2001年10月自考现代语言学试题参考答案
10月全国自考语言与文化试题及答案解析
全国2021年10月高等教育白学考试诺言与文化试题课程代码：00838I . Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and put the answer in the brackets. (20%)1. In educational settings "depend on others to do his/her work" is often preferred to "".A. fail to do one 's homeworkB. fail to do one 's schoolwork wellC. cheat in examsD. cheat in class2. A "file clerk " is often said euphemistically to be a(n) "".A. information directorB. research consultantC. office executiveD. assistant manager3. I wonder whether Nick isn 't better off, after all. ——they do look after him, don 't they?A. I meanB. In other wordsC. ActuallyD. Incidentally4. The next morning she was glad and proud that she had not yielded to a scare.he was most strangely and obviously better.A. ThoughB. At this pointC. ForD. So5. "2000 年7 月25 日上午10 点" can be translated into.A. At 10 o 'clock of the morning of 25 July of 2000B. At 10 o 'clock on the morning of 25 July, 2000C. At 10 o 'clock, the morning of 25 July, 2000D. At 10 o 'clock in the morning of 25 July, 20006. Which of the following names is associated with Christianity?A. EdgarB. JosephC. AlexanderD. Iris7. When you introduce Mary Smith to John Jones, you may say _____ .A. "John Jones, this is Mary Smith 〞B. " Mr. Jones, may I introduce Mrs. Smith?"C. " Mary Smith, this is John Jones "D. "Mary Smith, this is Mr. Jones"to mind one's p's and q's""to keep one's nose clearf" is inappropriate as a reply to an apology.A. It's O. K.B. It's all right.C. Not at all.D. Never mind. 9. It is suggested that Chinese people are good at holistic A. writing B. speaking C. thinking D. doing 10. The thematic model emphasizes three culture elements: A. traits, values and world views B. personal behaviours, thinking patterns and values C. norms, customs and circumstances D. time, space and dimension11. The Chinese equivalent for "high school" is A.中等学校 B.高等学校 C.技术学校 D.职业学校 12. In English culture, "old" is associated with all the following except A. useless B. traditional C. senile D. skilled 13. The phrasal verb "look into " corresponds in meaning to the single word A. expect B. investigate C. despise D. watch 14. "To be very careful and correct in one's behaviour" is synonymous to A. “Mr. Right"B. « I _____ _________ ___________ ________ ______keep one s own company15."To make a cat laugh" meansA. to be tragicB. to be comicC. to be proudD. to be serious 16. In English culture "white" connotes A. innocence B. death C. cruelty D. reaction 17. The English equivalent for "害了红眼病" is A. a white hope B. grey-headed C. pinkeye D. green-eyed18. Uranus is the Roman god of A. heavens and father of SaturnC. D.B. the sea, son of Saturn and brother of JupiterC. agriculture and father of JupiterD. the sky and the king of the gods19. American English and English are two varieties of the English language and they areof equal status.A. CanadianB. AustralianC. New Zealandic EnglishD. British20. Stamping one's foot signifies in English body language.A. angerB. strengthC. remorseD. impatiencen . Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives can complete the statement and put the answer(s) in the brackets. There might be more than one correct answer. (10%)21. "" is more offensive than "damn" or "damn it〞.A. HellB. God damn youC. Damn youD. Jesus Christ22. He was the popular candidate. _______ he will be elected.A. So thatB. As suchC. ConsequentlyD. Accordingly23. In the following statements,is true.A. English has gone through the stage of explicit grammar, while Chinese has.B. Modern European languages are grammatical simpler and demonstrate less grammatical explicitly than classical European language.C. English and Chinese are at different developmental stages.D. English and Chinese are at same developmental stages.24. When John Smith picks up the phone, he may say.A. Hello. This is John speaking.B. Hello.C. Who's calling, please?D. Good morning. John Smith here.25. When English speakers respond to thanks, they normally say.A. "Don't mention it "B. Tt's my pleasure"C. "Not at all"D. "No. It's my duty"26. The idiomatic expression "to put one's foot in one's mouth" means.A. to just make itB. to say something embarrassingC. to have an angry attitudeD. to say something wrong or unsuitable27. "A blue fit " is close in meaning to.A. annoyanceB. happinessC. satisfactionD. irritation28. In English culture,are positive in meaning.A. ambitiousB. self-made manC. do-gooderD. aggressive29. In Chinese newspapers are not reported so frequently as in English newspapers.A. political achievementsB. cultural achievementsC. crimesD. disasters30. Touching or bodily contact is more common among in English speaking countries.A. malesB. the oldC. femalesD. the youngin . Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. (12%)31. "To fresh up" can be used by a female as an euphemism for.32. In an English letter of request there are three parts: the purpose for which the letter is written, the supporting information and a _______ .33. It is hard for to understand why "走狗" is a pejorative term in Chinese.34. Each culture develops a particular way of favoured by a particular population.35. English uses frequently inflectional morphemes to indicate the relations between linguistic elements.36. " Good-bye" is the contracted form of and therefore carries a religious connotation.37. " Good night" is usually as an expression of.38. The English proverbial expression corresponds to "对牛弹琴" in Chinese.39. The English expression corresponds to "胆小如鼠" in Chinese.40. The branch of learning that studies how we perceive, structure, reacts to, and interpret messages of time is referred to as.41. American English differs from British English mainly in pronunciation and ______ .42. The phrase in British English for "私立学校" is.IV . Answer the following questions briefly. (12%)43. What are some examples in Australian English illustrating racist language?44. How do English speakers respond to compliments?45. What is large c culture?46. How would you explain the fact that "greenhouse" and its equivalent in Chinese "温室" are formed differently?47. Which idiomatic expression in English corresponds to "捧腹大笑" in Chinese?48. What is the word for " hard liquor" in British English?V . Translation. (16%)49. 您有何高见？50. Most surprise attacks against the enemy have now become pre-emptive strikes.51. I'm sorry, Mr. Jones is occupied right now. Would you like to leave a message, please?52. Hello. This is Mary speaking. Who is calling?53. He that increases knowledge increases sorrow.54. 巧妇难为了无米之炊.55. Cookie, fat-cakes and chowder are words referring to food.56. 竹在中国文化中是谦虚、刚直不阿、顽强不屈的象征.VI. Define the following terms. (10%)57. sexist language58. individualism59. Seven Facets model60. Sexism61. illustratorW . Discuss the following topics. (20%)62. What are allusions? And how do they reflect culture?63. Please explain the five categories of gestures.。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
