1995年翻译题解1
1995年12月听力文字带翻译
95 年12 月托福听力文字Part A1. A: It’s a beautiful day today. Want to go roller-skating?B: Any other time will be great. But today I’m working on a paper.What does the woman mean?2. A: I though you said you are going to call me last week about that car I’m s elling.B: Oh, I’m so sorry. It completely slipped my mind.What does the man mean?3. A: Before we go to the movie theater, I have to stop at the bank and get some money.B: Don’t worry about that. This is my treat.What does the woman mean?4. A: How did you like the concert? I found it really moving.B: I love classical music. But that conductor seemed a bit inexperienced.What does the man mean?5. A: I can’t find Elm Drive anywhere on this map. I don’t think there is any such street.B: It’s probably in the new part of town. We’ll have to call for directions.What can be inferred from the conversation?6. A: You seem cheerful today.B: It’s nice to see the sun for a change.What does the woman mean?7. A: I can’t believe that Prof. Lawrence is going to retire.B: He’s still going to lead a graduate seminar on each semester thought.What does the man mean?8. A: We’re having all kinds of troubles finding a new apartment for next year. What about you? B: My roommate and I decided that this year we’d stay p ut.What does the man mean?9. A: I fixed the window, painted the bookcase and repaired the desk and chair.B: Been busy, haven’t you?What does the woman imply about the man?10. A: Want to go to the library now, Betty?B: How about an hour or so?What does Betty mean?11. A: Excuse me. Your menu has so many salads. Could you recommend something?B: I think you will find that the chef salad is particularly good. The dressing is made with fresh apples.What will the man probably do next?12. A: If this weat her keeps up, I’m going to have to buy a warmer coat.B: Sounds like a good idea. Spring is still a long way off, you know.What does the man mean?13. A: I’m so frustrated. We’re supposed to do our assignments for statistics on the computer. But the ones on the student center are always tied up.B: I know what you mean. I’m looking forward to the day when I can afford to get myown.What does the woman mean?14. A: Ted, would you be interested in serving on the membership committee this year?B: Ohm, can I get back to you on that?What will the man probably do?15. A: Larry got a very high mark on this lab report.B: How he managed that is a mystery to me.What does the man imply?16. A: I heard you went to Colorado skiing over winter break.B: It was the m ost fun I’ve had in years.What does the woman mean?17. A: I really thought I’d win the match.B: Oh, well, better luck next time, Harry.What can be inferred from the conversation?18. A: I’m going to the store. Need anything?B: Well, I am low on laundry detergent.What does the man imply?19. A: Have you heard? There is going to be a history exam next Friday.B: Just what I need. Another test to study for.What does the man imply?20. A: Sam’s voice sounds awful. I could barely hear him.B: Yes, he’s go t a terrible sore throat. The doctor said he shouldn’t even attempt to whisper. What does the woman imply about Sam?21. A: If I’m not mistaken, your birthday is coming up. Has your brother sent you anything?B: Not yet. He never forgets though.What does the man imply?B: Why worry. We have a vacation coming up soon and you’ll have a lot of time.What does the man mean?23. A: Everyone’s raving about the new film at the center theater.B: Yeah, I hear it’s quite something.What is the attitude of the speakers toward the film?24. A: I feel so energetic since I started that aerobics class.B: Yeah, I am jealous. I’ve got to get into shape.What does the man mean?25. A: It’s raining again.B: This makes it four days in a row. Do you think it’ll ever stop?What does the woman mean?26. A: I heard Dan twisted his ankle during basketball practice yesterday.B: I guess that explains why I saw him at the clinic.What can be inferred about Dan?27. A: You seem on edge this morning.B: I have to give a presentation in class this afternoon.What does the man imply?28. A: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.B: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.What