武汉大学分子生物学真题2001-2014汇总.
分子生物学考研真题汇编
全国名校分子生物学考研真题汇编（含部分答案），益星学习网提供全套资料目录1．武汉大学分子生物学考研真题2015年武汉大学885分子生物学（B卷）考研真题2014年武汉大学885分子生物学（C卷）考研真题2013年武汉大学887分子生物学（C卷）考研真题2012年武汉大学653分子生物学（A卷）考研真题2011年武汉大学652分子生物学（A卷）考研真题2010年武汉大学638分子生物学（A卷）考研真题2009年武汉大学877分子生物学（A卷）考研真题及详解2．南开大学分子生物学考研真题2012年南开大学853分子生物学（生科院）考研真题2011年南开大学811分子生物学考研真题（含部分答案）3．中国科学院大学分子生物学考研真题2013年中国科学院大学分子生物学考研真题2012年中国科学院研究生院分子生物学考研真题4．电子科技大学分子生物学考研真题2015年电子科技大学613分子生物学考研真题2014年电子科技大学613分子生物学考研真题2013年电子科技大学613分子生物学考研真题及详解2012年电子科技大学613分子生物学考研真题及详解2011年电子科技大学613分子生物学考研真题及详解5．河北大学分子生物学考研真题2014年河北大学878分子生物学（重点实验室）A考研真题2013年河北大学878分子生物学（重点实验室）A考研真题2012年河北大学878分子生物学（重点实验室）考研真题6．暨南大学分子生物学考研真题2015年暨南大学836分子生物学考研真题2014年暨南大学836分子生物学考研真题7．武汉科技大学分子生物学考研真题2015年武汉科技大学616分子生物学（B卷）考研真题及详解2014年武汉科技大学616分子生物学（B卷）考研真题及详解8．其他名校分子生物学考研真题2015年浙江工业大学653分子生物学考研真题2015年宁波大学941分子生物学（A卷）考研真题2014年重庆大学627分子生物学考研真题2013年深圳大学717分子生物考研真题2012年南京航空航天大学865分子生物学（A卷）考研真题2012年军事医学科学院分子生物学考研真题2011年南京大学834分子生物学（A卷）考研真题。
武汉大学-细胞生物学2001-2011考研真题
武汉大学2001年细胞生物学一、名词解释(10*2.5)1、apoptosis body2、receptor mediated endocytosis3、lamina4、nuclease hypersensitive site5、gap junction6、hayflick limitation7、kinetochore8、molecular chaperones9、leader peptide10、dedifferentiation二、简答题 (8*5)1. 冰冻断裂术将溶酶体膜撕裂出PS，ES，PF，EF四个面，请绘一简图标明。
2. 医生对心脏已经停止跳动的病人采取电击抢救，请说明其心肌细胞是如何同步启搏的。
3. 为什么凋亡细胞的核DNA电泳图谱呈梯状分布带。
而病理坏死细胞却呈弥散状连续分布？4. 将某动物细胞的体细胞核移植到另一去核的体细胞之中，然后其余实验步骤完全按照动物克隆的方式，问能否培育出一头克隆动物来？为什么？5. 切取病毒感染马铃薯植株的顶芽进行组织培养，这是大量繁育无毒苗的成功技术。
试述其去除病毒的原因。
6. 有人认为既然已经有放大几十万倍的电镜，可以不用光镜了，请反驳这种观点的错误。
7. 出生6个月之内的婴儿可由母乳获得抗病的抗体，试述这些抗体是如何由母亲血液转移到婴儿血液中的。
8. 1999年报道，我国科学家成功实现将离体的B型血液改造成O型，请解释其原理。
三、问答题（前两题10分，最后一题15分）1. 概述Cyclin与CDK在细胞周期调控的工作机制及其在各期引起的下游事件。
2. 试述在细胞质中合成的线粒体内膜蛋白及叶绿体类囊体膜蛋白是如何运送到位与装配的。
3. 综述细胞外被中糖蛋白在细胞内合成，组装和运输的全过程及其对于细胞的主要生理功能。
武汉大学2002年细胞生物学一、名词解释（10*2.5)1.nucleosome2.contact inhibition3.Telomerase4.exocytosis5.gap junction6.kinetochore7.heterochromatin8.channel protein9.dynein arm10.molecular switches二、简答题 (8*5)1. 分别以一句话简述1999年和2001年诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容。
武大分子生物学考研题库
武大分子生物学考研题库武大分子生物学考研题库分子生物学是现代生物学研究的重要分支，它研究的是生命的最基本单位——分子。
作为生物学考研的重要科目之一，分子生物学的题库对于考生来说是必备的学习资料。
下面将介绍一些武大分子生物学考研题库的内容和特点。
一、基础知识题1. DNA的结构是怎样的？请简要描述。
2. RNA的种类有哪些？它们分别在细胞中扮演什么角色？3. 请解释DNA复制的过程。
4. 什么是基因突变？请举例说明。
5. 请简述转录和翻译的过程。
这些基础知识题是考生必须掌握的内容，它们涵盖了DNA、RNA的结构和功能，以及基因突变、转录和翻译等基本概念。
考生需要通过深入学习和思考，掌握这些知识点，并能够灵活运用于解答题目。
二、实验设计题1. 请设计一种实验方法，用于检测某个基因在不同组织中的表达水平。
2. 请设计一种实验方法，用于检测某个蛋白质的亚细胞定位。
3. 请设计一种实验方法，用于研究某个基因在不同发育阶段的表达模式。
这些实验设计题旨在考察考生对实验设计的能力和创新思维。
考生需要结合自己的实验经验和理论知识，提出合理的实验方案，并能够解释实验的原理和预期结果。
三、综合应用题1. 请解释PCR技术的原理和应用。
2. 请简述RNA干扰技术的原理和应用。
3. 请简要介绍基因编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9的原理和应用。
这些综合应用题是将分子生物学的知识应用到实际问题中的考察。
考生需要综合运用所学的知识，理解和解释相关技术的原理和应用，并能够分析和讨论其优缺点及未来发展方向。
四、综合分析题1. 请分析某个基因在不同物种中的序列差异，并解释其可能的功能变化。
2. 请分析某个基因的突变与某种疾病的关联性，并提出可能的治疗策略。
这些综合分析题要求考生能够综合运用所学的知识，分析和解释实际问题，并提出合理的解决方案。
考生需要具备较强的分析思维和判断能力，能够将分子生物学的知识应用到实际问题中。
综上所述，武大分子生物学考研题库涵盖了基础知识题、实验设计题、综合应用题和综合分析题等多个方面。
武汉大学考研历年真题部分答案
第一类：诺贝尔奖及发展趋势1、2002简1#——分别以一句话简介1999和2001年诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容2、2005简1#——简介2002和2004年诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容主题3、2004简6#——请谈谈如何理解目前生物学研究中分子生物学向细胞生物学回归的现象4、2006简3#——什么是干细胞？概述干细胞的类型与功能，并简要叙述干细胞研究的意义和前景5、2008简6#——最近美国和日本科学家分别将人体皮肤细胞改造成类似胚胎干细胞，这一成果在理论上、实践上有何意义？6、2009问答4#-----绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的发现及研究者获得了2008年诺贝尔化学奖，他们的具体贡献是什么？该成果在细胞生物学有关领域研究中有何应用？简述应用的原理与主要步骤。
参考答案：诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容主题1、1999年，美国科学家甘特·布洛贝尔。
他发现了蛋白质内控制蛋白质在细胞内传输和定位的信号。
获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖。
2、2000年瑞典科学家阿尔维德·卡尔松、美国科学家保罗·格林加德、奥地利科学家埃里克·坎德尔因在人类脑神经细胞间信号的相互传递方面获得的重要发现，而共同获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖3、2001年美国科学家利兰·哈特韦尔、英国科学家蒂莫西·亨特、保罗·纳斯因发现了细胞周期的关键分子调节机制，而共同获得诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。
4、2002年英国科学家悉尼·布雷内、约翰·苏尔斯顿、美国科学家罗伯特·霍维茨因选择线虫作为新颖的实验生物模型，找到了对细胞每一个分裂和分化过程进行跟踪的细胞图谱，而共同获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖。
5、2003年美国科学家保罗·劳特布尔、英国科学家彼得·曼斯菲尔德因在核磁共振成像技术领域的突破性成就，而共同获得诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。
(完整版)《分子生物学》期末试卷及答案(C)
《分子生物学》期末试卷（C ）、术语解释（20分，每题2 分）1、操纵子2、 增强子3、 启动子4、 内含子5、 外显子6、 顺式作用元件7、 反式作用因子8、 转录因子9、 单顺反子mRNA 10、 多顺反子mRNA 二、选择题 （20分）1.指导合成蛋白质的结构基因大多数为：（）A.单考贝顺序B.回文顺序C.高度重复顺序D.中度重复顺序2.下列有关Shine-Dalgarno 顺序（SD-顺序）的叙述中错误的是：（）A. 在mRNA 分子的起始密码子上游 7-12个核苷酸处的顺序B. 在mRNA 分子通过SD 序列与核糖体大亚基的 16s rRNA 结合C.SD 序列与16s rRNA 3'端的一段富含嘧啶的序列互补D. SD 序列是mRNA 分子结合核糖体的序列3. 原核生物中起始氨基酰-tRNA 是:（） A.fMet-tRNA B.Met-tRNA C.Arg-tRNAD.leu-tRNA4. 下列有关TATA 盒（Hognessbox ）的叙述，哪个是错误的：（） A. 保守序列为TATAAT B. 它能和RNA 聚合酶紧密结合 C. 它参与形成开放转录起始复合体 D. 它和提供了 RNA 聚合酶全酶识别的信号5.一个mRNA 勺部分顺序和密码的编号是 140 141 142 143144 145 146CAG CUC UAU CGG UAG AAC UGA以此mRNA^模板，经翻译生成多肽链含有的氨基酸为：（）A.141B.142C.143D.1446. DNA 双螺旋结构模型的描述中哪一条不正确： （）A. 腺嘌呤的克分子数等于胸腺嘧啶的克分子数B. 同种生物体不同组织中的 DNA 碱基组成极为相似C. D NA 双螺旋中碱基对位于外侧D. 维持双螺旋稳定的主要因素是氢键和碱基堆集力。
7.DNA 聚合酶III 的描述中哪条不对：（）A. 需要四种三磷酸脱氧核苷酸作底物B. 具有5'宀3'外切酶活性C. 具有5'宀3'聚合活性D. 是DNA 复制中链延长反应中的主导 DNA 聚合酶8.与mRNA 勺GCI 密码子对应的tRNA 的反密码子是：（）.天冬氨酸和天冬酰胺13 .下面那一项不属于原核生物 mRNA 勺特征（） 20 .反密码子中哪个碱基对参与了密码子的简并性。
武汉大学分子生物学真题2001-2014汇总.
一.解释概念(20分,每个4分)卫星DNA 复制体逆转座子反式激活因子衰减子与衰减作用三、问答题(50分)1. 说出双链DNA复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。
(15分)2. 简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。
(10分)3. 简述真核RNA聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始(15分)4. DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌(E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。
pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII等酶切点。
假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DN**段克隆到pUC质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10分)武汉大学2002分子生物学三.问答:1.简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞RNA聚合酶II转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15分)2.简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分)3.在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分)4. 你正在进行Southern blot分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH溶液中使DNA变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上,你将标记好的探针与膜杂交,却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白,哪里错了呢?(5分)一、下列名词翻译成中文，并简要解释1、Domains and motifs2、Alternative splicing3、Reporter genes4、The PCR cycle5、Restriction mapping6、Multiple cloning sites7、DNA libraries8、Proteomics9、Replicon10、Semi-conservative replication二、简答题(共5题,每题8分,共40分)1、请列举三种以上蛋白质纯化技术,并说明不同纯化技术的简单原理。
武汉大学分子生物学2004,2008,2013--2014年考博真题
四，简答题：16分 1.为什么rRNA分子和tRNA分子比mRNA分子更为稳定？ 2.试比较一下原核和真核热休克基因转录起始机制有何异同点？
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3．请叙述一下你的硕士论文的情况，具体方法，结果和意义等等 4.用限制性内切酶切割DNA后，经电泳检查，发现有脱尾现象，其可能的原因 是什么呢？ 五，问答题：33分 1.请叙述原核生物当中从核酸指导到蛋白？ 3.请叙述一种从接受信号到调控基因表达的信号转导途径
