中西翻译理论

Steiner’s hermeneutic motion:The hermeneutic which forms the core of Steiner‟s description consists of four parts: 1.initiative trust 2.aggression 3.incorporation pensation.George Steiner defines the hermeneutic approach as the investigation of what is means to “understand” a piece of oral or written speech, and the attempt to diagnose this process in terms of a general model of meaning.Communicative translation: NewmarkCommunicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the reader of the original.Communicative translation resembles Nida‟s dynamic equivalence in the effect it is trying to create on the TT reader.Semantic translation: NewmarkSemantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. Semantic translation has similarities to Nida‟s formal equivalence.The cultural turn:It is the term used in translation studies for the move towards the analysis of translation from a cultural studies angle. It is taken by Bassnet and Lefevere as a metaphor for this cultural move and serves to bind together the range of case studies in their collection. Schleiermacher:He is German theologian and translator, he wrote a highly influential treatise on translation “On the different methods of translating”. He is recognized as the founder of modern Prootestant theology and of modern hermeneutics, a Romantic approach to interpretationbased on absolute truth but on the individual‟s inner feeling and understanding. Schleiermacher first distinguishes two different types of translator working on different types of text, they are: 1. the “Dolmetscer”, who translate commercial texts: 2. the “Ubersetzer”. Who works on scholarly and artistic texts.Translation as rewriting: Andr’e LefevereHis work in translation studies developed out of his strong links with Polysystem theory and the Manipulation School. Although some may argue that Lefevere sits more easily among the systems theorists, his later work on translation and culture in many ways represents a bridging point to the cultural turn. They are most fully developed in his book “Translation”, “Rewriting” and the “Manipulation of Literary Fame”. The motivation for such rewriting can be ideological (conforming to or rebelling against the dominant ideology ) of poetological (conforming to of rebelling against the dominant/preferred poetics ).Domestication: VenutiVenuti sees domestication as dominating Anglo-American translation culture. It involves an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to [Anglo-American] target-language cultural values. This entails translating in a transparent, fluent, invisible style in order to minimize the foreigners of the TT. Domestication further covers adherence to domestic literary canons by carefully selecting the texts that are likely to lend themselves to such a translation strategy.Foreignization: VenutiIt entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language. Venuti considers theforeignizing method to be an ethnodeviant pressure on [target-language cultural] values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. It is “highly desirable”, he says, in an effort to restrain the ethnocentric violence of translation. In other words, the foreigning method can restrain the “violently”domesticating cultural values of the English-language world. The foreigning method of translating, a strategy Venuti also terms “resistancy”,is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the presence of the translator by highlighting the foreign identity of the ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture.Skopos theory:Skopos is the Greek word for …aim‟ or …purpose‟ and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating. The major work on Skopos theory is “Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation”, a book Vermeer co-authored with Katharina Reiss. Skopos theory focuses above all on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. The results is the TT, which Vermeer calls the translatum. Therefore, in skopos theory, knowing why an ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT will be are crucial for the translator.Postcolonial translation theory: Simon highlights Spivak's concerns about the ideological consequences of the translation of the 'Third World' literature into the English and the distortion this entails. Spivak has addressed these questions in her seminal essay 'the politics of translation' which brings together feminist, postcolonialist andpoststructuralist approaches. Such translation, in Spivak's view, is often expressed in 'translationese', which eliminates the identity of politically less powerful individuals and cultures.Spivak's work is indicative of how cultural studies, and especially postcolonialism, has over the past decade focused on issues of translation, translational and colonization. The linking of colonization and translation is accompanied by the argument disseminating an ideologically motivated image of colonized peoples.The central intersection of translation studies and postcolonial theory is that of power relations. Niranjana's Siting Translation: History, Post-structuralism, and the Colonial Context presents an image of the postcolonial as 'still scored through by an absentee colonialism'. She sees literary translation as one of the discourse which 'inform the hegemonic apparatuese that belongs to the ideological structure of colonial rule'. Niranjana's focus is on the way translation into English has generally been used by the colonial power to construct a rewritten image of the 'East' that has been then come to stand for the truth.In general, that the postcolonial translator must call into question every aspect of colonialism and liberal nationalism.The 'invisibility' of the translator:Invisibility is a term by Venuti to describe the translator's situation and activity in contemporary British and American cultures. V enuti discusses invisibility hand in hand with two types of translating strategy: domestication and foreignization.Discipline, interdiscipline and sub-discipline:According to Holmes‟s mapping of the new discipline of translation studies, it wasdescribed how translation studies has developed, initially with courses as a part of other disciplines such as modern languages, contrastive linguistics and comparative literature. Yet, despite the boom in interest in the field at the end of the twentieth centrry, there still remains a reluctance within some sections of the academic world to place translation studies on an equal footing with longer-established disciplines. Some moves in recent years have been towards establishing links across disciplines. Such interdisciplinary approaches break down barriers and reflect the rapid exchange of knowledge in an increasingly globalized and information-rich society. An interdiscipline can be studied an taught in its own right and can also promote cross-discipline co-operation. Translation studies would itself be the Phoenician trader among longer-established disciplines, having a primary relationship to disciplines such as linguistics, modern languages and language studies, comparative literature, cultural studies and philosophy. However, the relationship of translation studies to other disciplines is not fixed.论述题：In western country, the issues of meaning and equivalence are discussed by Nida in favor of “two basic orientations”or “types of equivalence”: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. These are discussed by Nida as follows: formal equivalence: focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Dynamic equivalence: is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.In china, Yan Fu has put forward “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”as the principle of translation. According to him, the types of translation tend to concern with artand esthetic and are more abstract.There are both similarities and differences between western and Chinese theory of translation. Similarities: 1. pursue the principle of faithful to the original article. Both western and Chinese considered the faithful as the most important principle in translation and there is only a different in using words. 2. Follow the principle of adapting to the reader. Nida and Yan Fu both emphasize that the style of the translation should be adapted to the conditions of the receptor. Differences: Although there are similarities about the theory of translation between western and Chinese, there are also some differences between them. These differences are caused by the different traditional theory, cultural background, individual‟s cognitive theory of the criticizer between western and Chinese. 1. Nida‟s theory of equivalence is more systematic and scientific than Yan Fu‟s theory of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Firstly, the equivalence theory is more explicit so it‟s not easy to make difference. Secondly, equivalence theory emphasizes the communicative ability of language, and has adopted pragmatic linguistic and combined closely with some other subjects. 2. The guidance of practice: in china, the translation is a “single-system” practice, only between Chinese and western language, while translation in western country are more frequently and the languages involved in the practice are more complicated than Chinese. Yan Fu‟s theory pays more attention on the result of translation while Nida‟s theory emphasizes the process of translation. So we can see that Nida‟s theoty enjoys more practicable and operational than Yan Fu‟s theory.。