does the woman imply?29. A: I don’t know why we haven’t heard anything from Jane about Sunday.B: We’ve been in and out all week. Maybe we should try calling her.What does the man imply about Jane?30. A: What a gorgeous jacket! It must’ve cost a fortune.B: Not at all. It’s a hand-me-down.What does the man say about the jacket?Part BQuestions 31-34 Listen to a conversation between two students.Hey, Sue. I was wondering if you could fill me in on Monday’s class? I had to go the dentist for emergency and I misse d Prof. Smith’s lecture. What was it on?It was pretty interesting. She talked about volcanoes, active volcanoes, under the-uh-West Antarctic ice sheet.There are active volcanoes under the ice?Apparently so. She said they help protect the ice sheet and prevent melting.Flooding will be pretty bad if that ice melted, not only there, but all over the world.You lost me there. Volcanoes are hot. How can something hot prevent ice from melting.Wait a minute, let me check my notes. Yeah, here it is. Volcanic heat melts just enough ice to create a slippery surface on the bottom of the glacier. This water allows ice to fellow out into the ocean. So the solid interior ice is protected from the ocean’s warm.Does that make sense?Sort of. You mean that because the ice is flowing out to the ocean, the warmer ocean water can’t flow in.Exactly. And the ice that melts is constantly being replaced by snow. Prof. Smith said that if the ice sheet ever broke up and melted, the sea level would go up seven meters. Then we would have those floods.Is that really possible? Or is it one of those exaggerations you hear all the time.As far as I can understand, it is possible, because of global warming. I mean if the ocean got a lot warmer that interior ice would be very likely to melt.Thanks for telling me about the lecture. Sounds like I’ve missed a pretty important class.嘿，苏。
上海高考语文25年文言文句子翻译题真题汇总(1995-2019,含答案)附文言翻译技巧
2019民饥甚矣，必请而赈，是坐以待毙也；赈而勿请，罪在太守。
宁以一身活数万人。
百姓已经非常饥饿了，一定要请示后才能赈济，这就像坐着等死；赈济百姓却不请示，罪责就在太守。
我宁愿用一人性命救活数万百姓。
文言文翻译既是学习文言文的重要目标，也是文言阅读题考察的重要题型。
通常对于文言文的翻译，应坚持“直译为主，意译为辅”的原则，通过“增删留补调换”的方法，达到准确翻译的目的。
而在实际操作中，还有一些难点需要突破，已经超出了上文方法所能应对，下面拟从四个方面来探讨这个问题。
一是注意把握句子关系，准确添加关联词语省略句是文言文中常见的句式，这是由文言文行文简练的习惯造成的。
一般文言文句子中的主谓宾，乃至介词都容易补充出来，除了文言文中常见的的关联词（固定词组）外，主要靠意合连接，正是由于这一情况的存在，关联词语往往被忽略，这直接影响了句子的整体质量。
诸如：（一）假设复句1.微夫人之力不及此。
（《烛之武退秦师》）译文：（如果）没有那个人的力量我（就）没有今天的地位。
2.养生丧死无憾，王道之始也。
（《寡人之于国也》）译文：（如果）能做到让老百姓对生养死葬没有什么不满意的，这（就）是王道的开始了。
（二）转折复句1.君子生非异也，善假于物也。
（《劝学》）译文：（虽然）君子的天性与一般人相比没有什么区别，（但是）却善于利用外物。
2.大将军邓骘奇其才，累召不应。
（《张衡传》）译文：大将军邓骘认为张衡的才能很奇异，（虽然）多次征召他，（但是）他都没有接受。
（三）条件复句1.道之所存，师之所存也。
（《师说》）译文：（只要）道理存在的地方，（就）是老师所在的地方。
2.岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。
（《论语子罕》）译文：（只有）到了天气最寒冷的时候，（才）会知道松树和柏树是最后凋零的。
（四）因果复句1.知不可骤得，托遗响于悲风。
（《赤壁赋》）译文：（因为）知道这种空想不能得到，（所以）只能在悲凉的秋风中寄托袅袅的箫声。
2.家富良马，其子好骑，堕而折其髀。
考研真题翻译讲解
2014考研基础讲义之语法解绝真题相关讲义句子对照翻译：1. （1997年翻译）On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.能被确定的是，从权利观的一个观点看来，这个争论必须要遵从这一点，即动物们毫无权利2.（2006年阅读4）happiness more often than not ends in sadness. 幸福往往以悲伤为结局。
3.（2012年翻译）Ch omsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Chomsky的语法应该反映出语言变化的模式，这个模式独立于语言谱系，或者独立于通过该谱系所产生的路径，而格林伯格的普遍性理论则认为，在特定种类的词序关系之间，有着强烈的相互依赖性。
4.（2002 年阅读）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term. 强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。
5.（1996年翻译）This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家政府得出这样的结论：具体的要求通常是无法具体地预见到的。
1995考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
1995 Text 1Paragraph 11、Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. 花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的。
2、It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. 它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳固的国内市场，并且有可能以有竞争力的价格提供出口商品。
2.1 distribution英/dɪstrɪ'bjuːʃ(ə)n/ 美/'dɪstrə'bjʊʃən/n. 分布；分配2.2 thereby英/ðeə'baɪ/ 美/,ðɛr'baɪ/adv. 从而，因此；在那附近；在那方面3、By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. 通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。
通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对抗失业的一项有效措施。
3.1 enormously英/ɪ'nɔːməslɪ/ 美/ɪ'nɔrməsli/adv. 巨大地，庞大地；非常地，在极大程度上3.2 labour英/'leɪbə/ 美/ˈlebɚ/n. 劳动力，人工；分娩vi. 劳动；分娩；费力地前进4、It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. 它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出百分之二十。