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6.分裂间期的早期，DNA处于（ ）状态 A.单体连续的线性双螺旋分子 B.半保留复制的双螺旋结构 C.保留复制的双螺旋结构 D.单链DNA E.以上都不正确 7、能够证明DNA是遗传物质的2个关键性实验是：肺炎链球菌在老鼠体内的毒 性和T2噬菌体感染大肠杆菌。这两个实验主要的论点证据是： (A)从被感染的生物体内重新分离得到DNA，作为疾病的致病剂 (B)DNA突变导致毒性丧失 (C)生物体吸收的外源DNA（而并非蛋白质）改变了其遗传潜能 (D)DNA是不能在生物体间转移的，因此它一定是一种非常保守的分子 8.沉默基因座 A.因为沉默子区域的存在与MAT基因座不同 B.在SIR基因产物的作用下，保持转录失活 C.存在几个DNase I超敏位点 D.与DNA复制起点结合在一起 E.因为染色质结构保持转录失活 9.基因组是 A．一个生物体内所有基因的分子总量 B.一个二倍体细胞中的染色体数 C.遗传单位 D.生物体的一个特定细胞内所有基因的分子总量 10、原核细胞mRNA含有几个功能所必需的特征区段，它们是 （A）启动子，SD序列，起始密码子，终止密码子，茎环结构 （B）启动子，转录起始位点，前导序列，由顺反子间区序列隔开的SD序列和OR F，尾部序列，茎环结构 （C）转录起始位点，尾部序列，由顺反子间区序列隔开的SD序列和ORF，茎环 结构
武大分子生物学考研历年真题
武大分子生物学考研历年真题对于许多立志在生物学领域深造的学子来说，报考武汉大学分子生物学专业的研究生是一个极具吸引力的选择。
而深入研究历年真题，无疑是备考过程中的关键环节。
武大分子生物学考研真题涵盖了丰富多样的知识点和题型。
从细胞生物学基础，到分子遗传学的原理，再到基因表达调控等诸多方面，都有深入且细致的考查。
在细胞生物学基础部分，真题常常涉及细胞的结构与功能、细胞的信号转导通路等内容。
例如，会要求考生阐述细胞膜的组成成分和结构特点，以及它们如何影响细胞内外物质交换和信息传递。
又或者，详细描述细胞内各种细胞器的功能，以及它们之间是如何协同工作以维持细胞正常生理活动的。
分子遗传学原理方面，真题可能会聚焦于 DNA 复制、转录、翻译的过程和机制。
比如，让考生解释 DNA 聚合酶在复制过程中的作用和特点，或者描述 RNA 聚合酶如何识别启动子并启动转录。
基因表达调控更是重点中的重点。
这部分真题可能会让考生分析不同层次的基因表达调控机制，包括转录水平、转录后水平、翻译水平和翻译后水平的调控。
例如，要求阐述转录因子如何结合到 DNA 上调控基因的表达，或者解释 microRNA 是如何通过影响 mRNA 的稳定性来调节基因表达的。
真题的题型也多种多样。
常见的有选择题，考查考生对基本概念和知识点的理解和记忆。
判断题则侧重于考察考生对一些易混淆概念的辨析能力。
简答题要求考生能够简洁明了地回答问题，展现对知识点的准确把握和概括能力。
论述题通常是综合性较强的题目，需要考生将多个相关知识点串联起来，进行深入的分析和阐述，以展现其对知识的系统理解和运用能力。
通过对历年真题的分析，可以发现一些出题的规律和趋势。
一方面，重点知识点会反复出现，只是考查的角度和形式可能有所不同。
另一方面，随着学科的发展和研究的深入，真题也会逐渐融入一些新的研究成果和前沿知识。
例如，近年来，随着基因编辑技术的迅速发展，真题中可能会出现与CRISPRCas 系统相关的题目，要求考生了解其原理和应用。
武汉大学分子生物学2001—2015考研真题(1)
武汉大学2015年分子生物学武汉大学2014年分子生物学一.名词解释1、complementDNA2、RNAsplicing3、Gel filtration chromatography4、gene5、snRNP6、OKAZIKIN sequence7、operon8、enhancesome一.简答题1.从分子角度谈谈为什么DNA比RNA更广泛地用作遗传信息的携带者2.试说明中介蛋白在转录调控中的作用原理3.以下是DNA的电泳条带，说明DNA有哪三种拓扑异构构型？设计实验验证该结果。
4.翻译过程需要哪些组分？各自的功能分别是什么三.论述题1.CTD是RNAPOL2的末端结构，说明其结构特点。
它在转录各过程的作用是什么？2.试从产生过程，作用机制和生物学功能几个方面比较miRNA和siRNA的异同点3蛋白质A可以上调蛋白质B的表达水平，说明蛋白A可能在哪些水平发挥作用并设计实验证明。
武汉大学2013年分子生物学一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.Ribozyme2.Missense Mutation3.Insulator4.RNA trans-splicing5.Nucleotide excision repair6.Transposon7.Dam methylase8.Spliceosome9.Core promotor10. SNP二、简答题（共5小题，每题10分，共50分）1.真核生物mRNA的5’帽子结构有何生物学功能？其缺失会造成什么后果？2.某一基因开放阅读框中的一个碱基突变会对该基因编码产物产生什么影响？3.请简述真核生物的mRNA和原核生物的mRNA有何不同。
4.请简述Ⅰ型内含子剪切的过程.5.请简述Western blot 的原理和步骤。
三、论述题（共3小题，每题20分，共60分）1.研究基因功能通常是降低或升高基因表达水平，请简要说出三种相关研究方法及原理。
2. mRNA和蛋白质的降解是一个有序的过程，其中microRNA和泛素起了非常重要的作用，请简述microRNA的概念、产生过程、作用机制，或者泛素的概念和蛋白质泛素化的过程。
武汉大学分子生物学题库1
GLOSSARYAbundance of an mRNA is the average number of molecules per cell.Abundant mRNAs consist of a small number of individual species, each present in a large number of copies per cell.Acceptor splicing site—see right splicing junction.Acentric fragment of a chromosome (generated by breakage) lacks a centromere and is lost cell division.Acrocentric chromosome has the centromere located nearer one end than the other.Active site is the restricted part of a protein to which a substrate binds.Allele is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome. Allelic exclusion describes the expression in any particular lymphocyte of only one allele coding for the expressed immunoglobulin.Allosteric control refers to the ability of an interaction at one site of a protein to influence the activity of another site.Alu family is a set of dispersed, related sequences, each～300 bp long, in the human genome. The individual members have Alu cleavage sites at each end (hence the name).Alu-equivalent family is the set of sequences in a mammalian genome that is related to the human Alu family.α-Amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide derived from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides; it inhibhits transcription by certain eukaryotic RNA polymerases, especially RNA polymerase II.Amber codon is the nucleotide triplet UAG, one of three codons that cause termination of protein synthesis.Amber mutaion describes any change in DNA that creates an amber codon at a site previously occupied by a codon representing an amino acid in a protein.Amber suppressors are mutant genes that code for tRNAs whose anticodons have been altered so that they can respond to UAG codons as well as or instead of to their previous codons.Aminoacyl-tRNA is transfer RNA carrying an amino acid; the covalent linkage is between the NH2group of the amino acid and either the 3’-or-2’-OH group of the terminal base of the tRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes responsible for covalently linking amino acids to the 2’ or 3’-OH position of tRNA.Amphipathic structures have two surfaces, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic. Lipids are amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic helices, with one charged face and one neutral face.Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a chromosomal sequence,1found as intrachromosomal or extrachromoxomal DNA.Anchorage dependence describes the need of normal eukaryotic cells for a surface to attach to in order to grow in culture.Aneuploid chromosome constitution differes from the usal diploid constitution by loss or duplication of chromosomes or chromosomal segments. Annealing is the pairing of complementary single strands of DNA to form a double helix.Antibody is a protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocyte cells that recognizes a particular foreign ‘antigen,’and thusw triggers the immune res ponse.Anticoding strand of duples DNA is used as a template to direct the synthesis of RNA that is complementary to it.Antigen is any molecule whose entry into an organism provokes synthesis of an antibody (immunoglobulin).Antiparallel strands of the d ouble helix are organized in opposite orientation, so that the 5’ end of one strand is aligened with the 3’ end of the other strand.Antitermination proteins allow RNA polymerase to transcribe through certain terminator sites.Ap endonucleases make incisio ns in DNA on the 5’ side of either apurinic or apyrimidinc sites.Apoinducer is a protein that binds to DNA to switch on transcription by RNA polymerase. Archebacteria comprise a minor line of prokaryotes, and may have introns in the genome. Ascus of a fungus contains a tetrad or octad of the (haploid) spores, representhing the products of a sihngle meiosis.att sties are the loci on a phage and the bacterial chromosome at which recombination integrates the phage into. or excises it from , the bacterial chromosome.Attenuation describes the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons.Attenuato r is the terminator sequence at which attenuatioj occurs.Autogenous conhtrol describes the action of a gene product that either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.Autonomous controlling element in maize is an active transposon with the ability to transpose (cf nonautonomous controlling element).Autoradiography detects radioactively labeled molecules by their effect in creating an image on pholtographic film.Autosomes are all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes; a diploid cell has two copies of each autosome.Blymphocytes (or B cells) are the cells responsible for synthesizing antibodies.2Backcross is another (earlier) term for a testcross.Back mutation reverses the effect of a mutation that hand inactivated a gene; thus it restores wild type.Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria; often abbreviated as phages.Balbaini ring is an extremely large puff at a band of a polytene chromosome.Bands of polytene chromosomes are visible as dense regions that contain the majority of DNA;bands of normal chromosomes are relatively much larger and are generated in the form of regions that retain a stain on certain chemical treatments.Base pair (bp) is a partnership of A with T or of C with G in a DNA double helix; other pairs can be formed in RNA under certain circumstances.Bidirectional replication is accomplished when two replication forks move away from the same origin in different directions.Bivalent is the structure containing all four chromatids (two representing each homologue) at the start of meiosis.Blastoderm is a stage of insect embryogenesis in which a layer of nuclei or cells around the embryo surround an internal mass of yolk.Blocked reading frame cannot be translated into protein because it is interrupted by termination codons.Blunt-end ligation is a reaction that joins two DNA duplex molecules directly at their ends. bp is an abbreviation for base pairs; distance along DNA is measured in bp.Branch migration describes the ability of a DNA strand partially paired with its complement in a duplex to extend its pairing by displacing the resident strand with which it is homologous. Breackage and reunion describes the mode of genetic recombination, in which two DNA duplex molecules are broken at corresponding points and then rejoined crosswise (involving formation of a length of heteroduplex DNA around the site of joining).Buoyant desity measures the ability of a substance to float in some standard fluid, for example, CsCl.C banding is a technique for generating stained regions around centromeres.C genes code for the constant regions of immunoglobulin protein chains.C value is the total amount of DNA in a haploid genome.CAAT box is part of a conserved sequence located upstream of the startpoints of eukaryotic transcription units; it is recognized by a large group of transcription factors.Cap is the structure at the 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNA, introduced after transcripton by linking the terminal phosphate of 5’ GTP to the terminal base of the mRNA. The added G (and sometimes some other bases) are methylated, giving a structure of the form 7Me G5’ppp 5’Np…3CAP(CRP)is a positive regulator protein activated by cyclic AMP. It is needed for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of certain (catabolitesensitive) operons of E. coli.Capsid is the external protein coat of a virus particle.Catabolite repression describes the decreased expression of many bacterial operons that results from addition of glucose. It is caused by a decrease in the level of cyclic AMP, which in turn inactivates the CAP regulator.cDNA is a single-stranded DNA complementary to an RNA, synthesized from it by reverse transcription in vitro.cDNA clone is a duplex DNA sequence representing an RNA, carried in a cloning vector. Cell cycle is the period from one division to the next.Cell hybrid is a somatic cell containing chromosomes derived from parental cells of different species (e.g. a man-mouse somatic cell hybrid), generating by fusing the cells to form a heterokaryon in which the nuclei subsequently fused.Centrioles are small hollow cylinders consisting of microtubules that become located near the poles during mitosis. They reside within the centrosomes.Centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that includes the site of attachment to the mitotic or meiotic spindle (see also kinetochore).Centrosomes are the regions from which microtubules are organized at the poles of a mitotic cell. In animal cells, each centrosome contains a pair of centrioles surrounded by a dense amorphous region to which the microtubules attach. See also MTOC.Molecular chaperone is a protein that is needed for the assembly or proper folding of some other protein, but which is not itself a component of the target complex.Chemical complexity is the amount of a DNA component measured by chemical assay.Chi sequence is an octamer that provides a hotspot for RecA-mediated genetic recombination in E. coli.Chi structure is a joint between two duplex molecules of DNA revealed by cleaving an intermediate of two joined circles to generate linear ends in each circle. It resembles a Greek chi in outline, hence the name.Chiasma (pl. chiasmata)is a site at which two homologous chromosomes appear to have exchanged material during meiosis.Chromatids are the copies of a chromosome produced by replication. The name is usually used to describe them in the period before they separate at the subsequent cell division. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein in the nucleus of the interphase cell. Individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished in it .It was originally recognized by its reaction with stains specific for DNA.Chromocenter is an aggregate of heterochromatin from different chromosomes. Chromomeres are densely staining granules visible in chromosomes under certain conditions, especially early in meiosis, when a chromosome may appear to consist of a series of4chromomeres.Chromosome is a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each chromosome counsists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins. It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division.Chromosome walking describes the sequential isolation of clones carrying overlapping sequences of DNA, allowing large regions of the chromosome to be spanned. Walking is often performed in order to reach a particular locus of interest.cis-acting locus affects the activity only of DNA sequences on its own molecule of DNA; this property usually implies that the locus does not code for protein.cis-acting protein has the exceptional property of acting only on the molecule of DNA from which it was expressed.cis configuration describes two sites on the same molecule of DNA.cis/trans test assays the effect of relative configuration on expression of two mutations. In a double heterozygote, two mutations in the same gene show mutant phenotype in trans configuration, wild-type in cis configuration.Cistron is the geneti unit defined by the cis/trans test; equivalent to gene ib comprising a unit of DNA representing a protein.Class switching is a change in the expression of the c cregion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain during lymphocyte differentiation.Clone describes a large number of cells or molecules identical with a single ancestral cell or molecule.Cloning vector is a plasmid or phage that is used to ‘carry’ inserted foreign DNA for the purposes of producing more material or a protein product.Closed reading frame contains termination codons that prevent its translation into protein. Coated vesicles are