第二章：语义翻译

第二章: 语义翻译
三、翻译中的灵活性
1. After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea. 法国崩溃后， 德国陆军大大超过了英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海 军则严重处于劣势。
请告诉我，你能否帮助我们。
= Please tell me whether you can help us. We have no spring here.
spring 可以理解为“春天”、“弹簧”或“泉水”。
故句子可以翻译成：我们这里没有春天/弹簧/泉水。 I’m sure I’ll beat John this time.
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第二章: 语义翻译
He was badly wounded in the head. 他的头部受重伤。 You should use your head a bit. 你应该用一下自己的头脑。 He has a strong head for mathematics.
他的数学能力很强。
Prick with the head of a needle. 用针尖挑。 Let’s discuss the question under five heads. 让我们分5个题目来讨论这个问题。
第二章: 语义翻译
perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, croak, depart, drown, fall,
hang cease respiration, long one’s life, cease to exist, suffer death, end one’s day, be no more, relinquish life, emit the last breath, come to a violent death, meet one’s death, commit suicide, drop dead pass away, check in, burn out, kick off, cash in, go to glory, fall asleep, fade away, check out, kick in, go up, go west, return to the earth, rest in peace, become one with nature, join the majority, close one’s eyes,
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第二章: 语义翻译
man （人） man and wife 丈夫和妻子 officers and men 官和兵
his man Friday 他的仆人礼拜五 （笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》）
man-of-war 战舰 Be a man! 要像个男子汉！
sophisticated （本义为“失去天真纯朴的”）
翻译
—— 理论与实践
2013年2月 山东科技大学外国语学院
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第二章：语义翻译
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第二章: 语义翻译
一、理解中的选义
run across run away 跑过——偶然碰见
跑开——失去控制
跑进——顺便探望 跑进——陷于；偶然碰见 负债 跑掉——流畅地写出（背出） 跑出——被用完，将尽 跑过——满出，溢出
beat 可以理解为defeat 或hit。
故句子可以翻译成：我这次肯定会（在比赛中）战胜约翰。//我 这次肯定要揍约翰一顿。
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第二章: 语义翻译
二、表达中的选词
1. 英语中的die 与汉语的“死”：
感情色彩、语体、文体
亡，故，卒，逝，殁，毙，陨，薨，崩
亡故，身故，物故，物化，故世，谢世，弃世，过世，下世，仙 游，千古，归西，归天，不在，不禄，牺牲，就义，献身，捐躯， 殉职，永别，长眠，就木，闭眼，老了，没了，挺腿，完蛋，阵 亡，丧命，客死，圆寂，羽化，驾崩，…… 回来家，玩儿完，填沟壑，山陵崩，翘辫子 粉身碎骨，见马克思，寿终正寝，呜呼哀哉，三长两短，杀身成 仁，舍生取义，马革裹尸，肝脑涂地，死于非命，兰摧玉折，香 12 消玉殒，倩女离魂，葬玉埋香……
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语 义 翻 译
run in
run into
run into debt
run off
run out run over
第二章: 语义翻译Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
run up run a race run for presidency run wild run to the streets
跑上去——迅速积累（债款等） 参加赛跑 竞选总统 发狂
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• The head of his bed was piled with books. • 他的床头堆满了书。 • Heads or tails? • 正面还是反面？ • Go and ask the head of our department.
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• •
问问我们系的头去。
• Where is the head?
Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. He was a good chess player. … who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; …
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• 他们是一头儿的。 • They are on the same side. • 我们有30头牛。 • We have thirty head of cattle. • 他头天上午就来了。
• He came here the previous morning.
• 这还是我头一次来杭州呢。 • This is the first time I have been in Hangzhou. • 他把铅笔头扔了。 • He has thrown away the pencil stub/ stump.
3) 一位姑娘出现在门口，只见她个头不高，头戴一顶浅浅的黑草帽。
厕所在哪里？（船上用语）
他站在楼梯的顶端。
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• He was standing at the head of the staircase.
第二章: 语义翻译
这娃娃头真大！ The baby has got a big head. 她正在梳头。 She was combing her hair. 他的女儿在山头上玩。
流浪街头
办工厂 把水放掉 提炼石油 使某然陷入困境
run a factory
run the water off run oil run sb into difficulties run a fever
发烧
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第二章: 语义翻译
上班 上报 上膘 上场 上当 上灯 上访
to go to work; to be on duty to appear in the newspaper (of animals) to become fat to appear on the stage /court to be taken in to light the lamp to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help 上轨道 to get on the right track to get angry 上火 to make progress 上进 to set out on a journey 上路 to come to power 上台 to be photogenic; to come out well in a 上相 photograph
在中国我们每到一个城市，就逛大街、逛商店、逛公园、上剧场、 下饭馆。
house 一词的后置构词有诸多不同的翻译方式，如： 房cookhouse，屋outhouse，室gatehouse 院 whorehouse ，舍farmhouse，馆coffeehouse，社flophouse，栈 roadhouse，所clubhouse，堂bathhouse，间springhouse ，亭 summerhouse ，场slaughterhouse, 库storehouse，塔gunhouse，处 tollhouse，府townhouse 市政府，店beerhoue，厂 powerhouse，坊 dyehouse，堡blockhouse 碉堡，关customhouse 狱jailhouse,棚 15 cowhouse ，窝doghouse，笼 birdhouse
His daughter is playing on the top of the hill.
一辆小车停在桥西头。 A car was parked at the west of the bridge. 让我从头讲起吧。 Let me tell the story from the very beginning.
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第二章: 语义翻译
2.
good 与“好”在英汉汉英翻译中的取舍
He is a good man. This is good book. I wish you a good luck. She is a good friend of mine.
She has brought me good news.
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第二章: 语义翻译
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
我们又一次领受了他那广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.
2. Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house. (Vanity Fair)
乔的恐慌持续了两三天；这可怜虫不肯回家。
3. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair)
他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是不肯用苦功。他老是东挪西 借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。 16
第二章: 语义翻译
四、翻译中的多样性
1. A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of Wars) 1) 一位头戴扁平的黑草帽的矮个儿姑娘，出现在门口。 2) 一位头戴黑色扁平草帽的小个儿姑娘，出现在门口。
~ man 老于世故的人 ~ woman 狡黠的女子
~ columnist 老练的专栏作家
~ electronic device 高度精密的电子装置 ~ weapon 尖端武器
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第二章: 语义翻译
Please tell me if you can help us. 如果你能帮助我，请告诉我。 = Please tell me in case you can help us.
answer the last call, turn up one’s heels, leave this world, depart to the
world of shadows, awake to immortal life, return to dust, shut the shop, bite the bullet, lay down one’s life, pay the supreme sacrifice, …