现代语言学自考题-5
现代语言学自考题-5(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.______ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.∙ A. Psycholinguistics∙ B. Applied linguistics∙ C. Sociolinguistics∙ D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。
它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。
2.In linguistics, ______ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.∙ A. acoustic phonetics∙ B. articulatory phonetics∙ C. auditory phonetics∙ D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。
其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。
3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.∙ A. speeches∙ B. utterances∙ C. events∙ D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。
现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_之欧阳体创编
全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% ) 1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and end thewords church and judge are voicelessand voiced ______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( ) A. free B. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( ) A. modifier B. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA.We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives,and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as aclue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you arenot allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty,and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight oncemeant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal ofa suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman asopposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created bythe speech organs is total or complete, with theobstruction audibly released and the air passing outagain, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. Inproducing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blockedthrough the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of acompound is always perceived from the meanings ofits components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory,“principles”refer to highly abstract properties ofgrammar which are applied to language in generaland which generate phrases and at the same timerestrain the power of Move a, while “parameters”allow general principles to operate in certainrestricted ways, according to which particulargrammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y isa prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionaryacts, speech acts fall into five general categories,which are representatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask ispronounced [æks], but the word asking is pronounced[æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in Old English the verbask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. Thismeans that a historical metathesis rule switched thesetwo consonants, producing ask in most dialects ofEnglish. Metathesis is the phonological process thatreorders segments, often by transposing two adjoiningsound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard.Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandardlanguages. Only standard varieties are regarded as theonly correct, logical and pure, and are effective inexpressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there arestriking similarities in the ways in which different L2learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% ) 41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movementwith examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______,which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root anda free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through PhraseStructure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greekand Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second languageacquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A.planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which meanslanguage iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue is brought intocontact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and“pop” meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered asthe initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in thehistory of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage ofsecond language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institutionwhereby humans communicate and interact with eachother by means of habitually used oral-auditoryarbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept theview of language as a set of "habitually used symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones overstretch of speech in principle longer than a word, inother words, when pitch, stress and sound length aretied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the processof which they modify the meaning of the originalword but usually do not change its part of speech. 24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do not mean that thesyntactic representations of these two levels must bedifferent. Since syntactic movement occurs to allsentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called“constatives”and “performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nounsconstantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, anddog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as theplural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur when words areborrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g.,John), Last Name (e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g.,Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outsideof marked settings, between friends, neighbours andcolleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage tothe left hemisphere are able to transfer their languagecenters to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% ×10=30% )31.design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34.deep structure35. missives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% ) 41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blendeach other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English nounhad four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______.()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, theybegin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes.