英语语法专项:动词不定式用法归纳及练习答案
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动词不定式用法归纳
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外,动词不定式具有动词特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语,组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to+do;其否定形式是not to+do。
1.作主语
可以直接作主语。如:To see is to believe.
但在英语中,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如:
It's wrong to play tricks on other people.
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.(Lesson10).
点击规律:动词不定式在句中作主语时,常放在It is+adj.(形容词)+to do sth.或It is+n.(名词)+to do sth.句型中,it仅作形式主语。
2.作宾语
a.以下动词只能to do作宾语。
attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand要求long渴望arrange 安排mean意欲,打算begin开始expect期望appear似乎,显得determine决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨,厌恶pretend假装ask问need需要agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供beg请求fail不能plan计划bother扰乱;烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢,宁愿care关心,喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备decide决定learn学习regret抱歉,遗憾choose 选择hesitate犹豫profess表明claim要求hope希望promise承诺,允许start开始undertake 承接want想要intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定learn学习contrive设法,图谋incline有…倾向propose提议seek找,寻觅try试图
b.love,like,begin,start,hate,prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
点击规律:上述动词后面除接不定式外,还可以接动名词,意思无很大区别。
提示板:like doing指经常性动作,而like to do指一次性的动作。如:
I like swimming,but I don't like to swim now.我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。
c.stop,forget,remember,go on,try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。
点击规律:上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
1)stop to do sth.:停止一件事,去做另一件事。
stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事。
例句:When the teacher came in,the students stopped talking;when he came out,the students stopped to talk.
当老师走进来时,学生们停止说话;当老师走出去时,学生们又开始说话。
2)思考:forget,remember,go on,try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别?d.在find/feel+it+adj.+to do sth.句型中,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如:
The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep.
I feel it easy to recite the text.
点击规律:某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语,又可接动名词作宾语,二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分,如上面stop例句。
3.作宾语补足语
a.下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请get请,得到prompt促使allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢,宁愿announce
宣布force强迫press迫使bride收买inspire鼓舞request请求assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定,表示advise劝告exhort告诫,勉励pray请求authorize授权,委托help 帮助recommend劝告,推荐bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒beg请求induce引诱report 报告compel强迫invite吸引,邀请,summon传唤command命令intend想要,企图show显示drive驱赶mean意欲,打算train训练cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve应受leave使,让tell告诉direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱entitle有资格order命令warn告诫enable使能够need需要urge激励,力说encourage鼓励oblige不得不want想要condemn指责,谴责lead引起,使得teach教entreat恳求permit允许wish希望
I tell him not to go there by bus.
Edison's mother taught him to read and write.
b.let,make,have,see,hear,feel,watch,notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。如:The boss makes them work16hours a day.
I heard her sing in the next room.
提示板:若变成被动语态,在上述结构中,不定式符号to要加上。如:
They are made to work16hours a day by the boss.
She was heard to sing in the next room.
4.作定语:放在被修饰的名词、代词后面
例句:I have a lot of work to do.
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy.
点击规律:动词不定式若在句中作定语,常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
提示板:如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系,若动词是不及物动词,切记不要忘掉介词。如:
I have a small bedroom to live in.
Have you got some pens to write with?
5.表语:放在连系动词be后面
例句:His wish is to become a scientist.
The first important thing is to save the soldiers'lives.
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
点击规律:动词不定式在句中作表语时,通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。6.作状语
a.目的状语:放在go,come,use,live,in order等词后面。如:
I come to see you.
He runs fast in order to get there in time.
b.原因状语:放在sorry,glad,surprised,disappointed,excited等词后面。如:
I am glad to see you here.
I am sorry to trouble you.
c.作结果状语。如:
Some of the apples are hard to reach.
The room is large enough to hold1000people.
7.与what,who,whose,when,where,how等疑问词连用,作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如:
I don't know what to do next.(宾语)
He taught us how to use the computer.(宾语补足语)
It's still a question how to get there.(主语)