考研英语1995-阅读真题_全文翻译
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除2010 Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published inthe daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now knownsolely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writingson music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
1995—2005年英语专八翻译真题及答案
英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案（1995-2005）1995 年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。
因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。
但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。
有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。
这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。
史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。
也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。
参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deep or not or whether it excels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) thefact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts)to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on w hat is “important” and what is not.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacksof street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I amrated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring valuesmore central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in smallplaces that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot bebanished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions ofone-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。
ielts task1句子翻译
IELTS WRITING:T ASK 1Introductory sentence:1．表格显示了1995年二月某大学书店小说类图书、非小说类图书以及杂志(fiction books, non-fiction books, and magazines)的销售情况。
2．从1950年至1990年，城市居民的交通方式发生了显著的变化。
3．本图显示，男女之间每周用于无酬工作的时间是不一样的。
4．柱状图比较了到1994年6月前12个月内顶点石油工司(ACME Oil Company)各级管理人员中男女所占的比例。
5．两幅饼状图表明了体力劳动与非体力劳动(manual and non-manual occupation) 61个基本工种中男性与女性的受雇比例。
6．两幅饼状图说明了男性和女性被捕(arrest)的比例，而条形图则说明了他（她）们被捕的原因。
7．本图显示了1994年财政年度(financial year)四个季度以及12个月份中顶点跑车公司和布莱森汽车公司( Acme Sports Cars and Branson Motors)的赢利情况。
8．曲线图展示了1950年至1996年间全世界以百万公顷为计算单位的谷物收割总面积。
(hectare)9．图表表明了自1985年以来弗莱德尼亚(Freedonia)地区能源需求和矿物燃料能够供给的能源之间的关系，并做出直至2005年的预测。
10．据图所示，1975年至1995年20年间Freedona共和国地区劳动大军(work force)中妇女人数发生了很大的变化。
11．据图表所示，广播电听众与电视观众人数有许多变化。
12．本图表表示出了四个不同欧洲国家消费者的喜好。
13．此表通过四项基本经济指数显示出所选五个国家在1982年的生活水平。
14．只要看一眼1994年加拿大、日本、秘鲁和扎伊尔(Canada, Japan, Peru and Zaire)四个国家的四项经济和社会指数(indicator)就能发现富裕和贫穷国家之间存在的巨大差别。
英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案
1995年英语专业八级考试简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。
因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。
但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。
有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。
这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。
史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。
也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。
参考译文：颜林海Jane Austin’s novels tell about such things unimportant as life, love and marriage in a few families that many Chinese readers do not understand why she has enjoyed such a high reputation in the western countries. But subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we can judge whether or not a novel has its depth, or whether or not it has something superior to others in its artistic appeal and ideological content. Some people compare Austin’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the tastier you feel them. It is not only because of her wonderful language as well as her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also because of something that her light and lively narrative hides——something implicit and opaque. Mrs Smith once said, women writers often tried to rectify the existing value orders, and to change people’s opinions on “what’s important or not”. Maybe Austin’s novels can teach us how to change our perspective and vision, really to dig those things important through the narrative of the ones unimportant.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do es the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense of self?I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are, sadly, more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.比较而言，我住在在收费不菲的城市公寓里，步行去工作还得经过恶臭的街头圾袋，向我一向讨厌的地方政府和州政府缴纳高利贷式税收，竟然还被认定为中产阶级。