()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given.( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior,i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not,it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit,but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explainshow it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of itsdaughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude,emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, butalso the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learneris likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements istrue or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., thereare no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and othersare not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do notusually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rulesenable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, themeaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact ordescribe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as“economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry between maleand female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in second languageacquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31.synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39.euphemism40. Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% ) 41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks],and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％) 1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ； phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words.A. sounds unitsB. sound featuresC. phonemesD. allophones2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( )A. writingB. orthographyC. transcriptionD. phonology3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently。
现代语言学自考题-19_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-19(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1.Semantics can be defined as the study of ______.• A. naming• B. meaning• C. communication• D. contextSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。
2."There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)". This is the ______ view concerning the study of meaning.• A. naming theory• B. conceptualist• C. contextualist• D. behaviouristSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 意念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介而联系起来的。
这一点可以通过语义三角加以阐明：3.Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.• A. contextual• B. conceptualist• C. behaviorist• D. namingSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:C[解析] 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。
2011年10月全国自考《现代语言学》真题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年10月全国自考《现代语言学》真题及详解课程代码:00830I .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20% )1. Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness【答案】A【解析】语言的二层性包括符号层和音位层，让人们能够组合并理解无数从未说过或听到过的句子，故答案选A。
语言的创造性指人们可以创造并理解新的语言符号，但是这种属性归根结底还是得益于二层性。
2.________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view. They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to producesounds.A. ArticulatoryB. AuditoryC. AcousticD. General【答案】A【解析】发音语音学研究人们如何使用发音器官来发出声音，因此发音语音学家研究说话者发出的声音，故选A项。
现代语言学自考题-27
现代语言学自考题-27(总分：58.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety ofa language.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候，就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。
改正：When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He don't know nothing. He don't like nobody. He don't got none.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。
现代语言学自考题-14_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-14(总分90, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are v______.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:voiced[解析] 辅音要不就是清音要不就是浊音，而所有的元音都是浊音。
2.Of all the speech organs, the t______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:tongue[解析] 在所有口腔的器官中，舌头是最灵活的，它比其他任何发声器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。
3.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d______ are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:diacritics[解析] 鉴于人类所发出的语音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同，国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号，它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充，以标示仅靠字母本身所不能解决的那些微妙的语音差别。
因此，我们现在有了两套标示语音的方法。
浙江10月自学考试语言学概论试题及答案解析
浙江省2018年10月自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：10044一、判断题(判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内打“√”，错的打“×”。
每小题1分，共10分)1. 语言符号的主要特点是任意性和线条性。
( )2. 元音和辅音的最重要的区别是有无气流呼出。
( )3. 成语和惯用语的结构限制比较严格，组成成分既不能变动也不能拆开。
( )4. 语法规则既然是一种直觉知识和约定习惯，所以语法规则是不会改变的，如古代汉语和现代汉语的语法完全一样。
( )5. good/better/best这种形容词级的变化用的是屈折手段。
( )6. “忽然”和“突然”一样都是形容词。
( )7. “精良—粗劣”、“严寒—炎热”是绝对反义词。
( )8. 所有的自源文字都既有意符，又有音符。
( )9. 文字演变的一般趋势是线条化和简化。
( )10. 语言成分的借用最常见最突出的是词语的借用。
( )二、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1. 普通语言学从理论上讲是研究( )A. 个别民族语言的特殊规律B. 人类各种语言一般的共同规律C. 汉语普通话的发展规律D. 几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律2. 声调决定于( )A. 音高B. 音强C. 音长D. 音质3. 辅音［ｔ］是( )A. 塞音B. 擦音C. 塞擦音D. 边音4. 舌面后半高圆唇元音是( )A. ［ｙ］B. ［ｅ］C. ［ｕ］D. ［o］5. 英语working中的［-ing］是( )A. 构形语素B. 构词语素C. 词根语素D. 虚词语素6. “理发”是一个( )A. 语素B. 句子C. 词组D. 离合词7. 由语法形式表达的语义叫做( )A. 理性意义B. 非理性意义C. 语法意义D. 词汇意义8. 人们在反映客观现象的同时，还可能表现出对该现象的主观态度，从而在词的理性意义上增加了一层附加色彩，这种色彩是( )A. 感情色彩B. 语体色彩C. 形象色彩D. 音响色彩9. “我吃光了盘子里的菜”这句话中，“光”的语义指向是( )A. 我B. 吃C. 盘子里的菜D. 盘子10. 希腊文是( )A. 音位文字B. 辅音文字C. 音节文字D. 表意文字三、分析题(每小题10分，共20分)1. 指出下列名词中的词根、词缀、词尾。
自考语言学概论试题及答案
自考语言学概论试题及答案自考语言学概论试题及答案【篇一：01-07语言学概论自学考试试题和答案】00541语言学概论试卷一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。
2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
4、方言词是指（）。
5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。
6、交际的基本单位是（）。
7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。
8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。
9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
10、文字起源于（记事的图画）。
二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
多选不给分。
每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于（）①理论语言学②广义应用语言学③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是（）①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（）①邮②欧③玩④农4、汉语普通话音节结构（）①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（）①玻璃②黑板③语言④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（）①傻子②席子③天子④椅子7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（）①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（）①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花9、英语的“foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（）①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠10、汉语普通话中的“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（）①语素②音节③前缀④词11、汉语中的“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）①异化②类化③新语法范畴的形成④实词虚化12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）①苗语②越南语③俄语④日语13、在一种语言内部划分言时，最主要的依据是（）①语法②语义③语音④词汇14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（）①“皮”原指兽皮②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器④“江”原指“长江”15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（）①象形的②会意的③表音的④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_之欧阳与创编
