第三章 心理学基础

Key Words
• Perception The process by which an organism selects and interprets sensory input so that it acquires meaning. • Absolute threshold The minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus is called an absolute threshold.
• Memory The ability to recall past events, images, ideas, or skills; the storage system that allows for retention and retrieval of previously learned information.
Motivation & Emotion
• Motivation
• Emotion
• Motivation的涵义与功能
• 动机与需要
Motivation & Need
• 动机理论
Motivation Theory • 动机冲突与挫折 Motivation Conflict & Frustration
• Learning的概念
行为或行为潜能的改变
行为变化是相对持久的
由练习或经验引起的
• Learning的理论
Classical condition Operant condition Observational learning Cognitive Learning
Key Words
• Learning Relative permanent change in an organism that occurs as a result of experiences in the environment • Classical conditionding Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus,by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; also know as Pavlovian conditioning
Key Words
• Motivation Any internal condition, although usually an internal one, that initiates, activates, or maintailns an organism’s goaldirected behavior.
感觉阈限(Sensory Threshold) 感觉适应(Sensory Adaptation) 感觉对比
感觉的相互作用
感觉代偿
Key Words
• Sensation
The process in which the sense organs’ receptor cells are stimulated and reply initial information to higher brain centers for further processing
•
Short-term memory
编码形式：
听觉代码R.Conrad, 1964 视觉代码 语义代码
存贮容量: 7±2 组块 (chunk) 存贮持久性L.R.Perterson, 1959
影片：《记忆碎片》
• 康拉德(R.Conrad,1964)的经典性研究：选用B、C、
P、T、V、F、M、N、S、X等10个字母为材料,从
Key Words
• Thinking The higher mental process which is the manipulation of mental respresentations of information • Problem solving The process of transforming one situation into another that meets a goal
自我效能论 (Self-efficacy theory)
• Motivation conflict
双趋冲突 (Approach-approach conflict)
双避冲突 (Avoidance-avoidance conflict) 趋避冲突 (Approach-avoidance conflict) 多重趋避冲突 (Multiple approach-avoidance conflict)
第三章 心理学基础知识 Understanding Psychology
Medical Psychology
Understanding Psychology
• 心理的神经生理机制 • 认知过程 (The Cognition Process) • 动机与情绪 (Motivation & Emotion)
• Operant conditioning Conditioning in which an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement of punishment as a consequence of the behavior; also known as instrumental conditioning. • Observational learning Organisms learn new responses by observing the behavior of a model and then imitating it.
• 格式塔的学习理论——顿悟学习 Insight 知觉重组 • 内隐学习 (Latent learning)
• Memory概述
• Memory 的过程
识记 (Memorization)
保持 (Retention)
再认 (Recognition)
再现 (Repruduction)
Key Words
• 本能理论 (Instinct theory)
• 驱力理论 (Drive theory)
• 唤醒理论 (Arousal theory) • 诱因理论 (Incentive theory) • 认知理论 (Cognitive theory) 期待价值理论 (Expectancy-value theory)
• Different threshold (JND) The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred. • Sensory adaptation The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change. • Perceptual constancy The organization of changing sensations into percepts that are relatively stable in size, shape, and color.
• 人的面部表情也是左右不对称的,有人做过试验: 将演员表演喜、怒、哀、惧各种表情的照片，从 脸的正中线切成两半，再把反着面洗印的两半照 片拼接成一个左右两侧都是原来的左边脸或右边 脸的脸部照片。将这两种拼接的照片混在一起， 请被试者从中挑选出他们认为表情更丰富的照片。 结果挑选出的用左边脸拼成的照片要多得多。这 结果也同解剖的知识相吻合。左边脸，特别是其 下部,接受来自右脑投射来的神经纤维。看来,右侧 脑在脸部表情中起更多的作用。
• Perception 的概念
• Perception的一般特性
知觉的选择性Perceptual Selectiveness
知觉定势Perceptual Set
知觉的整体性Perceptual Organization
知觉的理解性Perceptual Interpretation
知觉的恒常性
(Perceptual Constancwk.baidu.com)
中随机取出6个组成字母序列,用视觉方式一个个地 呈现给被试,要求他们记住。然后让被试严格地按字 母呈现的顺序进行回忆,并对回忆中出现的差错进行 分析。结果表明,回忆时出现的错误主要表现为声音 混淆。即发音近似的字母混淆程度较高,如将B误为 P,将V误为B,而发音不相似的字母之间则较少发生 混淆。
• 在彼德森等人(L.R.Peterson&M.J.PeterSOIl,1959)
• 感觉记忆 (Sensory memory)
• 短时记忆 (STM, Short-term memory)
• 长时记忆 (LTM, Long-term memory)
• Sensory memory
1. 无限量存贮 2. 存贮时间短 0.25-2s’ “一瞥之见” 3. 感觉后像，即按刺激的物理特征原样直接加 以编码和储存的 4. 模式识别 (pattern recognition) 即从 sensory memory 向short-term memory 传递信息并赋予它意义的过程。确定选择哪 些信息传输到短时记忆，而让哪些信息从感 觉记忆中衰退，是注意 (attention)的作用。
• 大脑两半球的一侧优势(Cerebral Lateralization)
速视法
双耳分听试验
一侧脑麻痹法
对割裂脑病人的临床观察和有控制的测验
• 根据上述不同方法的研究,一般认为:大多数右利手者大脑左侧半球的优 势在语音、顺序、时间、节奏以及命题的逻辑分析等方面；右半球的优 势在非语言的、整体的形状和空间的知觉方面；此外左、右两半球在情 绪反应方面似乎也有差别。右半球的反应较强烈或较不乐观。
• 人格 (Personality)
心理的神经生理基 础
• 心理是脑的功能
• 大脑皮层(Cerebral cortex)的分区及功能
Brodmann,1909
• • • • 感觉区 (Sensory area) 运动区 (Motor area) 言语区 (Speech area) 联合区 (Association area)
的实验：被试的任务是记住3个辅音字母组成的无 意义音节,18秒钟后再进行回忆。在正常情况下,被 试正确完成这个任务是轻而易举的事。然而,在剌激 呈现以后,立即呈现一个三位数的数字,要求被试以 这个数字为起点,进行连续减3的倒数数,持续到18秒 为止。这时再让被试回忆字母,回忆成绩不足20%, 即回忆的平均数还达不到一个字母。是倒数数的任 务阻止了被试对识记材料的复述。
• Long-term memory
编码形式：
语义代码 视觉代码（遗觉像实验/照片式记 忆）
• 遗 忘 (Forgetting)
干扰理论
衰退理论
动机性遗忘理论
提取失败理论
“提笔忘字”“舌尖现象”
• 有关虚假记忆
• Thinking概述
概括性 间接性 对经验的改组
• Thinking的过程 • 问题解决 (Problem solving) 影响问题解决的因素
The Cognition Process
• 感觉与知觉 (Sensation & Perception) • 学习 (Learning) • 记忆 (Memory)
• 思维 (Thinking)
• Sensation 的概念与作用
感觉剥夺 Sensory Deprivation
• 感受性(Sensitivity)及其变化规律