the history of England

Hadrian‘s Wall(哈德良长城） Wall( viewed from Vercovicium
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PostPost-Roman Britain
• In the wake of the breakdown of Roman rule in Britain around 410, present day England was progressively settled by Germanic groups. Collectively known as the AngloSaxons, these included Jutes from Jutland together with larger numbers of Saxons from northwestern Germany and Angles from what is now Schleswig-Holstein.
• Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1800）大 不列颠王国 • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland （1801-1922）大 不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国 • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland （1922 to now)大不列颠 及北爱尔兰联合王国
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AngloAnglo-Saxon conquests and the founding of England (about 410-1707) 410• In approximately 495, at the Battle of Mount Badon, Britons inflicted（遭受） a severe defeat on an invading Anglo-Saxon army which halted the westward AngloSaxon advance for some decades.
• The Norman Conquest led to a sea-change in the history of the English state. William ordered the compilation（编辑） of the Domesday Book, a survey of the entire population and their lands and property for tax purposes, which reveals that within twenty years of the conquest the English ruling class had been almost entirely dispossessed and replaced by Norman landholders
• Kingdoms and tribes in Britain, c.600 AD
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Norman England（1066-1154） England（1066-1154）
The history of England
Main order
• Prehistory( before 43 AD) 史前英格兰 • Roman Britain(43-410) 罗马时期
• Anglo-Saxon conquests and the founding of England (about 410-1707) 盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰历史
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Prehistory( before 43 AD)
• Archaeological evidence indicates that what was later southern Britannia was colonized by humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable climate between and during the various glacial periods of the distant past. The Sweet Track in the Somerset（筋斗） Levels is the oldest timber(木船) trackway discovered in Northern Europe and among the oldest roads in the world, and was built in 3807 or 3806 BC.
• Norman England（1066-1154）诺曼王朝 • England under the Plantagenets(11541471)金雀花王朝
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• The history of England concerns the study of the human past in one of Europe‘s oldest and most influential national territories. What is now England, a country within the United Kingdom, was inhabited by Neanderthals（尼安德特人） 230,000 years ago. Continuous human habitation dates to around 12,000 years ago, at the end of the last glacial period(第四冰期）. The region has numerous remains from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, such as Stonehenge and Avebury. In the Iron Age, England, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic（凯尔特人） people known as the Britons（不列颠人）.
• In 1066, the Normans invaded and conquered England. There was much civil war and battles with other nations throughout the Middle Ages（中世纪）. The Kingdom of England was a sovereign（君主） state until the reign（统 治时期） of Richard I who made it a vassal（附庸） of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. In 1212 during the reign of his brother John Lackland the Kingdom instead became a tribute-paying vassal of the Holy See 34 until the 16th century when Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church. During the Renaissance（文艺复兴）, England was ruled by the Tudors. England had conquered Wales in the 12th century and was then united with Scotland in the early 18th century to form a new sovereign state called Great Britain.Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a worldwide Empire, the largest in the world. Following a process of decolonization（非殖民地化） in the 20th century the vast majority of the empire became independent; however, its cultural impact is widespread and deep in many countries of the present day.
• House of York (1461-1485) 约克王朝 • Tudor of England（1485-1603）都铎王朝 • House of Stuart (1603-1649,1660-1707)斯 图亚特王朝 • Commonwealth of England (16491653,1659-1707) 英格兰联邦 • The Protectorate (1653-1659)护国公时期
The Stonehenge
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Roman Britain(43-410) Britain(43• Julius Caesar invaded southern Britain in 55 and 54 BC and wrote in De Bello Gallico that the population of southern Britannia was extremely large and shared much in common with the Belgae of the Low Countries. Coin evidence and the work of later Roman historians have provided the names of some of the rulers of the disparate tribes and their machinations in what was Britannia. Until the Roman Conquest of Britain, Britain‘s British population was relatively stable, and by the time of Julius Caesar’s first invasion, the British population of what was western old Britain was speaking a Celtic language generally thought to be the forerunner of the modern Brythonic(布里吞语） languages.10 After Julius Caesar abandoned Britain, it fell back into the hands of the Britons and the Belgae.