全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin andend the words church andjudge are voiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study ofthe physical properties of the streams of sounds producedin speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingyare different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other languagein common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functionsin a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. Ifyou think a statement is false, you must explain whyyou think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as,out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming.But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segmentsand square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study. 27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29． ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%× 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung togetherin any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies ofm , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstructioncreated by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audiblyreleased and the air passing out again, suchas English stops [p] and [t] in pit. Inproducing [p] and [t] the flow of air isblocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaningof a compound is always perceived fromthe meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”referto highly abstract properties of grammarwhich are applied to language in generaland which generate phrases and at thesame time restrain the power of Move a,while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certain restrictedways, according to which particulargrammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations betweensentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which arerepresentatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, theword ask is pronounced [æks], but theword asking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It isinteresting that in Old English the verb askwas aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/.This means that a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants, producingask in most dialects of English. Metathesisis the phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing twoadjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effectivein expressing ideas in communication. 29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that thereare striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a newlanguage.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factorsover and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD.a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented throughPhrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on secondlanguage acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B.writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD.career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language whichmeans language iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue isbrought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain soundand “pop” meaning popular are in relationship ofc homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology haveoccurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety anda high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functionsin a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a givenstage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.（2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept theview of language as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern oftones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, whenpitch, stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation. 23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, duringthe process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usuallydo not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels ofstructure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntacticrepresentations of these two levels must bedifferent. Since syntactic movement occursto all sentences, so the representations ofthe twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between whathe called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms ofnouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakersstarted saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur whenwords are borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are FirstName (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith),Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title +Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g.,Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outsideof marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names arealways preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people sufferingdamage to the left hemisphere are able totransfer their language centers to the righthemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3%×10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. missives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40.interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features ofcompounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought developand blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair ofrelational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., OldEnglish noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to bethe basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that itexplains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors socialattitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities. 20. If the target language functions as a foreign language,the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute,i.e., there are no words in world languages thatmaintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissibleand others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compounddo not usually affect the meaning of thecompound. 24. () The recursive properties of phrase structurerules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y,the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not statea fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thoughtof as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes.For example,children and adults are presently sayingI dreamed last night (instead of dreamt).This kind ofchange has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetrybetween male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. () Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37.stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples. 42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or Dinthebrackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words.。