1995年日语二级试题文法解析
～～というより “与其～～不如～～”彼女は美人というよりかわいい感じだと思う（与其说她是个美人到不如说她很可爱）。
1 基づき ②限らず 3 わたって 4 すぎず
解析：～～過ぎず＝すぎない“只不过是``` ” 口実に過ぎず（只不过是个借口）
～～にわたって ⑸番の解析をみてください。
～～に限らず 不限于～～、不仅～～而且～～
文の意味：据说那位选手小时候不只是在足球方面而且在体育活动各个方面都很优秀。
文の意味：在大城市中有垃圾处理，防震，交通阻塞等各种问题。
⒃ スケジュールが詰まっているが、兄が結婚するので、国に＿＿ものなら帰りたい。
① 帰れる 2帰る 3 帰りたい 4帰ろう
解析：～～ものなら “假如｜如果～～”前面的动词常用动词的可能态。
文の意味：日程表已经安排满了，但是因为哥哥要结婚，所以如果能回去的话我想回去。
～～における 相当于?での?，书面语，“在～～”家庭における彼女は実によい母親である（在家庭之中她的确是个好母亲）。
～～に基づく 基于，根据，憲法に基づく（根据宪法）
文の意味：这个店特别注意自己对顾客的词语运用和态度。
⒀ Ａさんは会社を辞めた理由を病気のためだと言っているが、それは単なる口実＿＿。
1 わけは 2 以内は 3 うちは ④ 以上は
解析：過去式＋以上 既然～～就～～ わけ：原因、理由.
文の意味:既然我已经决定戒酒了，那么无论你怎么邀请我也不喝。
翻译
内大2009中国妇女1995年，联合国第四次妇女大会在中国北京召开。
这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。
新中国的成立宣告了中国妇女在政治、经济、社会和家庭生活等各方面均享有和男子平等的权利。
今天的中国妇女已做到了同工同酬。
她们不再像以前一样要依靠她们的丈夫。
女同志可以做过去只是男的可以做的工作了。
不少人甚至成为领导干部。
虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步，但还未完全实现平等就业的机会。
例如，在就业方面她们总是在男的后面。
而形势紧张了，又总是第一个下岗。
显然，在争取平等的斗争中，她们还有很长的路要走。
Chinese womenIn 1995, the United Nations Fourth Conference on Women was held in Beijing, China. This makes the situation of women in China gain much world attention. It is declared with the founding of New China that Chinese women enjoyed the equal rights to the men in the political, economic, social and family life and other aspects. Today's Chinese women have achieved equal pay. They don't have to rely on their husbands no longer as before. Lesbians can do what only can done by men in the past. Many women even become leading cadres. Although the Chinese women's equality has made great progress, but not yet fully implemented equal employment opportunities. For example, in employment, they are always behind the males. The situation is tense, and always the first one laid off. Clearly, in the struggle for equality, they still have a long way to go.Ideas are dangerousI do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the nuclear bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down,or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or , to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.思想是危险的我不怀疑，这将有可能注入现代世界，将彻底摧毁我们的想法。
1991-1995年考研英语真题答案及解析_20190826_094623
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析SectionⅠUse of English1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to+名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。
Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one’s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，（使）适合（新情况）”。
代入adapt之后，空格所在句大意为：他们（收音机评论员）努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。
[B]符合文义。
[A]turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如：I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。
[C]Alter意为cause to change;make different;cause a transformation改变，如：He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。
[D]Modify意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective“（略微地）修改，更改，改进”，如：Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。
考研英语阅读真题正文 全文翻译[1995_2010][1]
![考研英语阅读真题正文 全文翻译[1995_2010][1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5a773afe6137ee06eff918b5.png)
2010 Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will e njoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
1995—2005年英语专八翻译真题及答案
英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案（1995-2005）1995 年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。
因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。
但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。
有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。
这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。
史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。
也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。
