政府失灵 government failure 中英文对照

政府失灵（government failure）是现代市场经济国家政府干预所产生的一种普遍现象，是一个重大的理论与实践课题
公共选择与政策分析学者形成了颇为系统的“政府失灵理论”（布坎南与查尔斯·沃尔夫）
政府失灵的概念
是指由于政府机制存在的本质上的缺失，而无法使资源配置效率达到最佳的情形
Government failure is a modern market economy countries generated by government intervention as a universal phenomenon, is a major theoretical and practical issues
The concept of government failure
Beacause of the Government mechanism in the absence of the essence, it can not make the allocation of resources to achieve the best efficiency
政府失灵的表现
成本和收益的分离：过剩和成本提高
政策制定的复杂性和低质的政策
内在性问题（internalities ）（预算、机构、信息、技术）
政府行为的低效率
The performance of government failure
The separation of costs and benefits: the high cost and Little benefits
Policy-making complexity and low-quality policies
Internalities（Budget, institution, information, technology）
The low efficiency of government action
寻租行为（Rent-seeking ）
权力的稀缺性与租金
布坎南的定义,租金是支付给资源所有者款项中超过那些资源在任何可替代的用途中所得款项的那一部分,是超过机会成本的收入。

是指在某种政府保护的制度环境中人个寻求财富转移的活动，或者追求非生产性利润的活动
The scarcity of power and rent
In some government protection of the institutional environment to seek a transfer of wealth of human activities, or unproductive profit-seeking activities
寻租与寻求利润不同，寻求利润是生产者通过自身的市场生产力而获得高于生产成本那部分收入，而寻租则是政府干预的结果。

在政府干预的情况下，寻租者从政府那里寻求到某种特权，从而某项资源具有垄断权，或者任何其他方面的政府庇护以保证寻租者按自己的意愿生产。

寻租的结果：为获取租金，寻租者需要花费时间、精力和金钱，这种对社会没有任何效率；如果寻租得以实现，相关生产者和消费者将由于政府干预而付出代价，
这种代价之和比寻租者所得到的利润额还要高；整个社会也同样为此行为付出“道德的成本”，甚至于政治的成本。

“设租”与“抽租”
形式：政府定货；政府特许；关税与进出口配额；价格双轨制；优惠政策
•政府失灵的防范与纠正
–改革公共决策体制与政治制度
•进行立宪改革
•对政府的财政过程尤其是公共支出加以约束
•完善表达民主的方式以及发明新的政治技术
–利用市场力量改进政府效率
•在政府内部重新确定竞争机制
•在高层管理者中恢复发挥个人积极性的制度
•更多地依赖市场机制来生产公共物品或服务
to prevent and correct the Government failure
The reform of public decision-making system and the political system
constitutional reform
The process of the Government's financial constraints, especially in public spending will be limited
Improve the way of democratic expression, as well as the invention of new political technology
Use market forces to improve government efficiency
to redefine the mechanism of competition in the Government
In the senior managers in their individual initiative to restore the system of
Greater reliance on market mechanisms to produce public goods or services 提高我国行政效率的途径
（1）树立效率观念
（2）推进机构改革，建立合理的行政管理体制
（3）贯彻依法行政
（4）提高行政领导者和行政人员的素质
（5）运用激励手段充分调动行政人员的积极性
（6）反对官僚主义、转变机关作风
（7）逐步实现行政管理手段的现代化
Ways to improve our administrative efficiency
Establish the efficiency of the concept of
To promote institutional reform, to establish a rational administrative system
Carry out administration according to law
Improving administrative leaders and the quality of administrative staff The use of incentives to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the administrative staff
Against the bureaucracy, improve the work-style
The progressive realization of the modernization of the administration of the means。