪中可起到的作用用
Increase intervention to enhance public security. Imposing tougher laws and training a more effective police force is expected to accomplish the purpose of deterrence, which may deter those offenders and potential criminals. 增加干干预,以提高高公众安全。

施加更严厉的法律,并培养更有效的警察队伍, 以便达到威慑的目目的, 惩罚那些罪犯和威慑潜在的犯罪分子子Popularize education and create more job opportunities. Education and employment would allow citizens to obtain job opportunities and earn regular income, thereby reducing the crime rate to the minimum 普及教育并创造更多就业机会。

教育和就业将允许公民取得就业机会并赚取固定收入入, 从而而降低犯罪率最低
个人人在预防犯罪中可起到的作用用
People can be brave enough to combat criminal acts. Most of the time, criminals are pampered by people’s cowardice. Conversely, if they have courage to fight back, there would be fewer victims. 人人们可以勇敢地打击犯罪行行为。

在大大多数情况下,罪犯分子子被人人们的怯懦所纵容。

相反,如果他们有勇气气反击, 会有较少的受害者。

Individuals can be more actively engaged in the crime prevention in their own neighborhood. For example, if people stay alert to criminal acts around, report crime and come forward as witnesses, it could be much easier for the police to solve cases and bring criminals to
justice. 个人人可以更积极地参与到自自己己社区的犯罪预防。

例如,如果人人们对周围的犯罪行行为保持警觉, 举报罪案及挺身身作证, 警方方就会更容易破案并将犯罪分子子绳之以法。

典型考题3: There is a higher rate of juvenile delinquency（youth crime）today. What are the causes and what are your solutions? (青少年犯罪的原因和解决方方案)
原因：
1.Loss of family life. Confronted with fierce competition in present-day society, some parents have to struggle for their lives. They seldom spend time with their children and neglect emotional interaction with them. Without the presence of proper parental care, some children who lack self- control may end up going astray. 家庭生生活的缺失。

面面临当今社会的激烈竞争,一一些家长为自自己己的生生计而而奋斗斗。

他们很少花时间和孩子子在一一起并忽略与他们的情感交流。

没有适当的父父母照顾, 一一些缺乏自自我控制能力力的孩子子可能最终会误入入歧途。

2.Exposure to violence. The Internet and TV programs give easy access to unfavorable information, such as violence and pornography. Putting young children into contact with these contents without parental guide will cause mental problems and even lead to aggressive behavior. 网网络和电视节目目很容易让人人接近诸如暴力力和色色情等不良信息。

在没有父父母指导的情况下让孩子子接触这些内容会导致心心理问题, 甚至至过激行行为
解决方方案：
1.Parents should shoulder the responsibility of supervision in the family. For example, apart from focusing on daily work, they should attach more importance to emotional needs of their children and do more communication with them. Besides, by staying alert to any abnormal behavior of their children, parents can take relevant measures in order to keep their kids on the right track. 家长应担负起家庭的监督责任。

例如,除了集中精力力于日日常工工作,他们应该更加重视子子女女的感情需要和与他们做更多的交流。

此外, 通过对任何孩子子的异常行行为保持警觉,家长可以采取相应措施以便使孩子子处于正轨。

2.Parents should restrict their children’s access to unfavorable websites. There are various tools that parents can use to protect their children from accessing unfavorable contents, such as filter software which can block pornographic websites. Apart from this, Parents should always track their children's Internet history online to make sure they are not putting themselves at risk. 家长应限制孩子子访问不良网网站。

有多种工工具可以帮助父父母让孩子子不访问不良信息, 如过滤软件, 该软件可以阻止止色色情网网站。

此外, 家长应始终跟踪他们子子女女的互联网网访问历史, 以确保他们不是处于危险之中。

政府投资类
常见词汇：
Obligation 义务
Be obligated to do 有义务做什么
Perfect social welfare system完善社会保障系统
Improve infrastructure 改善基础设施
Maintain social stability维护社会稳定
Ensure the well-being of the public维护公众的安康
Earmark fund for sth为……专项拨款
Impose restriction on 对……施加限制
Invest in 为……投资
Give priority to 优先考虑
Cut back on sth减少……的支支出
Levy tax on 对……征税
Be given a mandate to do 被授命做某事
Enforce policy that….履行行……的政策
Enact laws to do 制定法律做某事
Curb 抑制
Strike a balance between在……之间达到平衡
政府投资类典型考题
考题1. Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore some people think financial support from government should be only provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree?(是否同意政府只对研究生生的科研买单而而非非其他科
目目？)
常见论点总结：
科研对于国家发展的重要性
论点1：Scientific technology has proved the primary product ivity for a country’s development. 科学技术是第一一生生产力力。

扩展提示示：在这个科技时代（technology era），科学技术的发达程度(the advancement
of technology)是衡量(measure)一一个国家成功的重要标准(crucial criterion)。

而而研究生
生科研项目目的成败决定了国家的未来。

国家资助对研究生生科研的作用用
论点1：Cutting-edge research facilities can be available with fund from government.(有了政
府的资助，可以买更多的先进科研设备。

)
论点2：More experienced teaching staff can be recruited, thereby improving teaching standard. (可以雇佣更多有经验的老老师,以此提高高教学质量。

)
其他科目目对于国家发展的作用用
论点1：Research on subjects ranging from history to art are of equal importance to a country’s development，compared with that of science.与科学相比比，历史和艺术等文文科科目目的研究对于国家的发展有着同样重要性。

扩展提示示：文文化领域的研究得以让传统文文化(traditional culture)发扬光大大；丰富(enrich)大大众的精神生生活，维护其情绪健康(emotional wellbeing)；从全球角角度来看，推动了各种文文化(a diversity of culture)的发扬光大大。

考题2. In today’s world, it is private companies rather than government who pay for and carry out most on scientific research. To what extent do you think the advantages outweigh disadvantages.
(公司而而非非政府投资并实施科研项目目，何种程度认为利大大于弊？)
Private enterprises make scientific research more customer-oriented. With the goal of pursuing profits and enlarging its market share, their products are more focused on market needs and more likely to cater for consumers. Obviously, research into life necessities, such as high-tech products, cars, cosmetics, and medicine should be delegated to companies. Corporate research is more productive and efficient. In order to pursue the maximum profits at the lowest cost, businesses have to put new products into the market in a short time. As a result, they may try to develop the newest technology, apply advanced management and thus enhance the productivity of research.
首首先, 民营企业使科研更加面面客户化。

有了追求利润和扩大大其市场份额的目目标,其产品更侧重于市场的需求, 更容易迎合消费者。

显然, 生生活必需品的研究, 如高高科技产品, 汽车, 化妆品, 医药, 应该下放给企业。

其次,企业的研究更富有生生产力力和效率。

为了以最低的成本追求最大大的利润, 企业必须在短时间内把新产品投放市场。

因此，他们试图发展最新技术, 运用用先进的管理, 从而而提高高研究效率。

On the other hand, there appears a different view that corporate research might have hidden。