参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deepor not or whether it excels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) thefact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts)to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on what is “important” and what is not.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacksof street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I amrated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring valuesmore central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards an d gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in smal l places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in smallplaces that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot bebanished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions ofone-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。
翻译复习资料1
我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。
I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.中国有13亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。
China has a population of more than 1.3 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world’s average.你们的计划要进行调整。
Your plan will have to be adjusted.他总算把记者招待会对付过去了。
After all, he survived the press conference.公共汽车为人们去长城参观提供了方便。
Buses provide easy access to the Great Wall.为了多积攒点钱买房子，他们省吃俭用。
They live frugally to accumulate more money to buy a house.我们必须广泛地利用现代科学技术的新成就。
We must utilize the results of modern science and technology on a wide/large scale.我们的心永远向着祖国。
Our hearts are always towards our motherland.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.送君千里，终有一别。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题(答案和详解)
1995年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
1995年考研英语阅读与翻译详细解析
1995年考研英语阅读与翻译试题与分析Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiv e—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement一、文章结构总体分析本文论述了广告对现代社会做出了很大贡献。
1995—2005年英语专八翻译真题及答案
英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案（1995-2005）1995 年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。
因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。
但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。
有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。
这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。
史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。
也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。
参考译文：However, subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we judge a novel of its depth as well as (of ) its artistic appeal and ideological content (or: as to whether a novel digs deepor not or whether it excels in artistic appeal and ideological content). Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty (the tastier) they become. This comparison is based not only on (This is not only because of ) her expressive language and her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also on (because of ) thefact that what hides behind her light and lively narrative is something implicit and opaque (not so explicit and transparent). Mrs. Smith once observed, women writers often sought (made attempts)to rectify the existing value concepts (orders) by changing people’s opinions on what is “important” and what is not.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacksof street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I amrated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring valuesmore central to the good life?For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards an d gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self?I don’t want to idealize life in smal l places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in smallplaces that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot bebanished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions ofone-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.参考译文：对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
1995年考研英语真题及解析
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
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北京新东方国内部唐静《考研英语拆分与组合翻译法》第四章第六节1995年翻译题解说明：欢迎转载，最好注明出处。
这是早期写这本《拆分与组合翻译法》的稿子，所以，或许其中有些小错，敬请谅解，并指出，我会在新浪上专门放一篇文章，大家可以对我这本书中的错误进行讨论。
我想用点时间，争取明年新版的时候把这本书中的内容稍微改一改。
如何使用这个材料，我也在新浪博客上会有说明。
我的博客：/tangjing谢谢你们，祝福各位考研人。
唐静2011年2月16日。
