英语语法：复合句三

九．复合句（三）
三．状语从句：充当句子状语，可表示时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件和让步等。

I．时间状语从句：
1．When (同时发生或从句先与主句), while (同时进行持续时间较长), as (两动作紧接着发生)引导eg.
He entered the room when/ while/ as the meeting was going on.
When I meet the right man, I will get married.
While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively and took notes.
As spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom.
但：He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down. (“突然，正在这时”) Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue. (“而，但是”)
2．“一……就”的表示法：1）副词once, directly, immediately；2）名词词组the moment, the instant, the day, the year, any time, last (first, next) time, each (every time)；3）连接词as soon as, since, hardly/ scarcely/ barely…when/ before, no sooner…than.eg. Instantly (=Directly, Immediately) the button, the mine explodes.
You can call me any time you want to. The moment he saw us, he turned pale.
Jack had scarcely/ hardly seen me when/ before he left the room.
注意：No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. (否定词在句首主句要倒装)
She has never called on me since she moved to the country. (since引导的从句用过去时，主句用完成时) 3．till与until：till多口语，until多书面语（句首只能用until），肯定表示“直到……为止”，否定表示“直到……才”eg. I’ll wait till/ until he comes back. Until you told me I had no idea of what she said. 注意：Not until after the war did they meet again.
It wasn’t until they had a discussion that they made up their mind.
注意：I didn’t notice it till (it was) too late. When (I was)a boy, I looked at such things differently.
II．地点状语从句：where, wherever, everywhere和anywhere引导。

eg.
You should put the book where it was. Everywhere they went, they were kindly received.
III．原因状语从句：1）because>since>as引导。

eg. “Why were you late?” “Because the traffic was too heavy.”
As it is raining, let’s stay at home.Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.
注意：It was because (since, as) he was careless that he failed.
The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.
区分：We did not go out, because it was raining.
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
2）复合连词in that, now that, seeing that, considering that, not that…but that, insomuch as引导。

eg.
A gas differs from liquid in that it has no definite shape. Now (that) you are ready, we’ll start working.
They did the job quite well, considering they had no experience.
I haven’t finished writing the report yet, not that I’m lazy, but that I have no time.
3）介词词组by reason, for fear, for the reason, on the ground引导。

eg.
I dare not tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me.
IV．结果状语从句：1）so…that, such that, such…that引导eg. He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him.
It was such a bad accident that dozens of people were killed.
The shock was such that she was almost driven mad.
注意：So fierce was their dog that no one dared come near. Such was his behavior that everyone dislikes him.
2）so, that, so that引导eg. He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
He didn’t obey the contract, so he was fined What has happened that all of them look so excited?
3）to such a degree/ an extent that, with the result that, so much so that引导eg.
The temperature rose to such an extent/ a degree that the firemen had to leave the house.
I was in the bath, with the result that (结果) I didn’t hear t he telephone.
V．目的状语从句：1）so that, in order that引导eg. We left early so that we could catch the first train.
In order that she shouldn’t wake up his wife, he came in quietly.
2）lest, for fear that, in case引导（“以防、以免”，常用虚拟语气）。

eg.
I hid the book for fear/ in case/ lest she should see it. He ran away lest he (should) be caught.
比较：She was exhausted, so that she couldn’t eat dinner. （结果状语从句）
He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him.
So that he can buy the books he wants, he has gone to the town. （目的状语从句）
VI．条件状语从句：1）if, unless引导eg. I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time. 但：She won’t lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercise every day. (≠unless) 2）only if (只要), if only (但愿，要是…就好了)引导。