vesicles whose membrane has on its surface a layer of the protein clathrin.Coconversion is the simultaneous correction of two sites during gene conversion.Coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as mRNA.Codominant alleles both contribute to the phenotype; neither is dominant over the other. Coevolution —see concerted evolution.Cognate tRNAs are those recognized by a particular aminoacy-tRNA synthetase. Coointegrate structure is produced by fusion of two replicons, one originally possessing a transposon, the other lacking it; the cointegrate has copies of the transposon present at both junctions of the replicons, oriented as directrepeats.Cold-sensitive mutant is defective at low temperature but functional at normal temlperature. Colony hybridization is a technique for using in situ hybridization to identify bacteria carrying chimeric vectors whose inserted DNA is homologous with some particular sequence. Compatibility group of plasmids contains members unable to coexist in the same bacterial5cell.Complementation refers to the ability of independent (nonallelic)genes to provide diffusible products that produce wild phenotype when two mutants are tested in trans configuration in a heterozygote.In vitro complementation assay consists of identifying a component of a wid-type cell that can confer activity on an extract prepared from a mutant cell. The assay identifies the component rendered inactive by the mutation.Complementation group is a series of mutations unable to complement when tested in pairwise combinations in trans; defines a genetic unit (the cistron) that might better be called a noncomplex mentation group.Complex locus (of D. melanogaster) has genetic properties inconsistent with the function of a gene representing a single protein. Complex loci are usually very large (>100kb) at the molecular level.Complexity is the total length of different sequences of DNA present in a given preparation. Compostie transposons have a central region flanked on each side by insertion sequences, either or both of which may enable the entire element to transpose.Concatemer of DNA consists of a series of unit genomes repeated in tandem. Concatenated circles of DNA are interlocked like rings one a chain.Concerted evolution describes the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus.Condensation reaction is one in which a covalent bond is formed with loss of a water molecule, as in the addition of an amino acid to a polypeptide chain.Conditional lethal mlutations kill a cell or virus under certain (nonpermissive) conditions, but allow it to survive under other (permissive) conditions.Conjugation describes ‘mathing’ between two bacterial cells, when (part of ) the chromosome is transferred from one to the other.Consensus sequence is an idealized sequence in which each position represents the base most often found when many actual sequences are compared.Conservative recombination involves breakage and reunion of preexisting strands of DNA without any synthesis of new stretches of DNA.Conservative transposition refers to the movement of large elements, originally classified as transposons, but now considered to be episomes. The mechanism of movement resembles that of phage lambda.Constant regions of immunoglobulins are coded by C genes and are the parts of the chain that vary least. Those of heavy chains identify the type of immunoglobulin.Constitutive genes are expressed as a function of the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter, without additional regulation; sometimes also called household genes in the context of describing functions expressed in all cells at a low level.67Constitutive heterochromatin describes the inert state of permanently nonexpressed sequences, usually satellite DNA.Constitutive mutations cause genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without regulation.Contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments that forms around the equator at the end of mitosis and is responsible for pinching the daughter cells apart.Controlling elements of maize are transposable units originally identified solely by their genetic properties. They may be autonomous (able to transpose independently) or nonautonomous (able to element).Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes.Cordycepin is 3’ deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of poly adenylation of RNA.Core DNA is the 14.6 bp of DNA contained on a core particle.Core particle is a digestion product of the nucleosome that retains the histone octamer and has 14.6 bp of DNA; its structure appears similar to that of the nucleosome itself.Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator protein.Cosmids are plasmids into which phage lambda cos sites have been inserted; as a result, the plasmid DNA can be packaged in vitro in the phage coat.Cot is the product of DNA concentration and time of incubation in a reassociation reaction. Cot 21 is the Cot required to proceed to half completion of the reaction; it is directlyproportional to the unique length of reassociating DNA.Cotransfection is the simultaneous transfection of two markers.Crossing-over describes the reciprocal exchange of material between chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and is responsible for genetic recombination.Crossover fixation refers to a possible consequence of unequal crossing-over that allows a mutation in one member of a tandem cluster to spread through the whole cluster (or to be eliminated).Cruciform is the structure produced at inverted repeats of DNA if the repeated sequence pairs with its complement on the same strand (instead of with its regular partner in the other strand of the duplex).Cryptic satellite is a satellite DNA sequence not identified as such by a separate peak on a density gradient; that is, it remains present in main-band DNA.ctDNA is chloroplast DNA.Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a molecule of AMP in which the phosphate group is joined to both the 3’ and 5’ positions of the ribose; its binding activates the CAP, a postive regulator of prokaryotic transcription.Cyclins are proteins that accumulate continuously throughout the cell cycle and are thendestroyed by proteolysis during mitosis. (see also MPF).Cytokinesis is the final process involved in separation and movement apart of daughter cells at the end of mitosis.Cytological hybridization—see in situ hybridization.Cytoplasm describes the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a property of genes located in mitochondria or chloroplasts (or possibly other extranuclear organelles).Cytoplasmic protein synthesis is the ranslation of mRNAs representing nuclear genes; it occurs via ribosomes attached to the cytoskeleton.Cytoskeleton consists of networks of fibers in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell.Cytosol describes the general volume of cytoplasm in which organelles ( such as the mitochondria ) are located.D loop is a region within mitochondrial DNA in which a short stretch of RNA is paired with one strand of DNA, displacing the orignal partner DNA strand in this region. The same term is used also to describe the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex DNA byu a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by RecA protein.Degeneracy in the genetic code refers to the lack of an effect of many changes in the third base of the codon on the amino acid that is represented.Deletions are generated by removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either side being joined together.Denaturation of DNA or RNA describes its conversion from the double-stranded to the singlestranded state; separation of the strands is most often accomplished by heating. Denaturation of protein describes its conversion from the physiological conformation to some other (inactive) conformation.Derepressed state describes a gene that is turned on. It is synonymous with induced when describing the normal state of a gene; it has the same meaning as constitutive in describing the effect of mutation.Dicentric chromosome is the product of fusing two chromosome fragments, each of which has a centromere. It is unstable and may be broken when the two centromeres are pulled to opposite poles in mitosis.Diploid set of chromosomes contains two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosome. Direct repeats are identical (or related) sequences present in two or more copies in the same orientation in the same molecule of DNA; they aer not necessarily adjacent.Discontinuous replication refers to the synthesis of DNA in short (Okazaki) fragments that are later joined into a continuous strand.Disjunction describes the movement of members of a chromosome pair to opposite poles during cell division. At mitosis and the second meiotic division, disjunction applies to sister8chromatids; at first meiotic division it applies to sister chromatid pairs.Divergence is the percent difference in nucleotide sequence between two related DNA sequences or in amino acid sequences between two proteins.Divergent transcription refers to the intitiation of transcription at two promoters facing in the opposite direction, so that transcription proceeds away in both directions from a central region.dna mutants of bacteria are temperature-sensitive; they cannot synthesize DNA at 42℃, but can do so at 37℃.DNAase is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA.DNA-driven bybridization involves the reaction of an excess of DNA with RNA.DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). May be involved in repair or replication.DNA replicase is a DNA-synthesizing enzyme required specifically for replication.Domain of a chromosome may refer either to a discrete structural entity defined as a region within which supercoiling is independent of other domains; or to an extensive region including an expressed gene that has heightened sensitivity to degradation by the enzyme DNAase I.Domain of a protein is a discrete continuous part of the amino acid sequence that can be equated with a particular function.Dominant allele determines the phenotype displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive) allele.Donor splicing site—see left splicing junction.Down promoter mutations decrease the frequency of initiaton of transcription. Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression, for example, the conding region is downstream of the initiation condon.Early development refers to the period of a phage infection before the start of DNA replication.Extopic expression describes the expression of a gene in a tissue in which it is not usually expressed; for example, in a transgenic animal.Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain.End labeling describes the addition of a radioactively labeled group to one end (5’ or 3’) of a DNA strand.End-product inhibition describes the ability of a product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway.Endocytosis is a process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles.9Endocytic vesicles are membranous particles that transport proteins through endocytosis; also known as clathrin-coated vesicles.Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for singlestranded of double-stranded DNA.Endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted sheet of membranes, extending from the outer layer of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.Enhancer element is a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter.Envelopes surround some organelles (for example , nucleus or mitochondrion) and consist of concentric membranes, each membrane consisting of the usual lipid bilayer.Epigenetic changes influrence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but that do not represent a change in genetic information.Episome is a plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA.Epistasis describes a situation in which expression of one gene wipes out the phenotypic effects of another gene.Essential gene is one whose deletions is lethal to the organism (see also lethal locus). Established cell lines consist of eukaryotic cells that have been adapted to indefinite growth in culture (they are said to be immortalized).Eubacteria comprise the major line of prokaryotes.Euchromatin comprises all of the genome in the interphase nucleus except for the heterochromatin.Evolutionary clock is defined by the rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene. Excision-repair systems remove a single-stranded sequence of DNA containing damaged or mispaired bases and replace it in the duplex by synthesizing a sequence complementary to the remaining strand.Exocytosis is the process of secreting proteins from a cell into the medium, by transport in membranous vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi, to storage vesicles, and finally (upon a regulatory signal) through the plasma membrane.Exocytic vesicles (also secretory vesicles) are membranous particles that transport and store proteins during excytosis.Exon is any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product. Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA.Expression vector is a cloning vector desined so that a coding sequence inserted at a particular site will be transcribed and translated into protein.Extranuclear genes reside outside the nucleus in organelles such as mitochondria and10chloroplasts.F factor is a bacterial sex or fertility plasmid.F1 generation is the first generation produced by crossing two parental (homozygous) lines. Facultative heterochromatin describes the inert state of sequences that also exist in active copies—for example, one mammalian X chromosome in females.Fast component of a reassociation reaction is the first to reature and contains highly repetitive DNA.Fate map is a map of an embryo showing the adult tissues that will develop from the descendants of cells that occupy particular regions of the embryo.Figure eight describes two circles of DNA linked together by a recombination event that has not yet been completed.Filter hybridization is performed by incubating a deatured DNA preparation immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter with a solution of radioactively labeled RNA or DNA.Fingerprint of DNA is a pattern of polymorphic restriction fragments that differ between individual genomes.Fingerprint of a protein is the pattern of fragments (usually resolved on a two dimensional electrophoretic gel) generated by cleavage with an enzyme such as trypsin.Fluidity is a property of membranes; it indicates the ability of lipids to move laterally within their particular monolayer.Focus formation describes the ability of transformed eukaryotic cells to grow in dense clusters, piled up on one another.Focus forming unit (ffu) is a quantitative measure of forcus formation.Foldback DNA consists of inverted repeats that have renatured by intrastrand reassociation of denatured DNA.Foot printing is a technique for identifying the site on DNA bound by some protein by virtue of the protection of bonds in this region against attack by nucleases.Forward mutations inatctivate a wild-type gene.Founder effect refers to the presence in a population of many individuals all with the same chromosome (or region of a chromosome) derived from a single ancestor.Frameshift mutations arise by deletions or insertions that are not a multiple of 3bp; they change the frame in which triplets are translated into protein.G banding is a technique that generates a striated pattern in metaphase chromosomes that distinguishes the members of a haploid set.G1 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the last mitosis and the start of DNA replication.G2 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the end of DNA replication and the start11。
(完整版)分子生物学》试题及答案
《分子生物学》考试试题B课程号：66000360 考试方式：闭卷考试时间：一、名词解释（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1. SD 序列2. 重叠基因3．ρ因子4．hnRNA5. 冈崎片段、6. 复制叉(replication fork)7. 反密码子(anticodon)：8. 同功tRNA9. 模板链(template strand)10. 抑癌基因二、填空题（共20空，每空1分，共20分）1.原核基因启动子上游有三个短的保守序列,它们分别为____和__区.2.复合转座子有三个主要的结构域分别为______、______、________。
3.原核生物的核糖体由_____小亚基和_____大亚基组成，真核生物核糖糖体由_____小亚基和_______大亚基组成。
4.生物界共有___个密码子，其中__ 个为氨基酸编码，起始密码子为__ _______；终止密码子为_______、__________、____________。
5. DNA生物合成的方向是_______，冈奇片段合成方向是_______。
6.在细菌细胞中，独立于染色体之外的遗传因子叫_______。
它是一种_______状双链DNA，在基因工程中，它做为_______。
三．判断题（共5题，每题2分，共10分）1.原核生物DNA的合成是单点起始，真核生物为多点起始。
( )2.在DNA生物合成中，半保留复制与半不连续复制指相同概念。
( )3.大肠杆菌核糖体大亚基必须在小亚基存在时才能与mRNA结合。
( )4.密码子在mRNA上的阅读方向为5’→ 3’。
( )5.DNA复制时，前导链的合成方向为5’→ 3’，后随链的合成方向也是5’→ 3’。
（）四、简答题（共6题，每题5分，共30分）1.简述三种RNA在蛋白质生物合成中的作用。
2.蛋白质合成后的加工修饰有哪些内容?3.简述人类基因组计划的主要任务。
4.简述现代分子生物学的四大研究热点。
2001-2016年武汉大学885分子生物学考研真题及答案解析 汇编
2017版武汉大学《分子生物学》复习全书学长寄语2017版武汉大学《885分子生物学》考研复习全书是武汉大学高分已录取的学长收集整理的，全国独家真实、可靠，是真正针对武汉大学考研的资料。
我们将所有的资料全部WORD 化，高清打印。
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2017版武汉大学考研资料《分子生物学》考研复习全书（备考经验、真题及答案解析、高分版笔记）配套教材：[1]《现代分子生物学》（第四版），朱玉贤李毅著，高等教育出版社，2012[2]《遗传学》（分子遗传学部分），王亚馥戴灼华，高等教育出版社，1999[3]《Instant Notes in Moecuar Biology》，Turner P C、Mcennan A D、Bates A D、White M R H，科学出版社。
目录第一部分：备考篇 (1)一、武汉大学介绍 (1)二、武汉大学历年复试分数线 (3)1、2016年复试分数线 (3)2、2015年复试分数线 (4)3、2014年复试分数线 (4)三、报考难度分析 (4)四、备考方法与策略 (4)1、考研政治 (4)2、考研英语 (6)3、专业课复习方法 (8)第二部分：真题篇 (10)1、2016年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (10)2、2016年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (11)3、2015年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (17)4、2015年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (19)5、2014年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (26)6、2014年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (28)7、2013年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (35)8、2013年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (37)9、2012年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (46)10、2012年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (47)11、2011年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (53)12、2011年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (55)13、2010年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (63)14、2010年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (64)15、2009年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (73)16、2009年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (75)17、2008年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (85)18、2008年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (87)19、2007年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (95)10、2007年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (97)21、2006年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (105)22、2006年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (107)23、2005年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (115)24、2005年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (117)25、2004年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (127)26、2004年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (129)27、2003年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (139)28、2003年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (141)29、2002年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (153)30、2002年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (157)31、2001年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题 (163)32、2001年武汉大学《分子生物学》考研真题答案解析 (165)第三部分：2017版精品复习笔记（高分版） (171)第一章染色体与DNA (171)知识要点 (171)考点综述 (171)真题分析 (172)复习建议 (172)核心内容 (172)第二章遗传信息传递 (185)知识要点 (185)考点综述 (185)真题分析 (186)复习建议 (188)核心内容 (189)第三章基因表达调控 (220)知识要点 (220)考点综述 (220)真题分析 (221)复习建议 (224)核心内容 (225)第四章基因工程与蛋白质工程 (234)知识要点 (234)考点综述 (234)真题分析 (235)复习建议 (240)核心内容 (241)第五章系统生物学 (247)知识要点 (247)考点综述 (247)真题分析 (248)复习建议 (249)核心内容 (249)第六章病毒分子生物学 (260)知识要点 (260)考点综述 (260)真题分析 (260)复习建议 (261)核心内容 (261)第七章病毒与人类健康 (283)知识要点 (283)考点综述 (283)真题分析 (283)复习建议 (284)核心内容 (284)第八章常用的分子生物学实验技术 (291)知识要点 (291)考点综述 (291)真题分析 (292)复习建议 (294)核心内容 (294)第四部分诺贝尔奖专题 (313)2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (313)2014年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (313)2013年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (314)2012年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (315)2011年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (315)2010年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (318)2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (319)2008年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (319)2007年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (320)2006年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (322)2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 (322)第五部分武汉大学《分子生物学》习题集 (325)第一部分：备考篇一、武汉大学介绍江城多山，珞珈独秀；山上有黉，武汉大学。
武汉大学历年分子生物学考研真题
武汉大学分子生物学历年考研真题 (2001年-2013年）武汉大学2001 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称:分子生物学科目代码: 477注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题和草稿纸上的一律无效。
