专业英语阅读与翻译基础知识

※ 惯用法 since从句中的过去 式联系动词was或 were是使一种状态 的结束。
又如 John is with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. 译为：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任 乐队指挥已三年了。
专业英语阅读与翻译基础知识
一、翻译的标准和过程
1.翻译的标准 （1）忠实 译文要忠实于原文，准确地、完整地表达 原文的内容。译者不得任意对原文内容加 以歪曲、增删、遗漏和篡改。 （2）通顺 译文语言必须通顺易懂。 （3）符合规范 用词造句应符合本民族语言的习惯，用民 族的、科学的、大众的语言。
（4）注意从句套从句的复杂语言现象
A. We must therefore conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small, there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases.
B. Saturated steam is that which is in the
presence of, and at the same temperature as the water from which it was evaporated.



Saturated steam is that which is in the presence of, and at the same☆ temperature as☆ the water(is)from which it was evaporated. in the presence of的宾语是as从句内的主语 water。看到as时，必须注意前后有否相搭 配的词。这里乃是the same和as相呼应。 译为：饱和蒸汽是那种同蒸发它的水同时 存在，并具有与蒸发它的水同样温度的蒸 汽。
（3）注意词的搭配以及前后相呼应的连词或关联词
A. Then we may speak of anything whose voltage is higher than that of the earth as being positive, and of anything whose voltage is less than that of the earth as being negative.


翻译时，最好不要看一句译一句，而应该 看一小段，译一小段。这样做，便于从上 下文联系中辨别词义，也便于注意句与句 之间的衔接，段与段之间的联系，使译文 通顺流畅，而不致成为一句句孤立译文的 堆砌。 翻译科技文献并不象翻译文艺作品那样要 求在语言形象、修辞手段上花很大气力， 但却要求概念清楚，逻辑正确，数据无误， 文字简练。
如果在物体受某一力变形后，由于移走该力而使 物体又恢复原来形状和大小，则我们说这种材料 具有弹性。 B. If, after a body is deformed by some force, it returns to its original shape or size as the distorting force is removed, the material is said to be elastic. If, after a body is deformed by some force, it returns to its original shape or size as the distorting force is removed, the material is said to be elastic. 条件从句本身带有时间从句和原因从句，主句 在最后。

B.理解逻辑关系 C.理解原文所涉及的事物 John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
to eat no fish和to play the game 分别是典故和习语。


to eat no fish出自一个典故，指英国伊利莎 白女王时代，耶稣教徒为了表示对政府忠 诚，拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在星 期五只吃鱼的习俗。因此，to eat no fish是 表示“忠诚”的意思。 to play the game和to play fair（规规矩矩地 比赛）同义，由此转译为“公平对待”、 “举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。



Then we may speak of☆ anything whose voltage is higher than that of the earth as☆ being positive, and of☆ anything whose voltage is less than that of the earth as☆ being negative. “speak of…as…” 用as引出宾语补语，这时 宾语补语前插上定语从句也仍能识别。and后 省略了may speak。句中两个that是代替 voltage的。 译为：于是我们可以把凡是比地球电位高的物 体说成是带正电的，而把凡是比地球电位低的 物体说成是带负电的。


B. In fact, the generally accepted theory now is that the production of rain depends upon the presence of dust particles in the air, which serve as nuclei about which the drops may form. 事实上，目前一般公认的理论是：雨滴形 成依赖于空气尘粒的存在，而尘粒可作为 雨滴生成于其上的晶核。
（5）注意不定式、-ing和过去分词在句中作 次要成分时又引出从句的现象
A. It is clear that we have many reasons to say that energy is the capacity a body has for doing work. It is clear that we have many reasons to say that energy is the capacity a body has for doing work. （作定语用的不定式to say引出宾语从句） 很清楚，我们有许多理由说能量是物体所 具有的做功本领。
B. The amount of energy is the amount of positive



work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition. The amount of energy is the amount of positive work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition. 上句中the body和it前分别省略了关联词which。 这两个which分别作do和in的宾语。 可译为：该能量系物体从所处的条件转变到另 外某一条件时所做的正功。
（2）表达阶段
A.直译 译为：但是我恨坂 就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保 本，并预感到他肯 持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式 —特别指 定会领着咱们去见 保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩 祖先。 等。 But I hated Sakamoto,and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors.
（2）注意省略成分
A. There are three things we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect it produced. There are three things we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect it produced. we和it前都省略了作宾语的关联词which（或 that），分别说明前面的things和effect。 译为：为了了解每个力所产生的效果，我们必 须知道力的三要素。



A．When a body which has a certain temperature becomes hotter we say that heat has been added to it. “ ”表示主语；“ ”表示谓语；“ ” 表示从属连词和关联词；“☆”表示前后 相呼应的搭配关系。 可译为：当具有某一温度的物体变为更热 时，我们说有热量加到该物体上去了。
二、英语科技文献的阅读
科学技术文献的特点主要是述说事理，逻辑 性强，结构严密，术语繁多。 具体说是无人称句子多、被动语态多、专业 名词和术语多、非谓语动词（过去分词、 现在分词、动名词、动词不定式）多、长 句子多。
1.长句分析和注意点
（1）先找长句中有几个谓语、几个连词（如 and，when等）和关联词（如定语从句中的 which，that等）。若不是并列谓语，就可 根据谓语再找其相应的主语，从而把长句 化为几个简单句。
因此我们必须断定：当分子之间的距离很小时，就 产生排斥力，并且这种排斥力随着分子间 must therefore conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small, there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases. 主句带两个并列的宾语从句，而两个宾语 从句内又各带一个时间从句。