eg. Only if you study hard will you pass the final exam.
If only we had arrived at the station in time, we could have met him. (用虚拟语气)
3）连词或连词短语as/so long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, provided/providing that, granted/granting that, given (that)引导eg. I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle with care.
Provided/ Providing they think they are getting a bargain, they will buy clothes they will never wear, furniture they have no space for. Given (that) he won’t agree, what shall we do?
注意：Suppose (that) you had one million dollars, what would you do? (用虚拟语气)
Supposing (that) this is not the right way to the station, what shall we do? (不用虚拟语气)
VII．让步状语从句：1）though, although引导eg. I won’t hire him though (=even if) he is quite a capable man.
Strange though it may seem (=Though it may seem strange), be remained single all his life.
While (=Although) he has some shortcomings, she has also some good points.
2）even if, even though引导eg. I was persuaded to do the job, even if/ though I did n’t want to.
比较：Bad as he is (=Though he is bad), he is not without merits.
Much as I admired his courage (=Though I admired his courage very much), I don’t think he acted wisely.
3）whether…or, wh—ever, no matter wh—引导eg. However often you ring, no one will answer.
Whatever (=No matter what) happens, we won’t change our plan.
All matter, whether it is a gas, a liquid, or a solid, expands as the temperature rises.
4）be引导eg. All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
Be he friend or enemy (=Whether he may be/ is a friend or an enemy), the law regards him as a criminal.
5）granted for, for all that, in spite of/ regardless of the fact that引导eg.
Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn’t mean he is going to do so.
He bought her what she wanted, regardless of the fact that they were costly.
VIII．方式状语从句：1)as, just as…(so);2) as if, as though;3) the way eg.
You should do (just) as I tell you. Just as there is life, so there must be death.
He speaks English as if/ though he were an Englishman. Do it the way (that) you were told.
IX．比较状语从句：1)as…as, than;2) the +比较级, the +比较级eg.
I work less hard than Tom (does). This building is as high as that one.
The smaller the computer, the faster it can work.
1. They decided to chase the cow away _____ it did more damage. (1990.1)
A. unless
B. before
C. until
D. although
2. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ______ we all sat down to rest. (1991.6)
A. when
B. then
C. than
D. until
3. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ______ the guards discovered what had
happened. (1993.6)
A. before
B. until
C. since
D. when
4. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (9
5.6)
A. since
B. before
C. after
D. when
5. I felt disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred which attracted my attention. (9
6.1)
A. unless
B. until
C. when
D. while
6. You see the lightning _____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. (199
7.1)
A. the instant
B. for an instant
C. on the instant
D. in an instant
7. I was halfway back to the cottage where my mother lived ____ Susan caught up with me. (2001.1)
A. when
B. while
C. until
D. though
8. The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused. (2001.6)
A. after
B. before
C. since
D. as
9. We hadn’t met for 20 years, but I recognized her _______ I saw her. (2001.6)
A. for the moment
B. the moment when
C. at the moment when
D. the moment
10. I have kept that portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in
London. (1996.1)
A. which
B. where
C. whether
D. when
11. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ______ other more
well-informed experimenters failed. (97.12)
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. where
12. ______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. (1990.1)
A. For now
B. Now that
C. Ever since
D. By now
13. ______ you re leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99.6)
A. Since
B. Wile
C. For
D. Before
14. I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it, __________. (96.6)
A. however much it costs
B. however does it cost much
C. however much does it cost
D. no matter how it costs
15. _______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. (2000.6)
A. Although much he likes her
B. Much although he likes her
C. As he likes her much
D. Much as he likes her
16. _______ receiving financial support from family, community or the government is allowed, it is never
admired. (2001.1)
A. As
B. Once
C. Although
D. Lest
17. ________ difficulties we may come across, we’ll help one another to overcome it. (2001.1)
A. Wherever
B. Whatever
C. However
D. Whenever
18. Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert _______ it means standing in a queue all night. (2001.6)
A. provided
B. whatever
C. even if
D. as if
19. I like watching TV ________ to the cinema. (1991.6)
A. more than to go
B. than going
C. more than going
D. rather than to go
20. They usually have less money at the end of the month than ________ at the beginning. (93.6)
A. which is
B. which was
C. they have
D. it is
21. In the course of a day students do far more than just ________ classes. (93.6)
A. attend
B. attended
C. to attend
D. attending
22. Certain programs work better for some _______ for others. (95.1)
A. and
B. than
C. as
D. but
23. The little man was _______ one meter fifty high. (97.1)
A. almost than
B. hardly more than
C. nearly more than
D. as much as
24. If tap were as dangerous as some people think, ______ would be getting sick. (97.12)
A. a lot of more us
B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more
D. a lot ore of us
25. Americans eat ______ as they actually need every day. (98.6)
A. twice as much protein
B. twice protein as much
C. twice protein much
D. protein twice much
26. There are few electronic applications _______ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities
than robots. (98.6)
A. likely
B. more likely
C. most likely
D. much likely
27. Government cannot operate effectively ______ it is free from such interference. (94.1)
A. so long as
B. so that
C. unless
D. because
28. I’ll accept any job ______ I don’t have to get up early. (94.1)
A. lest
B. as long as
C. in case
D. though
29. ______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finish t he experiment. (97.12)
A. As soon as
B. As well as
C. So far as
D. So long as
30. We’ll visit Europe next year _______ we have enough money. (99.1)
A. lest
B. until
C. unless
D. provided
31. I was advised to arrange for insurance _______ I needed medical treatment. (99.1)
A. nevertheless
B. although
C. in case
D. so that
32. He will surely finish the job on time ______ he’s left to do it in his own way. (2001.1)
A. in that
B. so long as
C. in case
D. as far as
33. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _____ it provides the building blocks from which the
other elements are produced.
A. so that
B. but that
C. in that
D. provided that
34. All gases and most liquids and solids expand ________ heated.
A. in
B. bow
C. when
D. about
35. _______ the Europeans knew what a compass was, the Chinese had put it into practical use.
A. Before long
B. Long before
C. Long ago
D. Long since。