一、解释概念 (20 分,每个4分)1. 卫星 DNA2. 复制体3. 逆转座子4. 反式激活因子5. 衰减子与衰减作用二：填空(30 分,每空 1 分,请将答案写在答卷上)1.从病毒到高等生物的研究表明,遗传物质是。
2.冈崎片段的发现证实了双链 DNA的复制,在复制过程中,一条新生链的合成是的,称为链;而另一条链的合成是的,称为链。
3.大肠菌中有三种DNA聚合酶,其中的polI的作用是 ,而pol III的作用是。
pol I和pol III都有的三种活性是、、。
4.由于真核细胞染色体DNA的复制要有一段RNA为引物,因此线状的DNA复制后必须存在着5’端缩短的问题。
已发现有一种端粒蛋白称为 ,它由构成,可以使单链DNA的5’延长。
5.对DNA 损伤有几种修复系统 ,其中只有修复系统可以造成DNA变异,与这一系统有关的一套基因平时受到一称为的抑制蛋白所抑制,它发挥抑制作用是结合在一段约20bp长的称为的DNA序列上,当DNA损伤时,另一种蛋白质称为。
把这种抑制蛋白水解后,修复系统的基因才会被激活。
6.真核细胞中有三种依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶分别合成不同的RNA,RNA pol I 负责合成,RNA pol II 负责合成,RNA pol III负责合成。
7.大分子互相作用是分子生物学的重要内容,包括蛋白质之间、蛋白质与DNA或RNA之间的互相作用,蛋白质有四种重要的结构花式与大分子互相作用有关, 这些结构花式是 , , 。
8.NO 是气体小分子信号,它可由脱氨产生,它的作用方式是直接与酶作用使产生cGMP(环式GMP)。
9.真核mRNA的5’端通常有帽子结构,3’端有 polyA。
在polyA上游有一保守序列称为polyA 信号,其序列为。
武汉大学2013至2014学年第一学期分子生物学期末考试试题
武汉大学2013至2014学年第一学期分子生物学期末考试试题《分子生物学》试卷Final exam of Molecular Biology Course (Spring 2014)年级______ 专业________ 学号_________ 姓名_______成绩______PART I: DESCRIPTION (2 points each)Your answer should describe what each item is and how it functions in the cell. Diagrams, structure and sequence information should be included in your answer, as necessary.1. Yeast artificial chromosome2. RNA interference3. Proteomics4. Shine-Dalgarno sequence5. Alternative splicing6. Ribozyme7. r-dependent termination8. RNA editing9. DNA lesions10. Protein targetingPART II: MULTIPLE CHOICES (1 points each)Select the one best answer for each question.1. The catalytic activity for peptide bond formation (the peptidyl transferase activity) is located in the:1) RNA of the large ribosomal subunit.2) leader sequence of the messenger RNA.3) RNA of the small ribosomal subunit.4) proteins of the small ribosomal subunit.5) proteins of the large ribosomal subunit.2. Bidirectional and semi-conservative are two terms that refer to:1) transcription.2) translation.3) replication.4) all of the above.5) none of the above.3. The fact that most amino acids are specified by multiple codons is known as:1) the “wobble” phenomenon.2) the universality of the genetic code.3) codon bias.4) the anticodon hypothesis.5) the redundancy of the genetic code.4. RNA polymerase I is the eukaryotic enzyme responsible for:1) transcription of ribosomal RNA.2) transcription of transfer RNA and other small RNA species.3) transcription of messenger RNA.4) initiation of Okazaki fragment synthesis in DNA replication.5. Restriction enzymes can cleave DNA that is either single-stranded or double-stranded, as longas it contains the appropriate recognition site.1) True 2) False6. Information about the sequence of the coding region of a gene is best obtained from:1) a YAC clone.2) a genomic clone.3) a cDNA clone.4) the protein.7. A chromatography method that can be used specifically to purify proteins based on their chargeis:1) gel filtration chromatography.2) ion-exchange chromatography.3) DNA affinity chromatography.4) antibody affinity chromatography.8. A nonsense mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that results in:1) a small deletion or insertion.2) an amino acid change in the protein encoded by the gene.3) a premature stop codon.4) all of the above.5) none of the above.9. A protein complex involved in degradation of proteins within the cell is known as the:1) ubiquitin/proteasome system.2) molecular chaperone.3) chaperonin.4) ribosome.5) Krebs/TCA cycle.10. ___binds to the repressor and turn on the transcription of the structural genes in the Lac operon.1) cAMP2) lactose3) allolactose4) CRP11. Which of the following RNA species is involved in degradation of the mRNA containing complementary sequence1) miRNA2) siRNA3) tRNA4) 5S RNA5) U3 snRNA12. The genome sequencing projects are confirming the theory that genome size is directlyproportional to the number of genes contained within that genome. In other words, a genome that is 10 times as big will contains approximately 10 times as many protein coding genes.1) True 2) False13. HeLa cells, derived from a human cervical carcinoma, are able to propagate indefinitely inculture and are therefore known as a(n):1) tissue culture.2) tumor.3) transgenic cell line.4) immortalized cell line.14. E. coli cells are smaller than yeast cells.1) True 2) False15. Which of the following domains is not a DNA binding domain1) Proline-rich domains2) Helix-turn helix domains3) Zinc finger domains4) Basic domains16. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases distinguish between about 40 different shaped tRNA molecules in the cells.1) True 2) FalsePART III: SHORT QUESTIONS (8 points each)1. How do bacterial replication start and accomplished. Remember to include theproteins/enzymes and important DNA sequence involved in this process.2.Design experiments to clone a yeast gene and express this gene in yeast.3. Below is the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the plasmid vector pUC18 and theN-terminal and C-terminal sequence of protein X. Note that the MCS constitutes a part of the LacZ open reading frame. Suppose that you are going to clone the protein X gene into pUC18, so that your target gene is transcribed under the control of LacZ promoter, and translated with the LacZ gene to produce a fusion protein. You are requested to use Bam HI and Pst I to the clone X gene, please add these restriction sites on the corresponding position of the X gene. Remember to maintain the reading frame of the X gene with the LacZ gene 4.(1) MCS of pUC18Eco RI Sac I Kpn I Sma I Bam HI Xba I Sal I Pst IACG AAT TCG AGC TCG GTA CCC GGG GAT CCT CTA GAG TCG ACC TGC AGG CAT GCAThr Asn Ser Ser Ser Val Pro Gly Asp Pro Leu Glu Ser T hr Cys Arg His Ala(2) N-terminal sequenceX gene. ATG ACC CCU CAU AAC…Met Thr Pro His Asn Gly Asp…(3) C-terminal sequence of X gene. …GAU AGU ACA GCU GCC AAG TAA…Asp Ser Thr A la Ala LysPART IV: MAJOR QUESTIONS (201:Please describe how an mRNA gene is transcribed, processed and translated in human cells. What are the possible mechanisms in regulating the expression of this gene?2 (20 points): A bacterium is found to metabolize a rare sugar produced by a plant that the bacteria grow on. However, the bacteria prefer glucose as the energy source. The problem is, if you want to finish this course with a satisfied score, you must figure out the regulatory mechanism that the bacteria used to determine the sugar choice.The gene involving in the rare sugar metabolism has been identified as fun3. You can use northern blot to analyze the expression of fun3and use DNA footprinting to analyze the binding of proteins to the control elements of fun3gene. The following table shows the experimental resultsQuestions:1. Please propose a mechanism to explain the above results. You should focus onthe question “How does the expression of fun3gene is tightly regulated so that it is only highly expressed when the rare sugar is the only carbon source”. You must answer what proteins A, B and C are. (8 points)2. How is protein A regulated? (2 points)(1) glucose turns the repressor on(2) glucose turns the repressor off(3) the rare sugar turns the repressor on(4) the rare sugar turns the repressor off3. How is protein C regulated? (2 points)(1) glucose turns the activator on(2) glucose turns the activator off(3) the rare sugar turns the activator on(4) the rare sugar turns the activator off4. How could you make the bacteria always use the rare sugar as the energy source even in the presence of glucose? (8 points)武汉大学生命科学学院2013－2014学年第一学期期末考试《分子生物学》试卷及参考答案Final exam of Molecular Biology Course (Spring 2014)写在参考答案前面的话：Ø该课程考试目的是考查学生对所学知识掌握的情况，除选择题外，其他题目的答案基本都不是唯一的。
