《国际经济学》第四章
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8
Assumptions of The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem
Both countries produce both goods Both countries have the same technologies in production Both countries have the same prices of goods due to trade
9
The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem
With the shift to free trade: For each factor, its rate of return becomes more similar between countries. Under ideal conditions, its real rate of return is the same in different countries, even if factors cannot migrate between countries directly. Example: Labor.
Under certain conditions and assumptions, in a long-run term, the real return to the factor used intensively in the rising-price industry increases, and the real return to the factor used intensively in the falling-price industry declines.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
12
13
Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
Factor Content of U.S. Exports and Imports for 1962
14
Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
15
Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
10
The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem
With no trade, the wage rate is high in the laborscarce country. The wage rate is low in the laborabundant country. With free trade, the import of labor-intensive products pushes the wage-rate down in the laborscarce country. The export of labor-intensive products pulls the wage rate up in the laborabundant country.
11
The Leontief Paradox
The first serious attempt to test the H-O theory was made by Professor Wassily W. Leontief in 1954. Leontief reached a paradoxical conclusion that the US (the most capital abundant country in the world by any criterion) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital- intensive commodities. This result has come to be known as the Leontief Paradox.
For which of these products do Japan’s exports and imports appear to be consistent with the predictions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory? Which appear to be inconsistent?
6
Assumptions of the StolperSamuelson theorem
• An economy can produce two goods, cloth and
wheat. • The production of these goods requires two inputs that are in limited supply; labor (L) and land (T). • Production of wheat is land-intensive and production of cloth is labor-intensive in both countries. • Perfect competition prevails in all markets.
2
The long-run factor-price response
In the long run, factors can move between sectors in response to differences in returns.
3
4
Figure 4.2
5
Stolper-Samuelson theorem
19
Questions and problem
“The factor-price equalization theorem indicates that with free trade the real wage earned by labor becomes equal to the real rental rate earned by landowners.” Is this correct or not? Why?
Implications of the Tests
Empirical evidence on the HeckscherOhlin model has led to the following conclusions:
It has been less successful at explaining the actual pattern of international trade. It has been useful as a way to analyze the effects of trade on income distribution.
20
CHAPTER 4
Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade
Short-run effects of opening trade
For the short-run gains and losses divide by output sector: All groups tied to rising sectors gain, and all groups tied to declining sectors lose.
7
Specialized-factor pattern
Factors more specialized in the production of exportable products (or rising-price products more generally) tend to gain income, and factors more specialized in the production of import-competing products (or falling-price products more generally) tend to lose income. (For any number of factors and products)
16
Questions
Consider the following data on some of Japan’s exports and imports in 2006, measured in billions of U.S. dollars:
17
18
Questions and problem
Assumptions of The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem
Both countries produce both goods Both countries have the same technologies in production Both countries have the same prices of goods due to trade
9
The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem
With the shift to free trade: For each factor, its rate of return becomes more similar between countries. Under ideal conditions, its real rate of return is the same in different countries, even if factors cannot migrate between countries directly. Example: Labor.
Under certain conditions and assumptions, in a long-run term, the real return to the factor used intensively in the rising-price industry increases, and the real return to the factor used intensively in the falling-price industry declines.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
12
13
Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
Factor Content of U.S. Exports and Imports for 1962
14
Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
15
Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
10
The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem
With no trade, the wage rate is high in the laborscarce country. The wage rate is low in the laborabundant country. With free trade, the import of labor-intensive products pushes the wage-rate down in the laborscarce country. The export of labor-intensive products pulls the wage rate up in the laborabundant country.
11
The Leontief Paradox
The first serious attempt to test the H-O theory was made by Professor Wassily W. Leontief in 1954. Leontief reached a paradoxical conclusion that the US (the most capital abundant country in the world by any criterion) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital- intensive commodities. This result has come to be known as the Leontief Paradox.
For which of these products do Japan’s exports and imports appear to be consistent with the predictions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory? Which appear to be inconsistent?
6
Assumptions of the StolperSamuelson theorem
• An economy can produce two goods, cloth and
wheat. • The production of these goods requires two inputs that are in limited supply; labor (L) and land (T). • Production of wheat is land-intensive and production of cloth is labor-intensive in both countries. • Perfect competition prevails in all markets.
2
The long-run factor-price response
In the long run, factors can move between sectors in response to differences in returns.
3
4
Figure 4.2
5
Stolper-Samuelson theorem
19
Questions and problem
“The factor-price equalization theorem indicates that with free trade the real wage earned by labor becomes equal to the real rental rate earned by landowners.” Is this correct or not? Why?
Implications of the Tests
Empirical evidence on the HeckscherOhlin model has led to the following conclusions:
It has been less successful at explaining the actual pattern of international trade. It has been useful as a way to analyze the effects of trade on income distribution.
20
CHAPTER 4
Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade
Short-run effects of opening trade
For the short-run gains and losses divide by output sector: All groups tied to rising sectors gain, and all groups tied to declining sectors lose.
7
Specialized-factor pattern
Factors more specialized in the production of exportable products (or rising-price products more generally) tend to gain income, and factors more specialized in the production of import-competing products (or falling-price products more generally) tend to lose income. (For any number of factors and products)
16
Questions
Consider the following data on some of Japan’s exports and imports in 2006, measured in billions of U.S. dollars:
17
18
Questions and problem