现代语言学自考题-7
现代语言学自考题-7(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a ______ point of view.∙ A. sociological∙ B. synchronic∙ C. diachronic∙ D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。
其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。
人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。
2.If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.∙ A. glottis∙ B. windpipe∙ C. larynx∙ D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。
声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。
横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。
声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。
英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如[b]，[z]，[m]等都是浊音。
2001年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
第⼀部分选择题 ⼀、单项选择题（本⼤题共10⼩题，每⼩题2分，共20分）在每⼩题列出的四个选项中只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘well illustrates _______.（） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（）A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
（）A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（）A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（）misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicparativeD.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+title nguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as“_______”。
现代语言学自考题-4
现代语言学自考题-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called ______ linguistics.∙ A. particular∙ B. general∙ C. ordinary∙ D. generative（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.∙ A. oral∙ B. mental∙ C. physical∙ D. recorded（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语音学研究中，有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段——音波，来研究声音传导的方式，它叫做声学语音学。
3.In the word suitable, "______ able" is a morpheme.∙ A. derivational∙ B. inflectional∙ C. root∙ D. stem（分数：2.00）A. √B.D.解析：[解析] 英语中黏着词素分为词根和词缀。
词根有较清晰、确切的意思。
词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)。
屈折词缀表示诸如数、时态等的语法关系。
很显然题干中-able并没有语法范畴含义，它只是加到suit后使其改变为形容词，所以它是派生词素。
广东省2001年10月自学考试二外日语试题及答案
2001年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试第二外语（日语）课程代码（0840）問題一・次の＿＿の言葉はどう読みますか。
1.2.3.4から正しいものを選びなさい。
（5分）1.私たちが普段使っている銀貨や銅貨は、みんな丸い形をしている①とうか②とうが③どうが④どうか2.北京は美しくて歴史の長い町です。
①うずくしくて②うつくしくて③すばらしくて④よこばしくて3.船は港から出発する。
①ふな②せん③ふね④ぜん4.彼は毎日の仕事でとても忙しい。
①しごと②しこと③えるごと④せこと5.いつも天気のことに気を配っていなくてはならない人たちはたくさんいます。
①き②け③ち④ぢ6.昔から、人間は、何とかして天気を変えることができないものかと考えてきました。
①じんかん②じんけん③にんげん④にんかん7.雨が多すぎれば、作物は成長しない。
①さくぶつ②さくもつ③さいもの④さいもつ8.②ちゃくもの③きるもの④きもの9.平野には大部分の人が集まって生活している。
①へや②への③へいの④へいや10.大勢の人がいますね。
ここが銭湯ですか。
①おせい②おぜい③おおぜい④おおせい問題二・次の＿＿の言葉はどう書きますか。
1.2.3.4から正しいものを選びなさい。
（5分）11.食べ過ぎると、おなかをこわしやすくなります。
①壊②湯③損④害12.家へかえろうかと一週間も考えました。
①換え②返③替え④帰13.びょうきのため学校を休みます。
①病期②病気③表着④病来14.お金のためにべんきょうすべきではありません。
①勉強②弁強③鞭強④勉協15.先生は何をごけんきゅうなさっていますか。
①研究②建久③見急④兼給16.急いで行きさえすれば、間にあいます①亜②会③逢④合17.お金があれば、何でもかえます。
①買②飼③換④変18.山田さんは田中さんからくすりをもらいました。
①薬②楽③区輔④配り19.今暑くて、さんぱつしなくてはいけないとおもいます。
①散発②三発③参発④散髪20.あのデパートなら、やすいかもしれません。
现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_
全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题之南宫帮珍创作课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds producedin speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guardagainst o in that different words may requiredifferent affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingyare different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversationali .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then ruleeoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium oftrade, or through other extended but limited contact,between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain iscalled 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers tochildren’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for trueor F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as,out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming.But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study ofmeaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes abranch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones,linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”, which are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27．( )The meaning representation of words may change, becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo, “I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28．( ) In sociolinguistics, speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29． ( )Generally speaking, the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )32.voicing34.finite clauseponential analysis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntacticrules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed tochange the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespearewould be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung togetherin any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, enda word, and follow each other, in other words, thereare s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studiesof m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from thatof Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”).So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community asits native tongue and is learned by children as theirfirst language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, theobstruction created by the speech organs istotal or complete, with the obstructionaudibly released and the air passing outagain, such as English stops [p] and [t] inpit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of airis blocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaningof a compound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer tohighly abstract properties of grammar whichare applied to language in general and whichgenerate phrases and at the same timerestrain the power of Move a, while“parameters”allow general principles tooperate in certain restricted ways, accordingto which particular grammars of naturallanguages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations betweensentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which arerepresentatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, theword ask is pronounced [æks], but the wordasking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It isinteresting that in Old English the verb askwas aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. Thismeans that a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants, producing askin most dialects of English. Metathesis isthe phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing two adjoiningsound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effectivein expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that thereare striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a newlanguage.