(武汉大学)分子生物学1_3章(一般不考)
（武汉大学）分子生物学1~3章（一般不考）●孟德尔学派的世界观●解释遗传性状如何从亲代传递给子代●law of segregation 独立分离定律（孟德尔第一定律）F2代中中显隐性性状的比率是3:1●在F1代表现的性状称为dominant 显性，而在F1代不表现的性状称为recessive隐性●不同的性状是由不同对遗传因子控制的（gene 基因）●law of independent 自由组合定律（孟德尔第二定律）F2 代中显性、两种杂合、隐性性状的比率是 9:3:3:1●当对多个性状进行检测时，子代中出现了具有重组性状的豌豆●homozygous 纯种——孟德尔成功的一个关键因素杂种：heterozygous●核酸承载遗传信息●DNA能够携带遗传物质——Avery发现●Griffith的肺炎双球菌转化实验——DNA可能是关键的遗传物质S细胞加热灭活之后与R细胞混合，生成了S细胞●Avery的实验——证明了DNA是遗传物质转化活性：脱氧核糖核酸酶(-) 核酸酶(+) 各种蛋白酶(+) 用核酸酶和蛋白酶处理：排除了RNA和蛋白质的污染●双螺旋——Watson & Crick●DNA半保留复制的证明●技术：放射性同位素标记、密度梯度离心、微量密度检测仪●过程：将大肠杆菌在只含有N15的培养基中培养若干代→ 后续的培养中，每代加入10倍的N14 → 利用E.coli的菌落数确定何时取样→ 进行密度定量检测●结果：N15-N15的条带转变为N15-N15的条带，最后转变为N14-N14和N15-N14条带能说明DNA复制不是全保留复制，但还不能排除分散复制的可能●附加实验：热变性处理实验——排除了分散复制的可能，确定了DNA半保留复制●原理：加热能使DNA解离变性●将培养一代的E.coli进行热处理并对N的同位素进行密度检测，如果密度峰值只有2个，即说明是半保留复制对照组：仅用15N培养基和仅用14N培养基培养的E.coli●中心法则——遗传信息的流向●包括DNA的复制、DNA的转录、RNA的翻译●修正补充：RNA的逆转录、RNA的复制、RNA的加工●蛋白质合成方向的确定通过三个实验完全证明了①肽链是顺序合成的、●实验一——证明肽链合成是顺序的●假设（原理）在加入放射性同位素标记的氨基酸之后，短时间内将溶液中已经合成完毕的球蛋白取出并酶解，测定每一个片段的放射性强度●核糖体合成●短时间标记：核糖体上有不同长度的肽链，加上的放射性氨基酸较少，酶切后测定出的每个肽链放射性强度差不多（没有明显放射性强度梯度）●长时间标记：越来越多的放射性氨基酸被掺入肽链，进行酶切处理时，越接近合成起始端，所带有的放射性氨基酸数目越多，放射性强度越强（放射性强度出现，并形成了起始端到末端逐渐减弱的梯度）●体外合成●短时间标记：位于肽链合成末端的放射性强度是最高的，越接近起始端放射性强度越低（从合成末端到起始端逐渐减弱的放射性强度梯度）●长时间标记：越接近合成的起始端，含有放射性氨基酸肽段的数目越多（削减肽链所产生的梯度）●过程●获得标记的球蛋白（细胞：兔网织红细胞，球蛋白：血红蛋白）兔网织红细胞中只合成血红蛋白，避免了杂蛋白的干扰 H3亮氨酸对球蛋白进行短时间标记，C14亮氨酸进行长时间标记●分离溶液中的球蛋白和核糖体上正在合成的球蛋白细胞破碎、离心，获得上清液和沉淀物。
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一.解释概念(20分,每个4分)卫星DNA 复制体逆转座子反式激活因子衰减子与衰减作用三、问答题(50分)1. 说出双链DNA复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。
(15分)2. 简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。
(10分)3. 简述真核RNA聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始(15分)4. DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌(E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。
pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII等酶切点。
假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DN**段克隆到pUC质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10分)武汉大学2002分子生物学三.问答:1.简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞RNA聚合酶II转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15分)2.简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分)3.在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分)4. 你正在进行Southern blot分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH溶液中使DNA变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上,你将标记好的探针与膜杂交,却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白,哪里错了呢?(5分)一、下列名词翻译成中文，并简要解释1、Domains and motifs2、Alternative splicing3、Reporter genes4、The PCR cycle5、Restriction mapping6、Multiple cloning sites7、DNA libraries8、Proteomics9、Replicon10、Semi-conservative replication二、简答题(共5题,每题8分,共40分)1、请列举三种以上蛋白质纯化技术,并说明不同纯化技术的简单原理。
2、简述DNA损伤与DNA突变之间的区别与相互关系。
3、简述密码的简并性(degeneracy)和同义密码子(synonymous codon)及其在生物学上的重要性。
4、简述原核生物转录起始与转录终止过程中所涉及的主要蛋白质和核酸结构及其具体作用。
5、简述cDNA文库的构建过程。
三、论述题(共5题,1-4题每题15分,第5题10分,共70分)1、人类基因组计划完成的社会意义和科学意义是什么？2、什么是操纵子(operon)？试说明色氨酸操纵子(Trp operon)在原核基因表达调控中的调控机制和重要作用。
3、请简要解释顺式作用元件与反式作用因子,并举二例加以说明它们的相互作用方式。
4、试说明真核细胞与原核细胞在基因转录、翻译及DNA的空间结构方面存在的主要差异,表现在哪些方面？5、限制性核酸内切酶有哪几种类型？哪一种类型的限制酶最适合于基因工程,为什么？请简要说明其理由。
一、名词翻译与解释1、synonymous codons2、RNA editing3、Spliceosome4、Microarray5、Plaque hybridization6、Open reading frame7、Ribozyme8、RFLP9、Site specific recombination10、RNA interference二、简答题(共5小题,每小题10分,共50分)1、简述真核生物 rRNA基因,tRNA 基因和mRNA基因的转录机制。
2、原核生物和真核生物中存在哪些类型的转座子？其转座机制有那些？3、简述真核生物 DNA复制中,端粒复制与染色体其他部分DNA复制的异同和生物学意义。
4、原核生物的蛋白质合成可分为哪些阶段？简述各阶段的主要事件。
5、列举4种可用来检测,鉴定转基因动,植物的分子生物学技术和方法,简述选择这些技术的理由。
三、论述题1、试述环境因素对DNA的损伤以及生物体中存在的DNA损伤修复系统。
如果DNA损伤没有被修复会造成什么后果？2、试比较真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ识别的启动子与原核生物RNA聚合酶所识别的启动子的结构特点,各结构单元的功能是什么？为什么原核生物一种RNA聚合酶能识别不同结构基因？3、在进行基因工程时,载体是携带靶DNA片段进入宿主细胞进行扩增和表达的工具,请问一个载体应具有哪些基本特性和结构特点？4、人类基因组计划基本完成表明：人类基因组约有3×109 bp（而大肠杆菌的基因组约为4.6 ×106 bp),其中仅有百分之一的基因组DNA直接编码蛋白质,约有百分之二十四的基因组DNA为内含子,而百分七十五的基因组DNA为其他非编码序列。
试从(1)传代中遗传信息的保持；(2)基因表达调空的角度来论述人类基因组如此排列的可能生物学意义。
武汉大学2005年分子生物学一、名解(4/10)1、Ubiquitin2、ribosomal binding site3、siRNA miRNA4、proteome5、DNA foot printing6、single nucleotide polymorphism7、chromosome walking8、haplotype9、zoo blot10、transcription unit二、简答(5/10)1、简述真核细胞rRNA 、tRNA和mRNA转录使用的聚合酶及各 RNA前体(precursor)加工的基本过程？2、研究表明蛋白质组比基因组更复杂，蛋白质组中存在的蛋白质数目比基因组中存在的基因数目要多许多，这是如何造成的，你如何解释这种现象？3、简述原核与真核细胞染色体结构的差别4、在分子生物学研究中经常用各种载体进行研究工作，试问有哪些不同大小类型的载体,各自的主要特点是什么？5、简述DNA损伤修复的机制,在什么情况下DNA损伤会引起DNA突变？三、论述4/151、蛋白质与核酸的相互作用存在于基因表达的各个水平上,请分别举例说明在基因复制RNA 转录和蛋白质翻译过程中二者的相互作用。
2、一个真核细胞的蛋白质编码基因有哪些结构元件(或组建)组成(包括各种调控元件)？请画图表示,并说名各元件的功能与作用？3、请设计一组试验来 (1)克隆一个你所感兴趣的人类基因 (2)并对基因产物大量表达与纯化 (3)然后研究该基因的生物学功能4、生命科学的研究已进入后基因组时代,试从“分子生物学”的角度来谈谈你对后基因组时代的认识,并预测后基因组时代里“分子生物学”发展的未来一、名解4*101、DNA Microarray2、Spliceosome3、Cosmid vector4、Proteasome5、Zinc finger domain6、DNase I hypersensitivity7、Insulator8、Post-transcriptional gene silencing9、Reverse transcription PCR10、Missense mutation二、简答题 10*51、简述microRNA 的基因调控功能与机制。
2、简述染色体端粒复制的问题,人正常细胞和癌细胞的端粒复制有何不同？3、真核生物基因组中含有几种类型的DNA序列？你如何设计实验来证明？4、简述RNA编辑(RNA editing)的机制及其对基因表达的影响。
5、下面的DNA序列中含有一个假象基因,编码仅5个氨基酸。
请写出这些氨基酸的密码子以及终止密码子,并指出RNA转录的模版是哪条链？启动子在该序列左侧还是右侧？5-TCATGCTAGACACGTAATAGCATATGGGA-3 3-AGTACGATCTGTGCATTATCGTATACCCT-5三、论述题15*41、论述一个真核基因产生有功能的蛋白质需要经过哪些分子生物学工程(event)？列出每个过程发生的细胞位置和参与的主要酶和蛋白因子。
2、有哪几种类型的遗传重组?其重组的特点如何？3、DNA的甲基化在遗传信息的传递、DNA复制和DNA损伤修复等过程中有什么重要意义？请举例说明。
4、假如你进入实验室开始研究一个小鼠DNA结合蛋白的生物学功能: (1)、请设计实验确定其编码基因在小鼠细胞内的表达水平？ (2)、请设计实验确定该蛋白的那个结构域具有DNA 结合功能？ (3)、如何确定该蛋白在小鼠体内(in vivo)的生物学功能？一、名词翻译与解释(共10小题 ,每小题4分 ,共40分)1、Transcriptome2、Translesion replication3、Riboswitch4、Synonymous mutation5、Tandem gene cluster6、Frameshift7、Nucleosome positioning8、Non-autonomous transposon9、Holliday junction 10、Polymerase switching二、简答题(共5小题 ,每小题10分 ,共50分)1、试从DNA和RNA结构的不同解释为什么DNA被广泛作为遗传信息的承载者？RNA在细胞内行使哪些功能？2、什么是蛋白质组?什么是蛋白质组学?如何理解高等生物细胞中一个基因组可以产生多少个蛋白质组？3、什么是解旋酶(helicase)？请设计实验并画设计图证明一个DNA解旋酶是具有3’→5’还是5’→3’解旋活性？4、论述原核生物基因表达调控的主要策略,并举例进行详细说明？5、核糖体是蛋白质合成的主要机器。
请问原核生物有哪些亚基和分子组成?核糖体在蛋白质翻译过程中有哪些功能位点？起什么作用？三、论述题(共4小题 ,每题15分 ,共60分)1、在真核生物中,成熟的mRNA序列往往与基因组DNA序列之间存在许多差异,有些序列甚至在基因组DNA上根本没有相应的互补序列。
另外，同一种基因的DNA常常会转录出多种mRNA。
请解释并说明产生这些现象的机制及其意义。
2、真核细胞mRNA的Ⅱ型RNA聚合酶转录,需要Ⅱ型启动子和转录因子TFⅡA ,TFⅡB ,TFⅡD ,TFⅡE 和TFⅡH等。
(1)请设计实验证明这些转录因子和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ结合到启动子的顺序；(2)请设计实验证明TFⅡD复合体可以单独准确结合到启动子TATA box上；(3)TFⅡD 复合体包括哪些蛋白质？如果你有其中一个蛋白质的抗体,并知道其他几个蛋白质的大小,请设计实验验证TFⅡD复合体的组分。
3、DNA复制具有很高的准确性(accuracy)或保真度(fidelity), 出错率低于1010 分之一。