2英语专业四级词汇语法辅导-虚拟语气
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虚拟语气
条件句
• 条件句为非真实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或 实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。
与将来事实相反也可以用过去时：were, did
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 • A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中 谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 • B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中 谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 • C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时， 宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或 could, would + have +动词过去分词。 • The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. • ---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” • ---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” • I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
虚拟语气常用句型
12. 建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词 有： • ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 • command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 • determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 • move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 • prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 • recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 • urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 • 注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达， 一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 • She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） • She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语） • She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 6. whether it (he) be …or…意为“不管（不论）是……还 是……”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略 结构为be it…or…, be he…or等，必须用倒装。例如： • Be he what he may, he should obey the rules. • Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining. • Home is home, be it ever so homely.(再穷也是家) • All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms. • The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 8、 if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for： • If it had not been for his help(=but for his help), we would not have succeeded. • 9、由连接词in case, lest ,for fear that， (in order that, so that)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should (might) +动词原形，例如： • She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 • The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
虚拟语气常用句型
• B. 常这样用的抽象名词有：pity, shame, no wonder • C. It‘s suggested that the school (should) organize an outing when spring comes. • It is required that middle-schools students (should) take at least one-hour exercise every day.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 7、It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从 句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过 去式。 • It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. • It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.
虚拟语气常用句型
• • • • 11. It is… that sb. (should)… 句型一：It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ that … 句型二：It is a ＋ 抽象名词 ＋ that … 句型三：It is ＋ 过去分词 ＋ that …
虚拟语气常用句型
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • A、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…来表达，一般情况 下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 10. was (were) +to have done （不定式 完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后 面通常but…（陈述语气） • I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 4、 虚拟语气用于as if/ as though引导的方式状语 从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句 的形式相同。 • Sly, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above. • 她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情 绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 • They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们 交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 • She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的 谓语动词变化与as if和wish后面的动词变化 规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过 去将来式。意思是“假如…”，但suppose 是 动词，不是连词。如： • Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do? • Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?
虚拟语气的几个句型
• Note: • fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth.
• 表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况， 从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如： • She fears lest he arrive too late. • We were afraid lest it be broken.
虚拟语气的几个句型
主句谓语 从句谓语
对…情况的 虚拟
现在 wish
从句谓语形式 动词的过去式（be用were） had + 过去分词 could, would + have +过去分词 would, could, might+ 动词原形
过去
将来
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 2、would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中 要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完 成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不 是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望 或表示说话人婉转的责备。 例如： • I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望 你把这封信立刻寄出去。 • I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望 他不要在那儿可得太久。 • I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
虚拟语气的几个句型
do… (than do…) 宁愿…(而不…) would rather + sb. +
动词过去式（与现在或将来事实相反）
had + 过去分词（与过去事实相反）
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 3、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓 语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种 过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 • His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 注意：would rather…than 和would… rather than 后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是than 后的从句要用should+动词原形, 从句的that 可省略。 • I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. • He’d do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.
条件句
• 条件句为非真实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或 实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。
与将来事实相反也可以用过去时：were, did
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 • A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中 谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 • B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中 谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 • C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时， 宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或 could, would + have +动词过去分词。 • The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. • ---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” • ---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” • I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
虚拟语气常用句型
12. 建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词 有： • ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 • command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 • determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 • move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 • prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 • recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 • urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 • 注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达， 一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 • She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） • She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语） • She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 6. whether it (he) be …or…意为“不管（不论）是……还 是……”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略 结构为be it…or…, be he…or等，必须用倒装。例如： • Be he what he may, he should obey the rules. • Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining. • Home is home, be it ever so homely.(再穷也是家) • All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms. • The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 8、 if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for： • If it had not been for his help(=but for his help), we would not have succeeded. • 9、由连接词in case, lest ,for fear that， (in order that, so that)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should (might) +动词原形，例如： • She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 • The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
虚拟语气常用句型
• B. 常这样用的抽象名词有：pity, shame, no wonder • C. It‘s suggested that the school (should) organize an outing when spring comes. • It is required that middle-schools students (should) take at least one-hour exercise every day.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 7、It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从 句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过 去式。 • It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. • It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.
虚拟语气常用句型
• • • • 11. It is… that sb. (should)… 句型一：It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ that … 句型二：It is a ＋ 抽象名词 ＋ that … 句型三：It is ＋ 过去分词 ＋ that …
虚拟语气常用句型
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • A、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…来表达，一般情况 下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 10. was (were) +to have done （不定式 完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后 面通常but…（陈述语气） • I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 4、 虚拟语气用于as if/ as though引导的方式状语 从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句 的形式相同。 • Sly, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above. • 她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情 绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 • They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们 交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 • She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的 谓语动词变化与as if和wish后面的动词变化 规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过 去将来式。意思是“假如…”，但suppose 是 动词，不是连词。如： • Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do? • Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?
虚拟语气的几个句型
• Note: • fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth.
• 表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况， 从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如： • She fears lest he arrive too late. • We were afraid lest it be broken.
虚拟语气的几个句型
主句谓语 从句谓语
对…情况的 虚拟
现在 wish
从句谓语形式 动词的过去式（be用were） had + 过去分词 could, would + have +过去分词 would, could, might+ 动词原形
过去
将来
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 2、would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中 要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完 成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不 是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望 或表示说话人婉转的责备。 例如： • I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望 你把这封信立刻寄出去。 • I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望 他不要在那儿可得太久。 • I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
虚拟语气的几个句型
do… (than do…) 宁愿…(而不…) would rather + sb. +
动词过去式（与现在或将来事实相反）
had + 过去分词（与过去事实相反）
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 3、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓 语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种 过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 • His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
虚拟语气的几个句型
• 注意：would rather…than 和would… rather than 后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是than 后的从句要用should+动词原形, 从句的that 可省略。 • I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. • He’d do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.