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that○1○2○3lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. (22 words)○4拆分：○1整个句子是一个并列复合句，连词for连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句是The target is wrong，○2for连接的第二个并列句中in attacking the tests作状语，○3第二个并列句的主干部分是critics divert attention from the fault，○4that引导的定语从句，修饰the fault。
炼词：1）attack有“进攻，攻击；抨击，批评”的意思。
2）critics有“批评家，评论家”的意思，请参考1992年72）题中的动词criticise。
3）divert是“转向，转移”的意思，如：A ditch diverted water from the stream into the fields.（一条沟渠把水从河里引向田间），The government is planning to divert the river tosupply water to the town.（政府正计划改变河道为那座城镇供水），A loud noise fromthe street diverted my attention.（街上一阵喧闹声转移了我的注意力）。
divert的名词形式是diversion，它也是“转向，转移”的意思。
4）lies with有“在于...，存在于…，属于...，由...决定，由...而引起”等意思，如：The choice lies with you.（由你来做出选择）。
5）ill-informed是一个合成词，它由ill-（不好的）+informed合成，有“消息不灵通的，所了解不多的，不甚了解的”等意思。
这样由“ill- +过去分词”构成的常见的合成词还有：ill-advised （没脑筋的，无分别的），ill-behaved ill-bred（没有教养的，没有礼貌的，粗野的）ill- ill-considered（不充分考虑的，不妥当的），ill-defined（不清楚的，欠明了的），ill-founded（无正当理由的，无确实根据的），ill-judged（欠思考的，判断失当的），ill-mannered（态度恶劣的，粗野的）。
6）incompetent有“无能力的，不熟练的；不适当的，不胜任的，不合格的”等意思，如：be incompetent as a pilot（不适宜当飞行员），an incompetent candidate（不合格的候选人）。
组合：○1The target is wrong是第一个并列句，可以直接翻译为“目标是错误的”。
但是，根据翻译的标准，the target翻译成“目标”，显然是“准确”的，但是不太符合“通顺和完整”的翻译标准，因为会给译文读者留下“什么目标”的感觉。
所以，最好根据上下文把the target （目标）翻译得更完整。
返回原文，在上一句话The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting student, employees and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.（标准化教育测试或心理测试现在广泛应用于选拔、分类、委派或者提升学生、雇员和军事人员。
这些测试一直是某些人今年来在图书、杂志、日报、甚至国会中抨击的目标。
）中，我们可以清楚的知道the target应该就是指The standardize test （标准化测试）；或者就在下文，就在本句要求翻译的化线句子中in attacking the tests也可以知道the target应该是指“标准化测试”。
所以，整个第一个并列句最后可以调整为：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的。
○2for in attacking the tests是由连词for连接的第二个并列部分的状语部分，可以直接翻译为“因为在抨击这些测试的时候…”。
○3critics divert attention from the fault是第二个并列结构中的主干部分，如果直接翻译的话，可以翻译为“批评家把注意力从错误转移开”。
这样翻译显然是既不符合“通顺”的标准，又不符合汉语习惯。
由于divert…from…（把…从…转移）具有否定的意味，所以我们可以用“没有注意到错误”来翻译divert attention from the fault。
所以整个部分可以调整为“批评家没有注意到错误”。
从divert…from…的翻译中我们可以看出，有时候英语语言中由“…from”构成的词组可能具有否定意味，可以用汉语的否定句来翻译。
比如far from…是“远离…”的意思，可以翻译为否定，如：Swimming here is far from dangerous.（在这里游泳一点也不危险）。
又如keep…from：My mothers keep me from going outside at night.（妈妈不让我晚上出门去）。
○4that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users是由that引导的定语从句，其先行词是the fault。
首先，lie with是“在于...，存在于…，属于...，由...决定，由...而引起”的意思，所以这个部分可以直接翻译为“…在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者上”，或者“由那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者所引起”。
其次，根据定语从句的翻译方法，可以把这个定语从句组合到其先行词后面。
所以，如果把○3+○4组合在一起就是：批评家没有注意到错误在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者；或者翻译为“批评家没有注意到错误是由那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者所引起”。
当然，如果要进一步阐明的话，这里的users 应该是users of the tests（测试的使用者），所以上面的译文还可以调整为：批评家没有注意到错误是由于测试使用者对测试不甚了解或者使用不当所引起的。
完整译文：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者。
或者还可以翻译为：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误是由于测试使用者对测试不甚了解或者使用不当所引起的。
考点小结：（1）并列结构；（2）定语从句；（3）词组lies with...。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the○1amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with ○2○3which it is interpreted.（32 words）○4拆分：○1整个句子是一个复合句，主干的主语是一个How引导的主语从句，○2主干的谓语部分是动词短语depend upon…and on…所带的两个并列宾语部分，○3and连接的第二个并列宾语部分，介词on其实是动词短语depend on的省略，○4which引导一个定语从句，修饰the skill and wisdom。
炼词：1)prediction是“预言，预测”的意思。
它是predict的名词形式。
2)validate有“使生效，使有法律效力；批准，确认；证实，证明”等意思，请参考1992年73）题。
3)amount可以当名词用，有“数量”的意思，如：large amounts of money（大量的金钱）；还有“主旨，重要性”的意思，如：The amount of his remarks is that ...（他的话总的意思是...）。
amount还可以当动词用，有“总计，共计；达到，等于；实际是，意味着”的意思，如：His debts amount to five thousand dollars.（他欠的债共达五千元），This amounts to a refusal.（这等于拒绝），What, after all, does it amount to?（这到底意味着什么?）。
跟amount搭配的短语常常有：an amount of（相当数量的，一些），any amount of（任何数量的，大量的），be of little amount（不重要，无价值），in amount（总之，结局，总计），in large amount（大量地，大批地，大宗地），to theamount of（总计达...，总数达...），amount to（达到，等于，实际上是），amount to little（没有什么价值）。
4)performance有“表现，表演，履行，实行，执行”的意思，如：a fetching performance（吸引人的表演），academic performance（学业成绩，学术成就）。
performance是perform的名词形式，perform有“表演，操作，表现，实行，执行，履行”等意思，如：The singer performed beautifully.（这个歌手唱得好极了），to perform a task（做一项工作），The surgeon performed the operation.（医师做了手术），perform one'scontractual obligations（履行合同规定的义务）。