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocationalsynonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented throughPhrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form isdefined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction onsecond language acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language whichmeans language iscomposed of discrete units at twolevels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful. 12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue isbrought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum,e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology haveoccurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns. 18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety anda high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at agiven stage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.（2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the viewof language as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern oftones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch,stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems,during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually donot change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels ofstructure, D-structure and S-structure, we donot mean that the syntactic representationsof these two levels must be different. Sincesyntactic movement occurs to all sentences,so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between whathe called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms ofnouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakersstarted saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are FirstName (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith),Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title +Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g.,Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside ofmarked settings, between friends, neighboursand colleagues, first names are alwayspreferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, peoplesuffering damage to the left hemisphere areable to transfer their language centers to theright hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic featuresof compounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity. ( )A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ( )A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( )A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( )A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( )A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., OldEnglish noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ( )A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ( )A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.( )A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ( )A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to bethe basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in thatit explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors socialattitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreignlanguage, the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute,i.e., there are no words in world languages thatmaintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. ( ) Certain strings of phonemes are permissibleand others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound donot usually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase structurerules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If Xentails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do notstate a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be thoughtof as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying Idreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetrybetween male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. ( ) Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37.stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal”for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best。
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中国自考人()——700门自考课程永久免费、完整在线学习快快加入我们吧！全国2001年10月自考现代语言学试题参考答案课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D 10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)11.social plementary13.root plexplementary 16.utterance17.metathesis 18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)21.FThe contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.22.T23.FSome compounds contain more than two words.24.T25.FIt is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.T27.FThe division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.T29.T30.FChildren first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, butdifferent from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.33.V oicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,suchas-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form andthe reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is thereference of the word "dog".36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning bymeans of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can bereconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by aless privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varietiesthat are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups wordsinto structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective "old”may modify the noun "men", or the following two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.NP NPNP NP NP NPThe old men the women the old men and the old women42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension andproduction follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.中国自考人()——改写昨日遗憾创造美好明天！用科学方法牢记知识点顺利通过考试！。